添加甘蔗糖蜜对湖泊红球藻及其虾青素合成的影响

虾青素(Astaxanthin)是类胡萝卜素的含氧衍生物,具有较强的抗氧化、清除自由基等功能;湖泊红球藻(Haematococcus lacustris)是天然虾青素的最好来源之一。为了明确用甘蔗糖蜜或葡萄糖为培养基碳源对湖泊红球藻生长及其合成虾青素的影响,在BG11培养基中分别添加浓度为0.5、1、1.5 g/L的糖蜜或葡萄糖,在正常光照强度40μmol/(m2·s)添加0.5 g/L糖蜜或葡萄糖的试验组的藻细胞在培养至45 d时,藻细胞生长达到最大,分别是对照组的1.21倍或1.29倍。在高光照150μmol/(m2·s)培养第30d时,总糖0.5 g/L的糖蜜培养基培养下藻细胞的虾青素含量显著高于对照组和相同总糖浓度的葡萄糖组,分别是对照组的1.86倍、葡萄糖组的1.33倍;藻细胞干重也显著高于对照组和相同浓度的葡萄糖组,分别是对照组的1.81倍、葡萄糖组的1.80倍。结果表明,添加低浓度糖蜜或葡萄糖均可以提高湖泊红球藻的生物量及虾青素含量,低浓度葡萄糖有利于保持藻细胞在高光胁迫下的活力,而低浓度糖蜜培养基能显著促进藻细胞虾青素的积累。     

伴生蕨类植物满江红提取物对水稻生长的影响

通过室内生物测定的方法研究满江红提取物对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,并就提取物浓度与水稻生长相关指标间的关系进行回归分析。结果表明,与对照相比,250~4 000μg/mL的提取物对水稻种子萌发不产生显著影响;1 000μg/mL的醇提物和水提物分别对水稻幼苗根长和苗高产生显著促进作用,相对应的促进率为27.32%和9.15%;250~4 000μg/mL的醇提物和4 000μg/mL的水提物对水稻幼苗苗高,1 000~4 000μg/mL的水提物对水稻幼苗根长,2 000~4 000μg/mL的醇提物和4 000μg/mL的水提物对水稻幼苗单株鲜重产生显著抑制作用,最大抑制率分别为31.85%、14.28%、23.41%、16.49%和10.94%。拟合满江红醇提物浓度与水稻幼苗根长、苗高和单株鲜重的关系(根长y=-0.215x2+1.541x+5.133,p=0.001;苗高y=-0.035x2-0.062x+5.574,P<0.001;鲜重y=-0.685x2+1.484x+100.0,P<0.005)以及水提物浓度与水稻幼苗根长、苗高和单株鲜重的关系(根长y=-0.005x2-0.276x+7.012,P<0.001;苗高y=-0.123x2+0.760x+4.490,P<0.001;鲜重y=-1.742x2+10.49x+89.27,P<0.005)均以二次曲线函数较佳。     

复方刺五加注射液对培养大鼠心肌细胞动作电位的影响

培养Wistar大鼠乳鼠心室肌细胞,向培养基中加入复方刺五加注射液200μg/mL,可使心肌细胞动作电位的波幅、波宽、阈电位、最大舒张电位、最大除极速度及复极(10%、50%、90%)水平的动作电位波宽一致减小,其作用与钙通道阻滞剂尼莫地平0.4μg/mL相似;Ca2 80μg/mL能使上述作用反转,提示复方刺五加注射液具有钙通道阻滞作用。     

防治大豆疫霉根腐病的药剂筛选

采用实验室测定和温室盆栽方法研究了8种杀菌剂对大豆疫霉菌(Phytophthora sojae)菌丝生长和繁殖的影响及它们对大豆疫霉根腐病的接种防治效果。结果表明,50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂、97%甲霜灵可湿性粉剂和58%甲霜灵锰锌可湿性粉剂对大豆疫霉菌的菌丝生长和繁殖具有很好的抑制作用,该3种药剂能够明显抑制菌丝生长,抑制中浓度(EC50)值依次为0.1208μg/mL、0.1563μg/mL和0.3603μg/mL。浓度为10.0μg/mL时,对孢子囊形成和萌发的抑制率均为100%,对卵孢子形成抑制率分别为64.5%、59.5%和55.0%。接种防治试验结果显示,以上3种药剂喷药后7d防效依次为73.4%、68.8%和60.5%,其余的5种杀菌剂防治效果相对较差。     

不同种类真菌多糖对小麦黄矮病的防治效果

为了筛选小麦黄矮病的真菌多糖防治药剂及其适宜浓度,将云芝、灵芝、虫草等13种真菌多糖稀释成0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0g·L-1溶液,以清水为对照,比较分析了叶面喷施真菌多糖对小麦黄矮病的预防和治疗效果,同时对防效好的1.1%云芝葡聚糖(多糖)与常规植物抗病毒药剂的田间防效进行了比较。结果表明,13种真菌多糖对小麦黄矮病的预防作用都显著高于治疗作用,且真菌多糖间和浓度间差异均显著,其中云芝多糖1.0g·L-1、云芝多糖2.0g·L-1、蜜环菌多糖2.0g·L-1、灰树花多糖2.0g·L-1、猪苓多糖2.0g·L-1的预防效果分别为86.88%、86.58%、86.33%、86.04%和85.97%。1.1%云芝葡聚糖800倍液为适宜喷施浓度,其防效64.27%,保产22.70%,说明云芝多糖是一种有前途的新型小麦黄矮病免疫抑制剂。     

富锗树舌胞内多糖抗氧化活性研究

利用树舌深层发酵法制备富锗胞内多糖,并测定其体外抗氧化活性.结果表明:氧化锗在250 μg/mL质量浓度时,对胞内多糖产量及有机锗的含量有显著提高,同时富锗胞内多糖对超氧自由基(02·-)、羟基自由基(·0H)、DPPH·及亚硝酸盐有较好的清除作用,且还原能力较强.     

不同荧光染色方法检测HMC毒素诱导处理玉米B37根冠细胞凋亡

采用吖啶橙(AO)与溴化乙啶(EB)荧光双染色以及Hoechst 33258荧光染色法对HMC毒素诱导玉米B37-C、B37-N根冠细胞凋亡率进行检测。结果表明, 采用AO/EB双染色后, 当HMC毒素浓度为50、100、150 μg/mL, 处理7 h时B37-C根冠细胞凋亡率分别为24.8%、58.2%、70.2%, B37-N仅为11.0%、25.7%和36.6%;当浓度为150 μg/mL, 处理时间4 h时B37-C根冠细胞最大凋亡率为62.3%, B37-N为25.8%。经Hoechst 33258染色后, HMC毒素浓度为50、100、150 μg/mL, 处理7 h时B37-C的根冠细胞凋亡率分别为32.5%、58.7%、74.5%, B37-N仅为7.5%、22.3%和30.7%;HMC毒素浓度为150 μg/mL, 处理4 h时B37-C的细胞凋亡率为62.3%, B37-N为19.3%。     

3种莎草属伴生杂草提取物对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

通过室内生物测定的方法就异型莎草、扁穗莎草和褐穗莎草3种莎草属伴生杂草提取物对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响进行研究。结果表明,与对照相比,250~4 000μg/mL的3种伴生杂草提取物对水稻种子萌发率基本不产生显著影响,但2 000~4 000μg/mL的异型莎草提取物对水稻种子发芽势产生显著抑制作用。异型莎草250~4 000μg/mL的水提物对水稻幼苗根长,1 000~4 000μg/mL的水提物对水稻幼苗苗高和鲜重以及2 000~4 000μg/mL的醇提物对水稻幼苗鲜重均产生显著抑制作用,相对应的最高抑制率分别为78.64%、39.28%、36.65%、22.65%。扁穗莎草250~4 000μg/mL的醇提物和500~4 000μg/mL的水提物对水稻幼苗根长,250~2 000μg/mL的水提物对水稻幼苗苗高以及1 000~2 000μg/mL的水提物对水稻幼苗鲜重均产生显著促进作用,相对应的最大促进率分别为83.76%、76.85%、21.14%、10.57%。褐穗莎草250~4 000μg/mL的醇提物和2 000~4 000μg/mL的水提物对水稻幼苗根长,1 000~4 000μg/mL的水提物对水稻幼苗苗高以及2 000μg/mL的水提物对水稻幼苗鲜重均产生显著促进作用,相对应的最大促进率分别为85.18%、78.22%、18.53%、14.77%。     

叶面调控对马铃薯新品种微型薯结薯的影响

为研究叶面调控对马铃薯微型薯结薯的影响,以丽薯6号和云薯505为材料,以清水处理为对照,设2种叶面肥和2种植物生长激素处理(叶面肥设2个浓度,植物生长激素设1个浓度)。结果表明:在叶面肥调控中,促进丽薯6号、云薯505微型薯结薯的最佳处理分别是浓度1 g/L的花多多和浓度1 g/L的K_2SO_4,2种叶面肥均能够显著增加2 g以上及2 g以下薯块数量。植物生长激素调控中,浓度5 mg/L的ABA显著提高了丽薯6号、云薯505的2 g以上微型薯结薯数;浓度5 mg/L的6-BA显著增加了2 g以下云薯505的结薯数,而丽薯6号的2 g以下结薯数减少。在微型薯繁育过程中,选择适宜的叶面调控方案能够提高单株结薯数。     

假臭草和九里香甲醇提取液对橡胶树白粉病菌抑菌活性的测定

为筛选防治橡胶树白粉病安全有效的植物源杀菌剂,采用孢子萌发抑制法测定22种植物甲醇提取液对橡胶树白粉病菌孢子的抑菌活性.结果表明,假臭草和九里香提取液浓度在0.1 g/mL时,对橡胶树白粉病菌孢子的萌发抑制率分别为43.98％和47.62％,极显著优于其它植物和对照.进一步测定假臭草和九里香提取液的EC50和EC75值,以及其盆栽试验的防治效果与橡胶树叶片丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性.结果表明,假臭草和九里香对病原菌孢子的EG50值分别为0.26 g/mL和0.20 g/mL,EC75值分别为1.12 g/mL和0.99 g/mL.假臭草和九里香提取液浓度在EC75值时,防病效果分别为20.00％和18.67％,显著高于对照.假臭草和九里香提取液处理后,橡胶树叶片的MDA含量极显著低于对照,CAT、SOD和PAL活性则显著或极显著高于对照.由此可见,假臭草和九里香提取液不仅能抑制病原菌的萌发和生长,而且能提高橡胶树的抗病性.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.