MR365的香味遗传及在杂交稻育种中的利用

以MR365及其作香味供体育成的香稻不育系湘香2号A、新香A、湘香2号S与V20B、V41B、珍汕97B、明恢63等非香亲本杂交,采用KOH溶液法测定杂交组合F1、F2、B1F1植株和F2米粒的香味表现,结果表明,MR365的香味遗传受1对隐性核基因控制.在杂交水稻育种中,利用MR365育成了几个香稻不育系,并选配出一批香型杂交稻组合,其中香优63、新香优77、新香优80等高产优质组合已通过省级审(认)定,具有较好的应用前景.     

新香A的选育

籼型香稻不育系湘香2号A的特点是米质优良且具有香味,配合力好.用它所配的组合香优63,高产、优质、抗病,稻穗上有香(10%左右籽粒)与非香两种谷粒,其稻米不需掺合即能符合人们对香味的要求,被人们誉为超级香稻、超级香米,其食味品质超过泰国米.但湘香2号A本身含有微效恢复基因,在高温条件下有部分自交结实,从而导致子一代纯度不高,大面积生产风险性较大.针对这个问题,我们于1990年开始对湘香2号A进行改造,目标是保留湘香2号A的特征特性,除掉微效恢复基因.     

湖南杂交水稻研究中心育出系列杂交香稻组合

湖南杂交水稻研究中心育出系列杂交香稻组合ＡｓｅｒｉｅｓｏｆａｒｏｍａｔｉｃｈｙｂｒｉｄｒｉｃｅｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎｓｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｂｙＨＨＲＲＣ新香优系列组合有新香优６３（新香Ａ／明恢６３），新香优９９（新香Ａ／桂９９），新香优７７（新香Ａ／明...     

新香优63

新香优６３是湖南杂交水稻研究中心用新选育的不育系新香Ａ与恢复系明恢６３配组而成的香稻组合，该组台在湖南既可作中熟中稻栽培．又可作迟熟晚稻栽培。它具有高产，稳产，米质优，香味纯正，适应性广，抗性好等特点。１产量表现该组合１９９３年参加课题组晚稻品比，平均亩产５７５ｋｇ，居参试１２个组合第一位，比对照威优４６增产５．５％。１９９４年参加湖南省多点联合品比，５个试点平均亩产４７９．４ｋｇ，与同熟期对照组合威优４６产量相等。湘阴县姑嫂乡下坝湖村村民李东明种植１．６亩，产稻谷７５０多ｋｇ，亩产达４５０ｋｇ…     

香稻不育系GHS香味遗传及其杂交育种研究

以香稻不育系GHS与无香味恢复系和香稻品种杂交,采用咀嚼法测定杂交组合F1米粒和KOH溶液法测定杂交组合F1、F2、BC1 F1植株的香味遗传特点。结果表明,恢复系无香味为显性性状,GHS的香味为隐性性状;GHS的香味基因与粤香占、湘晚籼17号的香味基因不等位;GHS的香味基因与玉香油占、天龙香103、新万香、创香5号香味基因可能存有等位位点。与无香味恢复系杂交组合F2植株群体无香味与有香味之比符合3∶1的分离比,BC1 F1植株群体符合1∶1的分离比,GHS的香味遗传受1对隐性核基因控制。在杂交水稻育种中,利用GHS系统选育出琼香S,并选配出一批香型杂交稻组合,其中琼香两优1号、琼香两优2号等高产优质组合已通过省级审定,具有较好的应用前景。     

籼型新质源三系不育系CA的选育与应用

ＣＡ为新育成的籼型新质源不育系,具有ＩＲ２８ 的胞质,花粉不育度和不育株率均为１００％ ,农艺性状优良,遗传性状稳定,开花习性好,配合力强,杂种Ｆ１ 代米质优、产量优势强。所配组合ＣＡ／ＣＤＲ２２、ＣＡ／１３０、ＣＡ／多系１ 号、ＣＡ／绵恢２０４０ 等在省、市区试中比对照汕优６３ 增产５％ 以上,其中Ｃ优２２ 已于１９９９ 年５ 月通过四川省品种审定。     

大豆抗感SCN基因的一个RAPD标记

对组合ＲＮｇ（抗）× ７７０５（感）的Ｐ１、Ｐ２、Ｆ１、Ｆ２、ＢＣ１Ｆ１和ＢＣ１Ｆ２分离群体进行抗病性鉴定,遗传分析的结果表明,大豆对ＳＣＮ１号小种的抗性由４对相互独立的主基因、包括一对显性基因和三对重叠的隐性基因决定。用 ＢＳＡ法筛选在五个 ＢＣ１Ｆ２分离家系内具有多态性的 ＲＡＰＤ标记,发现 ＲＡＰＤ标记 ＯＰＡ０１９１２００在亲本间及 ＢＣ１Ｆ２分离群体内具有多态性,只能在感亲、 ＢＣ１Ｆ２家系 １１和 ４３的感病单株中扩增出来,表明和这两个家系独有的感病基因有关。     

香稻不育系新香A的选育及其香型杂交稻的应用研究概述

湖南杂交水稻研究中心于1984年开始从事优质高产杂交稻选育研究,利用国外优质香稻资源MR365,经过近10 a的努力,率先育成我国第1个不育性稳定、可恢复性好、配合力强、异交结实率较高且米质优良的香稻不育系新香A.首次采用香稻不育系与非香的恢复系配组的方式育成香型杂交稻.香型杂交稻具有不同于普通常规香稻品种或杂交香稻(香稻不育系/香稻恢复系)的特性,普通香稻或杂交香稻的植株及其上所结籽粒均表现出香味,而香型杂交稻的植株是非香的,且其植株上所结籽粒仅有一小部分具有香味.这种类型的香稻恰好符合人们的饮食习惯.迄今为止,以新香A为母本已配制出一大批香型杂交稻组合,其中7个组合已先后通过湖南、湖北、江西、福建、广西和贵州等省的省级品种审定或国家品种审定.这些组合不仅表现出高产(在各省区试和全国区试中比对照增产1.06～11.2%),而且米质较优,食味好,且部分籽粒具有香味,目前已开始在全国范围内推广应用,深受广大农民喜爱.综述了香味供体亲本MR365及其衍生品种(系)的香味遗传、新香A的选育及其香型杂交稻的生产应用概况.     

香优63

该组合是湖南杂交水稻研究中心用香稻不育系湘香２号Ａ作母本、非香的恢复系明恢６３作父本配制而成。其产量高于威优６号，米质不仅达优质标准，而且为具有清香味的特种米。该组合１９９５年１月通过湖南省品种审定委员会认定。１特征特性与产量表现优质在１９９０年３月湖南省优质米评比会上被评为优质米。经湖南省晚稻区试统一测定碾米品质，糙米率为８１．６％，精米率为７３．０％，整精米率６４．０％；糙米长７．０７ｍｍ，宽２．３１ｍｍ，长宽比３．０６；米粒透明，色泽好，呈油光色。垩白率２４．２％，垩白面积７．４％；糊化温…     

香型中熟杂交晚籼新组合新香优77

新香优77是湖南杂交水稻研究中心用新选育的香稻不育系新香A与恢复系明恢77配组而成的.该组合具有高产、稳产、米质优良,且具有香味,制种产量高等特点,于1997年2月通过了湖南省农作物品种审定委员会审定.     

利用香稻改良杂交水稻稻米品质

To improve grain quality of the high-yielding hybrid rice in China, we introduced the aromatic rice MR365, an improved Indian cultivar with aroma and other desirable grain quality characters such as long grain and low chalkiness, from IRRI in 1984 and began to transfer its aroma and good quality characters into the existing maintainer lines with good combining ability but poor grain quality. In the meantime, we also conducted the research on the inheritance of aroma for increasing the breeding efficiency. Through years of research and breeding practices, two cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines Xiangxiang 2 A and Xinxiang A and a series of quasi-aromatic hybrids mated from these aromatic CMS lines have been developed and released for commercial production in China. It was found that the inheritance of aroma in MR 365 and its derivatives including Xiangxiang 2 A, Xinxiang A and Xiang 2B S was controlled by one pair of recessive major genes based on the identification of aroma by the KOH-soaking method. We also found that there existed disparity in aroma degree among different grains of F2 generation, and different aromatic CMS lines derived from the same aromatic donor such as Xiangxiang 2 A and Xinxiang A had also a little difference in the degree of aroma, which implies that, besides the major genes, aroma may also be affected by the genetic backgrounds or minor genes. Xiangxiang 2 A, developed from the cross of V20A∥V20B/MR365, is the first aromatic CMS line bred in China. It is not only aromatic but has good grain quality and combining ability. Using it as female parent, Xiangyou 63 (Xiangxiang 2A/Minghui 63), the first quasi-aromatic hybrid rice combination in China, was developed and approved to release to farmers in 1995. Xiangyou 63 is characteristic of quasi-aromatic or partially aromatic (because only a portion of or NOT ALL grains are aromatic), good grain quality, high-yielding ability, good blast resistance and wide adaptability. However, Xiangxiang 2 A has an evident drawback, i.e., instablility in male sterility under higher temperature conditions resulting from the existence of restoring minor genes in it, which greatly hampered the extension of its elite hybrid Xiangyou 63 with both high yield and fine quality in commercial production. To improve Xiangxiang 2 A, we made hybridization of Xiangxiang 2 B with V20 B again in 1990. A new aromatic CMS line Xinxiang A was successfully developed in 1994. It not only retains the favorable characteristics of Xiangxiang 2 A in grain quality and combining ability, but also expresses complete and stable male sterility and high seed production yield potential. Up to now, by using it as female parent, a series of quasi-aromatic hybrids have been developed. Some of them such as Xinxiangyou 63 (Xinxiang A/Minghui 63), Xinxiangyou 77 (Xinxiang A/Minghui 77), Xinxiangyou 80 (Xinxiang A/R80), Xinxiangyou 207 (Xinxiang A/R207) and Xinxiangyou 96 (Xinxiang A/R96) have been released to farmers. Such hybrids have been preferred and well welcome by the farmers in China, because they can not only yield higher or as high as but also possess a better grain quality than the current common high-yielding hybrid rice varieties, especially, they are naturally-mixed aromatic rice so that it can be consumed daily just like non-aromatic common rice. The planting area under these hybrids is increasing rapidly in China. It is expected that the quasi-aromatic hybrid rice will have a good prospect in the coming years.     

香型优质杂交稻新香优63的选育与应用

新香优63由香型优质不育系新香A与明恢组选育而成，其产量水平略高于汕优63，但其稻米品质却明显优于汕优63，且部分米粒具有香味，该组合2000年通过贵州省贵阳市品种审定，2001年2月通过湖南省品种认定。     

优质高产香型杂交稻新组合香优63

Xiangyou 63 was developed at HHRRC using aromatic cytoplasmic male sterile line Xiangxiang 2A and non-aromatic restorer line Minghui 63. It was released to farmers in Jan 1995. Xiangyou 63 is the first quasi-aromatic hybrid rice in China, and Xiangxiang 2A, developed from the cross V20A∥V20B/MR365 by HHRRC, is the first aromatic CMS line in China. The hybrid has so far been planted on more than 20 000 hm2 and seems popular with farmers and consumers. In addition to being aromatic, the hybrid has good grain quality, high-yielding ability, good disease resistance, and wide adaptability.     

香型优质杂交稻新香优63的选育与应用

新香优63由香型优质不育系新香A与明恢63配组选育而成,其产量水平略高于汕优63,但其稻米品质却明显优于汕优63,且部分米粒具有香味.该组合2000年通过贵州省贵阳市品种审定,2001年2月通过湖南省品种认定.     

抗除草剂杂交稻的选育

通过杂交将抗除草剂Ｌｉｂｅｒｔｙ和ｂａｒ基因转移到恢复系,培育出３个除草剂恢复系测６４－Ｂ、明恢６３－Ｂ和特青－Ｂ。与不育系杂交,选配出３个抗除草剂三系杂交组合和２个抗除草剂两系杂交组合。抗除草剂组合能保持原组合的产量水平,苗期喷除草剂可淘汰假杂种。利用这项技术能解决两系、三系或化杀杂交稻在制种过程中出现的纯度问题。     

杂交香稻的香味遗传模式及育种研究

 以川香28A和川香84A与无香味的恢复系CDR22、成恢177等杂交,研究F₁和F₂单粒稻米的香味遗传特点。结果表明F₁稻米无香味,恢复系的无香味表现胚乳直感现象;杂种稻米(F₂)无香味∶有香味符合15∶1的遗传分离比。川香28A与香稻恢复系636杂交,F₁和杂种稻米(F₂)的每粒米都有香味。结合过去的有关研究,提出杂交香稻香味遗传的双基因模式。介绍了运用香稻亲本转育香味基因,选育香稻保持系、恢复系和杂交香稻的育种方法和进展。     

杂交水稻亲本遗传差异及其与杂种优势关系

 以目前生产上大面积应用和新育成的16个籼型三系杂交水稻亲本为材料,根据11个主要农艺和经济性状进行主成分分析和聚类分析,以马氏距离为指标,研究了杂交水稻亲本间遗传差异的状况及其与杂种优势的关系。在16个亲本的120个遗传距离中,80%以上小于2;9个恢复系间的平均遗传距离仅为0.4793, 7个保持系间,除湘香2号B外,平均遗传距离为0.7723。说明现有杂交稻亲本间遗传差异较小,尤其是保持系内和恢复系内遗传差异更小。对亲本间遗传距离与杂种优势的相关分析表明,现有籼型三系杂交稻亲本间遗传差异与杂种优势关系不密切,而杂交稻产量的高低与双亲产量尤其是双亲产量平均值的高低密切相关。说明亲本改良在提高杂交稻产量中极为重要。此外,还对亲本改良与杂种优势的关系、杂交稻亲本改良的方法和途径以及杂交稻组合亲本选配原则进行了讨论。     

转bar基因水稻除草剂抗性遗传研究及其应用

试验用３个恢复系－测６４,明恢６３和特青作母本分别与３个抗除草剂转ｂａｒ基因水稻品种－Ｂｅｎｇａｌ－Ｈｕ１０,Ｃｙｐｒｅｓｓ ＰＢ－６和Ｇｕｌｆｍｏｎｔ杂交,对其后代（Ｆ１,Ｆ２和ＢＣ１）进行遗传分析表明,除草剂的抗性是受一对显性核基因控制,通过杂交可将这种基因转育到恢复系,配出抗除草剂杂交组合,应用这项技术可放宽对不育系完全雄性不育的严格要求,有利于优良不育系的培育及高产、优质,多抗新组合的选配