超高产大豆辽豆14的氮素积累与利用

以超高产大豆辽豆14与普通大豆辽豆11为试材,研究了不同肥密处理对其氮素积累与利用的影响.结果表明:超高产大豆辽豆14整个生育期叶面积含氮量较高.结荚～鼓粒期叶片氮利用效率和光合氮利用效率均高于辽豆11.辽豆14氮素积累总量以300 kg·hm-2施肥处理,22.5×104株·hm-2种植密度的肥密组合最高.氮素积累总量肥力、密度和品种间具有明显的交互作用.氮素收获指数肥力与密度处理间差异极显著,肥力与品种、密度与品种以及肥力、密度和品种间均具有明显的交互作用.和辽豆11相比,不同肥密处理超高产大豆辽豆14的平均氮素利用效率高于辽豆11.     

不同肥密处理对超高产大豆辽豆14的影响

选用超高产大豆品种辽豆14和普通大豆品种辽豆11为材料,在不同施肥(150、300 kg hm-2磷酸二铵)和不同种植密度(7.5、15.0、22.5万株hm-2)处理下,比较了两个品种的农艺性状和产量表现,试图揭示超高产品种的产量形成规律.结果表明,超高产大豆辽豆14在不同肥密处理下其株高稳定性好,结荚高度低,而且在施肥水平较高时具有较好的分枝性能.叶面积指数在结荚期达到最大值,而后稳健下降,且在生育后期能维持一个较高的水平.超高产品种辽豆14种植密度间产量差异达显著水平,而施肥水平间产量差异不显著,说明只有在超高产栽培条件下才能体现其品种优势,使其产量潜力得到充分表达.     

超高产大豆根系活力和根瘤特性的比较研究

以超高产大豆辽豆14、中黄35与普通品种辽豆11为试材,在盆栽条件下于不同生育时期比较超高产品种和普通品种根系活力和根瘤特性的差异。结果表明:R2期伤流量超高产品种与普通品种差异显著,根系活力则是普通品种辽豆11最大,但在R4和R6期超高产品种根系伤流量和根系活力均显著大于普通品种;R4和R6期,超高产品种根瘤重、固氮活性、固氮量均显著高于普通品种辽豆11。R2和R4期,施磷酸二铵100 mg.kg-1处理的根系伤流量和根系活力显著高于其它施肥处理。因此,超高产大豆品种在R4和R6期具有更强的根系生理功能。     

钙和镁在超高产大豆辽豆14器官中的积累与分布

以超高产大豆辽豆14与普通大豆辽豆11为试材,研究了不同施肥水平和种植密度处理下,钙和镁在各器官的积累与分布.结果表明:大豆各器官钙百分含量依次为叶片叶柄荚皮籽粒茎秆;镁百分含量依次为叶柄叶片荚皮茎秆籽粒.随着生育时期的推移,大豆茎秆和籽粒中钙百分含量逐渐降低,叶片和叶柄中钙的百分含量始粒期以前呈下降趋势,始粒期以后呈增加趋势,荚皮中钙百分含量随着生育时期推移波动较小.大豆茎秆、叶片和叶柄中镁百分含量均在始花期最高,荚皮中镁百分含量在盛荚期最高,籽粒中镁百分含量在始粒期最高.和辽豆11相比,各肥密处理中辽豆14各器官钙和镁的百分含量均高于辽豆11.钙积累总量肥力处理间差异显著,密度处理间差异极显著.镁积累总量密度处理间差异极显著.钙和镁积累总量肥力、密度和品种间具有显著的交互作用.     

不同肥力和密度处理对超高产大豆品种的光合特性和产量的影响

以超高产大豆辽豆14号与普通产量大豆辽豆11号为试材,研究了不同施肥水平和种植密度处理对其光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,不同施肥水平下,辽豆14号叶片的光合速率从盛荚期以后均高于辽豆11号;不同种植密度水平下,辽豆14号叶片的光合速率从始粒期以后均高于辽豆11号。辽豆14号在始粒期的光合速率日变化未出现“午休”现象,而且整个鼓粒期保持了较高的叶面积指数。成熟时收获指数高,植株抗倒伏能力强是超高产品种的明显特征。     

株行距和种植密度对高油大豆农艺性状及产量的影响

选用辽宁省高油大豆品种辽豆14号和辽豆11号，探讨了不同株行距对两个品种的农艺性状和产量表现的影响。结果表明：随着种植密度的增加，株高增高，主茎节数、分枝数减少，单株有效荚重降低，百粒重下降。叶面积指数随种植密度增加呈上升趋势，单株叶面积和干物质积累呈下降趋势。品种、种植密度间产量差异达极显著水平，而行距间产量差异不显著。     

磷酸二铵对超高产和普通大豆品种根系形态的影响

在大田条件下,对不同磷酸二铵施用量下超高产和普通大豆品种的根系干重、根系总长度、根系直径、根系表面积、根系体积、根尖数、产量及倒伏指数进行了比较研究。结果表明:在全生育期,除大豆根系直径外,其他根系形态指标都呈单峰曲线变化;适量的磷酸二铵可显著提高大豆植株根系干重、根系总长度、根系直径、根系表面积、根系体积和根尖数,其中超高产大豆品种根干重上升幅度更大;根系形态指标的提高有利于促进根系干物质积累,提高产量。不同施肥处理对超高产大豆品种倒伏指数影响较小,超高产大豆品种在不同施肥处理下产量显著高于普通大豆。     

种植密度对辽宁省主栽大豆品种主要性状及产量的影响

选用当前辽宁省主栽的两种不同结荚习性的4个大豆品种,对不同种植密度处理两种结荚类型大豆品种的农艺性状、产量构成性状、群体产量和品质进行分析比较。结果表明：有限结荚类型品种辽豆15号和铁丰29号适宜种植密度在12万-15万株／hm^2;亚有限结荚类型品种辽豆21号和铁丰31号适宜种植密度在18万株／hm^2左右。随种植密度增加,品种的株高、籽粒蛋白质含量呈现递增趋势,而有效分枝数、单株粒重和百粒重等性状及籽粒脂肪含量呈现递减趋势;种植密度对不同结荚类型大豆品种的主茎节数、百粒重和群体产量影响存在较大差异。     

施肥处理对菜用大豆和普通大豆品质形成的影响

菜用大豆生产在东北地区乃至全国都在不断发展,为了给菜用大豆配套生产提供理论依据,探讨菜用大豆和普通大豆的特异性,以普通大豆品种2个、引进菜用品种4个为试材,探讨施肥处理对不同类型大豆籽粒品质形成的影响.结果表明:就不同类型品种来说,普通大豆品种铁丰29号的品质最好,菜用大豆品种沈农引133的品质最好.T2磷酸二铵施肥处理使各品种的蛋白质含量提高,而T3磷酸二铵施肥处理使各品种的蛋白质含量降低;T2和T3磷酸二铵施肥处理使各品种的脂肪含量、蛋脂总量、可溶性糖含量提高.在不同施肥处理下,籽粒脂肪积累呈"S"型曲线.同样施肥水平下,菜用大豆的蛋白质和可溶性糖含量高于普通大豆,而脂肪含量低于普通大豆.蛋白质含量与磷酸二铵施用量呈负相关,脂肪含量与磷酸二铵施用量呈显著正相关,蛋脂总量、可溶性糖含量与磷酸二铵施用量呈不显著的正相关.     

磷酸二铵对超高产大豆和普通大豆品种根系形态的影响

在大田条件下,对超高产大豆品种和普通大豆品种的根系干重、根系总长度、根系直径、根系表面积、根系体积、根尖数、产量及倒伏指数进行了比较研究.结果表明:在全生育期,除大豆根系直径外,其他根系形态指标都呈单峰曲线变化;适量的磷酸二铵可显著提高大豆植株根系干重、根系总长度、根系直径、根系表面积、根系体积和根尖数,其中超高产大豆品种根干重上升幅度更大;根系形态指标的提高有利于促进根系干物质积累,提高产量.不同施肥处理对超高产大豆品种倒伏指数影响较小,超高产大豆品种在不同施肥处理下产量显著高于普通大豆.     

追施不同肥料对马铃薯品种抗疫白产量的影响

为探究追施对马铃薯品种抗疫白产量的影响,设计4个处理,每667 m2施①基肥:二铵16 kg+尿素15 kg+硫酸钾15 kg(对照);②基肥:二铵16 kg+尿素8.6 kg+硫酸钾15 kg,追肥:尿素6.4 kg(追氮区);③基肥:二铵16kg+尿素15kg+硫酸钾7.5kg,追肥:硫酸钾7.5kg(追钾区);④基肥:二铵16kg+尿素8.6kg+硫酸钾7.5 kg,追肥:尿素6.4 kg+硫酸钾7.5 kg(追氮、钾区)。结果表明,追施钾肥的产量最高,其次是追施氮肥和钾肥,但二者差异不显著,排在第三位的是追施氮肥,不追肥的产量最低,但追施氮肥和钾肥的商品率最高。     

Leaf and seed micronutrient accumulation in soybean cultivars in response to integrated organic and chemical fertilizers application

Plant nutrients can be influenced by organic materials of soils. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic amendments on elements uptake by soybean cultivars in a silty loam soil in Mazandaran province, Iran. The experiment was carried out in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2006. Main plots were included 8 fertilizer treatments consisted of 20 and 40 Mg ha(-1) Municipal Solid Waste Compost (MSW), Vermicompost (VC) and Sewage Sludge (SS) which enriched with 50% chemical fertilizers needed by soil, only chemical fertilizer treatment and control. Sub plots consisted of three genotypes of soybean (032, 033 and JK). Grain yield was determined and soybean leaves and seeds were digested and analyzed for Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe. Results showed that yield and elements content in soybean leaves and seeds (Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe) were influenced by all treatments. The 40 Mg ha(-1) of sewage sludge enriched with chemical fertilizers produced maximum grain yield. Different soybean cultivars had also significant differences in terms of leaf and seed micronutrients accumulation. Maximum grain yield was observed in JK and 033. Mean comparisons showed that interaction effects of fertilizer and cultivar had significant differences on Mn, Cu and Fe content in soybean leaves, so that the maximum Cu content was observed in 032 cultivars with 40 Mg ha(-1) enriched sewage sludge and municipal waste compost. Also the highest amount of Fe was obtained for JK cultivar when the 40 Mg ha(-1) of municipal compost was used. Among different mentioned traits, Fe and Cu content in leaf and seed and Zn content in leaf had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield.     

生物炭与化肥减量配施对玉米干物质、产量及氮、磷、钾积累转运的影响

采用田间小区试验,以先玉335为材料,设置5个处理,分别为CK(常规尿素+磷酸二铵+硫酸钾)、BF1(生物炭+80%尿素+80%磷酸二铵+80%硫酸钾)、BF2(生物炭+80%尿素+磷酸二铵+硫酸钾)、BF3(生物炭+尿素+80%磷酸二铵+硫酸钾)、BF4(生物炭+尿素+磷酸二铵+80%硫酸钾),玉米开花期、成熟期采集样品,分析不同处理干物质和养分积累转运特征,明确生物炭与化肥减量配施对玉米产量及氮磷钾养分积累转运的影响。结果表明,BF1、BF2、BF3、BF4处理均增加了植株干物质积累量、转运率及对子粒干物质积累贡献率,提高了玉米产量,促进了玉米植株氮磷钾素积累总量。因此,可应用生物炭与化肥减量配施实现玉米节肥增产。本试验条件下,减量20%硫酸钾配施生物炭对玉米产量效果最优。     

不同蛋白质含量大豆品种氮素积累、分配和运转规律研究

以3个籽粒产量相近但蛋白质含量差别较大的大豆品种为材料,分析了分枝期后不同器官的氮素积累、分配和运转规律及其对籽粒蛋白质含量的影响.结果表明:结荚前品种之间氮素含量和积累量差别不大,结荚后高蛋白大豆营养器官(叶片、茎秆和叶柄)的氮素含量除个别时期外(叶柄第7周)都高于普通大豆,说明营养器官较高的氮素含量及长时间保持较高...     

滴灌大豆氮素积累与分配的肥效差异

利用节水滴灌技术,通过设置不同的肥料用量和施肥时期处理,研究其对滴灌大豆氮素积累、分配、利用及产量的影响,以形成节水灌溉与施肥相结合的栽培技术。其中种肥为尿素75kg/hm2、磷酸二铵150kg/hm2、硫酸钾90kg/hm2;滴肥为尿素127.5 kg/hm2、磷酸二氢钾为133.5 kg/hm2。结果表明,在滴灌条件下前期种肥的供给对大豆氮素积累及产量的形成非常重要,T1（1/2种肥）、T2（种肥）、T4（1/2种肥+花期1/2滴肥）、T5（1/2种肥+结荚期1/2滴肥）处理的滴灌大豆氮素积累量大,转移率和吸收利用率较高。综合产量因素,在施用种肥,结荚期再施用滴肥(即T5处理下),施肥方式效果最佳。     

钾肥施用对菜用大豆和普通大豆开花后氮素积累的影响

钾素营养充足,可以提高作物抗逆能力和产量。随着氮、磷肥在生产中施用的增加,钾肥已逐渐成为作物产量的最大限制因子。大豆开花后籽粒形成期是大豆氮素积累、产量提高的重要时期,文章对钾肥施用后菜用大豆和普通大豆两者开花后氮素的积累进行了比较研究。在正常氮磷种肥用量基础上,设置3种施钾处理:不施钾(K0)、种肥施钾120 kg·hm~(-2)(K1)、种肥施钾120 kg·hm~(-2)且在花、荚期喷施30 kg·hm~(-2)叶面钾肥(K2),探究菜用大豆、普通大豆开花后28~56 d内籽粒、叶片、茎中氮素积累动态。结果表明:施用钾肥增进两种类型大豆植株各部位中氮素积累。同时期内,两种类型大豆在各施肥处理下各部位的氮素积累量均为K2K1K0,大豆植株各部位中相对氮素累积量均为籽粒叶片茎。钾肥施用对提高菜用大豆籽粒氮素含量的效应高于普通大豆,与K0相比,K2处理下菜用大豆、普通大豆籽粒平均氮素含量分别增加了0.19%和0.1%。施用钾肥提高了菜用大豆叶片氮素转移效率,相比K0处理,K1、K2处理分别增加了6.1%、8.2%,而对普通大豆影响不大。钾肥施用显著增加普通大豆茎中氮素积累,但菜用大豆品种间差异较大。     

Amendment of soil with African marigold and sunn hemp for management of Meloidogyne incognita in selected legumes

Field experiments were conducted in 2008 and 2009 in the tropical rainforest zone of Nigeria to investigate the effects of amendment of soil with seedlings of African marigold (Tagetes erecta) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) incorporated singly in plots on Meloidogyne incognita and yield of cowpea and soybean. The experimental field, which was naturally free of plant-parasitic nematodes, was inoculated with chopped roots of M. incognita race 2-infected Celosia argentea roots and planted to tomato to increase M. incognita population at the site.Eight week-old marigold seedlings were incorporated in cowpea or soybean field and eight week-old sunn hemp seedlings were also incorporated in cowpea or soybean field. At the ends of the experiments, M. incognita population densities were significantly higher in control plots than those of the plots amended with marigold or sunn hemp with correspondingly higher grain yield in the amended plots in both cowpea and soybean fields in both years. A significantly higher population of the nematode and consequently, lower yield was associated with cultivar Ife Brown than cultivar Ife Bimpe of cowpea for each treatment whereas in soybean cultivars, the pattern was not definite. Also twelve seedlings of marigold or sunn hemp per plot incorporated into the soil produced significantly higher grain yield in cultivar Ife Brown of cowpea and cultivar TGX 1440 of soybean compared to six seedlings per plot. The results of this study suggest that incorporating marigold or sunn hemp in M. incognita-infected cowpea or soybean field has potentials to suppress M. incognita population and reduce nematode damage on yield of the associated leguminous crops.     

Effect of mycorrhizae, Thiobacillus and sulfur nutrition on the chemical composition of soybean [Glycine max (L.)] Merr. seed

A field experiment carried out in a calcareous soil with a low available phosphorus to evaluate effectiveness of biofertilizers, mycorrhizae (Glomus intraradices) and Thiobacillus sp. inoculation individually or in combination on seed yield, oil, protein and some elements (P, Fe, Mn, Zn) concentration in two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars. The applied treatments were different fertilizers with 6 levels (including: NP (control, 12 kg N ha(-1) as urea, 46 kg P2O5 ha(-1) as triple super phosphate); NPK (NP + 75 kg K2O ha(-1) as potassium sulphate); NPKS [NPK+ S (100 kg S ha(-1))]; NPKST (NPKS + seed inoculation with Thiobacillus bacteria); NPKM (NPK + Seed inoculation with mycorrhizae fungi) and NPKSTM (NPKS + seed inoculation with Thiobacillus and mycorrhizae) and two cultivars (JK and 032). Before planting, soybean seeds were inoculated by Bradyrhizobium japonicum in all treatments. Results showed that combined inoculation of biofertilizers increased yield, however the highest yield was observed in treatment NPKST. Increasing oil content (percentage) was more pronounced in treatments NPKM, while most protein content (percentage) increasing was observed in NPKS and NPKM. Fe and Zn concentrations were unaffected significantly by fertilizer treatments, but NPKSTM showed significantly higher value of seed's Mn concentration compared to treatments NP and NPK. Although no significant difference was observed in terms ofP concentration of 032 line among fertilizer treatments, JK cultivar and NPKSTM caused a significant increasing in P concentration compared to NP, NPKS and NPKM. Present results suggested that applying biofertilizers i.e., mycorrhizae and Thiobacillus increased soybean yield compared to control (NP). Overall, this study demonstrated that soybean seed yield and its chemical composition could be affected by biofertilizer inoculation.     

大豆肥田机制的研究Ⅲ.大豆对耕层土壤含氮物质影响

大豆生育期间能否丰富和积累土壤含N物质是决定大豆肥田机制之一。试验结果表明，1988年大豆、玉米和休闲对比试验，在降雨正常情况下，大豆和玉米秋后土壤有机质分别增加0.461%和0.341%，全N增加1.1%，而玉米却亏损了5.2%。1990年6个处理试验中在深松条件下，各肥料处理的各土壤含N物质皆亏损，而未深松的，虽有夏早，仍使各土壤含N物富集，尤其是施用有机肥区效果明显，所以大豆肥沃土壤是有条件的。大豆落叶尚可归还土壤11.9-18.9kg/hm^2的N素。     

Sources of fertilizer nitrogen and phosphorus for potatoes in Atlantic Canada

The performance of ammonium, nitrate, ammonium plus nitrate, and urea as sources of nitrogen in combination with superphosphate, monoammonium, and diammonium phosphates for potato production was measured on two soil types in New Brunswick. No N or P sources produced any indication of abnormal plant growth. Yields, specific gravity of tubers and N, K and Mg contents of plant petioles were similar for all N and P combinations. The P content of the plant was higher with ammonium nitrate or urea as N source and with monoammonium or diammonium phosphate as P source. Ca content was higher with N from sodium nitrate and P from superphosphate. It was concluded that availability and costs of fertilizer materials could become a dominant factor in selectng N and P carriers. With no significant cost differential, a preference was indicated for low-risk materials as reflected by reports of damage to developing seedlings and of reduced yields.