黄淮海超高产夏玉米生长发育特性研究

比较研究超高产田(15 000 kg/hm2)和高产田夏玉米的产量构成、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、干物质积累特性和灌浆速率等指标差异,探索超高产夏玉米生长发育特性。结果表明,超高产田夏玉米较高产田增产15.6%,穗粒数多3.7%,百粒重增加8.9%,超高产主要依赖于百粒重的增加;吐丝后超高产田夏玉米叶面积指数、叶片SPAD值和总干物质积累量均高于高产夏玉米田,吐丝后10～40 d超高产夏玉米田子粒干物质阶段积累速率较高,吐丝50 d后,高产夏玉米田植株衰老,超高产夏玉米子粒仍维持一定的灌浆速率。超高产田夏玉米具有叶面积指数大、干物质积累多、叶绿素含量高和灌浆时期长等生长发育特性,有效增加穗粒数和粒重。     

一穴多株种植对夏玉米子粒灌浆和产量的影响

在密度为82 500株/hm2,通过一穴多株种植方式调整株距,设一穴一株(对照,P1)、一穴二株(P2)、一穴三株(P3)3个处理,对比分析不同处理下夏玉米的光合速率、花后叶片特性、子粒灌浆速率和穗部性状,对粒重和产量进行评价,验证在高密种植条件下调整株距能否改善夏玉米子粒灌浆和产量。研究结果表明,通过一穴多株种植方式适当扩大株距可以提高夏玉米的光合速率,改善穗部性状,延缓夏玉米花后叶面积指数和SPAD值下降以及叶片衰老,夏玉米子粒体积、粒重和灌浆速率得到显著改善。与对照P1相比,P2、P3处理的产量分别提高5.8%、4.9%。在高密种植情况下,通过一穴二株来调整株距可以延缓花后叶片衰老,从而保证子粒灌浆足够的光合面积,最终实现粒重的增加和产量的显著提高。     

麦茬耕作方式对免耕直播夏玉米产量建成的影响

基于始于2012年的不同耕作方式长期定位试验，分析冬小麦播前深翻(DT)、旋耕(ST)和免耕(NT)3种耕作方式对后茬免耕直播夏玉米生长(干物质积累与分配)、生理指标(叶面积指数和SPAD值)、子粒灌浆速率的影响，探析麦茬耕作方式对后茬夏玉米生长发育和产量建成的影响。结果表明，ST处理成熟期干物质积累量显著高于DT和NT处理(P<0.05)，穗部干物质的分配比例分别较NT与DT处理显著增加了7.94%～13.79%、10.34%～17.48%。ST处理叶面积和持绿性优于DT和NT处理。ST处理的子粒灌浆速率较DT与NT处理提高12.71%～18.96%、5.25%～8.71%，最终获得最大产量。因此，冬小麦-夏玉米1年两熟种植模式下，麦茬旋耕更利于免耕直播夏玉米的生长和产量建成。     

光质对夏玉米产量和子粒蛋白质含量的影响

以郑单958为试验材料,在夏玉米吐丝后5 d至吐丝后35 d,分别用白色、黑色、红色、黄色、绿色、蓝色的聚乙烯透明食品袋将雌穗完全套住,同时设置不套袋处理(CK),研究灌浆期雌穗照射不同颜色的光对夏玉米产量和子粒蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,套袋处理显著增加了穗粒数,红袋和蓝袋对穗粒数的增加作用更显著;黑袋抑制粒重的增加,白袋、黄袋、绿袋显著促进粒重的增加;不同颜色的光对穗部性状都有改善作用,绿袋、白袋、红袋、蓝袋分别对穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数的促进作用显著,白袋对子粒败育的抑制作用显著;红袋和蓝袋使子粒的体积分别增加18.8%、27.6%,其余处理抑制了子粒体积的增加;白袋、红袋、黄袋、绿袋、蓝袋增加了子粒的蛋白质含量,黑袋抑制子粒对氮素的吸收和蛋白质的合成。改变灌浆期照射雌穗的光质可以改善穗部性状,减少子粒败育,促进对子粒对氮素的吸收,从而实现产量的增加和品质的改善。     

南方鲜食玉米区不同播期甜玉米的子粒灌浆和产量特性

2014~2015年以粤甜16、粤甜22、新美夏珍为材料,在春、夏、秋播期大田种植,利用Logistic方程比较不同播期子粒灌浆过程,探索南方鲜食玉米区播期对甜玉米子粒灌浆和产量的影响。结果表明,播期显著影响甜玉米鲜穗产量、穗粒数和千粒重,从夏播、春播到秋播,随着抽丝至成熟期日均温渐降,到达最大灌浆速率的天数(Tmax)延长,活跃灌浆期(P)增加,达到最大灌浆速率时的生长量(Wmax)增大,导致粒重、穗粒数和产量增加。甜玉米在南方鲜食玉米区的适宜播期依次为秋播、春播、夏播。品种决定粒重与灌浆参数的关系,同一品种的粒重与Wmax极显著正相关,品种间的粒重差异由P决定。根据播期选择适宜品种,延长P,提高子粒Wmax,是甜玉米周年生产中高产稳产的重要途径。     

氮肥运筹对苗期受渍夏玉米子粒灌浆特性和产量的影响

以玉米品种郑单958为试验材料,研究氮肥全部基施(N1)、基肥70%+拔节肥30%(N2)、基肥50%+拔节肥50%(N3)和基肥30%+拔节肥50%+大喇叭口肥20%(N4)不同氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米子粒灌浆特性及产量的影响,利用Logistic方程比较不同处理的玉米子粒灌浆过程。结果表明,渍水处理降低子粒千粒重最大潜力值,降幅达5.5%~10.3%;灌浆持续期缩短,最高达9 d;平均灌浆速率降低,最大灌浆速率出现的时间提前。氮肥后移较氮肥前移处理提高子粒最大潜力值;平均灌浆速率增大,最高达22.4%;最大灌浆速率出现"滞后性",最高延迟13.8%,有利于减轻苗期渍害对子粒灌浆特性的影响。通径分析表明,最大灌浆速率出现的时间、平均灌浆速率和渐增期灌浆速率对粒重影响较大,表现为TmVaV1。苗期渍水抑制子粒灌浆速率,导致夏玉米产量下降,降幅达24.2%~25.7%,氮肥后移能够减轻苗期渍害对产量的影响。     

不同氮肥运筹下春玉米子粒灌浆特性的分析

以金山27为供试品种,在内蒙古西辽河平原研究不同氮肥运筹下春玉米子粒的灌浆特性。结果表明,不同氮肥运筹下玉米子粒终级生长量上、中和下部均以优化施氮处理(Opt N)最大,优化施氮基础上增量处理(130%Opt N)次之,不施氮处理(CK)最小。灌浆渐增期、速增期和缓增期累积子粒重的平均值均表现为Opt N处理最大,130%Opt N处理次之,CK处理最小;持续时间均以130%Opt N处理最长,Opt N处理次之,CK处理最短。最大灌浆速率的平均值以Opt N处理最大,优化施氮基础上减量处理(70%Opt N)次之,CK处理最小,且各粒位间均表现为中部>下部>上部。灌浆渐增期和速增期灌浆速率与穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、粒长和子粒体积达显著或极显著正相关,其中,与穗粗和穗粒数均达极显著正相关;灌浆缓增期与穗长和穗粒数达显著正相关。     

12叶展倒伏对夏玉米子粒灌浆特性和产量的影响

选用先玉335(XY335)和浚单20(XD20)两个玉米品种,在种植密度为75 000株/hm2下设置不倒伏(CK)、根倒(RL)、茎折(SL)3个处理,分析品种和倒伏类型对夏玉米子粒灌浆特性、穗部性状、产量、产量三要素和产量损失率的影响。结果表明,12叶展(V12)倒伏使XY335和XD20显著减产,其中SL处理造成的减产幅度较RL高,XD20的减产幅度小于XY335。RL使XY335和XD20的产量、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重的损失率分别达到21.1%、7.2%、9.5%、7.3%和19.2%、6.0%、13.6%、11.9%;SL处理使XY335和XD20产量、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重的损失率分别达到61.0%、22.3%、42.3%、9.5%和41.8%、17.2%、19.4%、14.9%。倒伏后,穗部性状变差,SL的影响大于RL,XD20的穗部性状相对好于XY335。倒伏缩短了灌浆期,SL降幅大于RL;倒伏降低了平均灌浆速率,RL主要降低了XY335的缓增期灌浆速率,SL降低了XY335的渐增期灌浆速率,RL和SL均降低了XD20缓增期灌浆速率。V12倒伏造成夏玉米减产的原因从大到小依次为穗粒数、穗数和千粒重的降低。     

灌浆后期去叶对夏玉米生长发育及子粒含水率的影响

以郑单1002为材料,设置灌浆中后期(灌浆36 d)不同穗部及穗下不同数量的去叶处理,研究去叶后对玉米群体光合性能、冠层结构、产量以及子粒含水率等的影响。结果表明,穗部叶及穗部以下叶保留3~4片叶,产量不降低;去叶较多情况下表现为减产;不保留穗位叶较对照减产了12.36%,子粒千粒重下降是导致减产的主要原因。去叶后直接导致玉米群体叶面积指数下降,无截取散射略微增加;保留3~4片叶处理,叶片光合性能表现出一定补偿效应,净光合速率高于对照处理,羧化效率略有升高;去叶处理降低灌浆后期子粒含水率,不保留穗位叶片处理较对照处理相比,在灌浆44、52、60 d,子粒含水率分别下降了8.14、8.75、17.84个百分点。     

播期和种植密度对玉米子粒灌浆的影响

通过设计不同的播种时期和种植密度,研究不同处理造成的温光生态条件和群体结构差异对玉米不同部位子粒灌浆的影响。结果表明,播期和种植密度对玉米中部子粒灌浆速率影响主要表现在灌浆后期,密度影响较大;播期和种植密度对玉米顶部子粒灌浆速率主要是阶段性影响。播期对玉米中部子粒含水率影响较大,种植密度对玉米中部子粒含水率没有影响。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.     

大豆对钼与氮、磷、钾的吸收分配动态及相互关系的初步研究

大豆植株中其叶片的钼、氮、磷含量均高于茎杆、叶柄、繁殖器官高于营养器官。钾在整个生育期中都保持较高的水平,只是叶片中的含量低于其它器官。种子中的钼、氮、磷、钾含量都较高。大豆吸收钼及氮、磷、钾的数量因品种及各生育阶段而有差异,吸收量以结荚至鼓粒期为最多,鼓粒期以后,安农75—59的植株中氮、磷、钾吸收量明显下降,唯有钼还在继续吸收,而安激一号对钼及氮、磷、钾仍在吸收。大豆对钼与氮、磷、钾的吸收呈极显著的直线相关,尤其是钼与氮相关最明显。安农75—59亩产189.5kg,需要N素16.05kg,P_2O_54.25kg,K_2O8.43kg,微量元素Mo357.32mg。安激一号亩产214.5kg.需要N素18.00kg、P_2O_55.01kg、K_2O8.85kg、微量元素Mo449.57mg。安激一号的种子除糖、脂肪含量较低外,而氮、磷、钾、钼、维生素C的含量均高于安农75 59。     

Blackgram fiber (Phaseolus mungo): Mechanism of hypoglycemic action

The effect of the administration of blackgram fiber (Phaseolusmungo) on the metabolism of carbohydrates was studied in rats fed 30%NDF (neutral detergent fiber) diet. The experimental group showed a significant increase in liverglycogen level and a significant decrease in blood glucose. Significantincreases in the activities of glycogen phosphorylase, hexokinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and isocitratedehydrogenase were observed in the experimental group. The activities ofphosphoglucomutase and glucose-6-phosphatase were significantly lower inrats fed the fiber diet. The study showed that blackgram fiber exhibitssignificant hypoglycemic action in experimental animals.     

Carbohydrase systems of Saccharophagus degradans degrading marine complex polysaccharides

Saccharophagus degradans 2-40 is a γ-subgroup proteobacterium capable of using many of the complex polysaccharides found in the marine environment for growth. To utilize these complex polysaccharides, this bacterium produces a plethora of carbohydrases dedicated to the processing of a carbohydrate class. Aiding in the identification of the contributing genes and enzymes is the known genome sequence for this bacterium. This review catalogs the genes and enzymes of the S. degradans genome that are likely to function in the systems for the utilization of agar, alginate, α- and β-glucans, chitin, mannans, pectins, and xylans and discusses the cell biology and genetics of each system as it functions to transfer carbon back to the bacterium.     

基于颜色和形状的茶叶计算机识别研究

综合利用计算机视觉、图像处理技术,增加茶叶的形状参数,改进神经网络算法,实现了茶叶品质识别的自动化。研究中通过数码相机等直接得到茶叶图像,经过对图像格式进行转换和预处理,然后基于HSI模型提取的茶叶颜色特征参数和二值化后图像提取的茶叶形状特征参数,通过遗传神经网络,最后完成对茶叶的自动识别。实验结果表明此方法能取得更好的识别效果,计算机的检测结果与人工检测结果高度吻合。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Grain number dominates grain weight in temperate cereal yield determination: Evidence based on 30 years of multi-location trials

Multi-location data collected over 30 years in Finland on major cereal crops (spring barley, oat and wheat, and winter wheat and rye) provide an opportunity to characterise variation, interrelation and relative importance of the grain yield determining components, grain number per square meter (GNO) and single grain weight (SGW). In addition to evaluating differences among cereal crops in yield determination, changes among different age groups (AG) were compared. Field experiments were carried out in 1970–2001 at 25 locations in Finland. Grain yield was recorded (at 15% moisture) and SGW (mg) and GNO (number m⁻²) determined. Frequencies of different GNO and SGW combinations were analysed for all crops and component means in different yield groups as well as among four AGs. In most cases GNO dominated SGW, representing the major yield component determining grain yield. GNO was highly responsive to favourable growth conditions. The change in GNO was especially high when recurrent, relatively low yield groups were compared, while at higher yields the role of SGW became increasingly important, but did not exceed that of GNO. The degree of GNO domination varied according to crop. Increased grain yield in spring oat and winter rye was associated with higher numbers of set grain, while spring barley and winter wheat responded to yield favouring conditions also through higher SGW. Despite GNO dominated SGW due to its responsiveness to growing conditions, its role in yield improvement was not obvious when the entries (n ≥ 30) were classified into four AGs. Improvements in grain yield derived from AG were associated with crop-specific GNO and/or SGW changes.