干燥方式对澳洲坚果青皮酚类物质提取量及抗氧化活性的影响

本研究以新鲜澳洲坚果青皮为对照组,研究60℃热风干燥、微波干燥及真空冷冻干燥对澳洲坚果青皮总酚、总黄酮提取量及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,不同干燥处理对澳洲坚果青皮总酚、总黄酮提取量及抗氧化活性均有影响,真空冷冻干燥处理对其影响最小,总酚提取量、总黄酮提取量分别为935.61、995.75 mg/hg,DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基半数清除率IC50分别为6.83、63.84 mg/L,总抗氧化能力约为Trolox的1.74倍;不同干燥处理后,澳洲坚果青皮总酚、总黄酮提取量及抗氧化活性存在显著性差异（p<0.05）。相关性分析结果表明:不同干燥处理后抗氧化活性与总酚、总黄酮提取量显著相关（p<0.05）。因此,与60℃热风干燥、微波干燥相比,真空冷冻干燥能较好的保留澳洲坚果青皮中酚类物质,并具有较强抗氧化活性,适于澳洲坚果青皮干燥处理。     

香草兰O-β-葡萄糖苷酶底物特异性和温度稳定性研究

香草兰是最重要的食品香料之一,其主要香味成分为香兰素,主要存在于香草兰豆荚中。香兰素一般由成熟豆荚中的香兰素葡萄糖苷经过漫长的发酵过程转化而来。O-β-葡萄糖苷酶在发酵生香的过程中起着关键作用。研究结果表明:香草兰的根、茎、叶和豆荚中都具有O-β-糖苷酶活性,豆荚活性最高,叶片活性最低;来自不同器官的O-β-糖苷酶的底物特异性一致,都能降解香兰素糖苷、2-NPG、4-NPG,都不能降解n-OG及硫代葡萄糖苷;香草兰糖苷酶提取物在50～60℃处理1 min,对酶活性影响很小,70℃处理1 min,酶活性丧失约40%,说明香草兰糖苷酶对高温具有一定耐受性,杀青后剩余糖苷酶活性在漫长的发酵过程中能够满足酶促反应的需求。     

Characterization of O-β-glucosidase Activity in Vanilla planifolia and the change during the Curing Crocess of Vanilla Beans

香草兰是最重要的食品香料之一,其主要香味成分为香兰素,主要存在于香草兰豆荚中.香兰素一般由成熟豆荚中的香兰素葡萄糖苷经过漫长的发酵过程转化而来.O-β-葡萄糖苷酶在发酵生香的过程中起着关键作用.研究结果表明:香草兰的根、茎、叶和豆荚中都具有O-β-糖苷酶活性,豆荚活性最高,叶片活性最低；来自不同器官的O-β-糖苷酶的底物特异性一致,都能降解香兰素糖苷、2-NPG、4-NPG,都不能降解n-OG及硫代葡萄糖苷；香草兰糖苷酶提取物在50～60℃处理1 min,对酶活性影响很小,70℃处理1 min,酶活性丧失约40％,说明香草兰糖苷酶对高温具有一定耐受性,杀青后剩余糖苷酶活性在漫长的发酵过程中能够满足酶促反应的需求.     

不同干燥工艺下脱皮油莎豆干燥特性及品质研究

采用先湿法脱皮再干燥的方式可以简化油莎豆榨油前工序，提高榨油效率。为探究最适合的干燥工艺，本文以湿法脱皮油莎豆为研究对象，探究其薄层热风干燥特性，对比分析不同干燥工艺下脱皮油莎豆品质及所制取油脂的品质变化规律，以期为油莎豆产业化发展提供支持。本实验分别将油莎豆在自然干燥以及热风温度为50℃、60℃、70℃，风速0.8 m/s条件下进行干燥，再测定油莎豆的色泽、硬度、复水性以及脱皮油莎豆所制取油脂的品质。实验结果显示，样品干燥后亮度值、泛红度降低，硬度升高；热风50℃样品复水性最好，自然干燥次之，热风70℃下样品复水性最差；热风干燥条件下，随着风温的升高，所制得的油莎豆油的酸价及过氧化值均呈增加趋势，但是远低于国家标准中对食用植物油的要求。     

施用不同有机肥对香草兰生长及土壤酶活性的影响

通过大田试验研究施用不同有机肥对香草兰生长,叶绿素荧光特性及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:有机肥和生物有机肥混合施用的处理香草兰茎蔓和叶片干重显著高于施用牛粪的处理;施用生物有机肥和有机肥的处理香草兰叶片表观电子光合传递速率(ETR)和实际光化学效率(Yield)无显著性差异,但均显著高于施用牛粪的处理;有机肥和生物有机肥混合施用的处理土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性显著高于施用牛粪的处理。综上所述,有机肥和生物有机肥配合施用可显著促进香草兰生长,提高香草兰的光能利用效率和土壤酶活性。     

糖厂滤泥薄层干燥特性实验研究

采用薄层干燥方式研究糖厂滤泥的热风干燥特性。在标准隧道式热风干燥实验装置上通过改变热风温度、流速以及滤泥滤饼的厚度进行实验,测定滤泥的失水变化,获得干燥曲线。结果表明,滤泥滤饼厚度、热风温度和热风流速均对干燥速率有重要影响。其中滤饼厚度对干燥速率影响最大;高温高速有利于提高干燥速率,但是会降低恒速干燥的临界含水分,风速对临界含水分影响不大。最适热风温度和风速分别为90℃和8m/s。滤泥在热风温度为90℃、流速为8m/s,滤饼厚度为4mm进行干燥时,其临界含水量约为干基含水量0.33。     

番木瓜片的热风干燥特性与动力学模型

以热风温度、风速、装载量和切片厚度为试验因素,研究不同条件下番木瓜片热风干燥的干燥时间曲线和干燥速率曲线,确定干燥最佳工艺参数组合,并建立热风干燥动力学模型。结果表明:番木瓜热风干燥过程同时受到热风温度、热风风速和切片厚度等条件的影响,装载量的大小对番木瓜片失水和干燥速率的影响并不显著。整个热风干燥过程只有降速干燥阶段,无明显的加速和恒速干燥阶段,干燥速率呈下降趋势。切片厚度对干燥速率影响极大,番木瓜片切片厚度4 mm的干燥时间比厚度8 mm的干燥时间缩短了近50%。番木瓜片热风干燥的动力学模型满足Page方程MR=exp(-rt~n),能较好地描述和预测番木瓜片热风干燥过程水分的变化。     

香草兰花粉保存与种间杂交育种初步研究

利用大花香草兰、帝皇香草兰与墨西哥香草兰进行种间杂交育种,以期改变目前生产上香草兰品种单一的局面。对香草兰花粉的保存方法进行研究,同时以人工授粉进行3个种间的正反交,统计杂交组合的结实率并观测杂交果荚的生长发育。结果表明,香草兰花粉适宜用花粉粒离体方式在4 ℃低温中保存50 d;6种香草兰杂交组合的平均结实率为78％,共得到31个的杂交果荚;6种香草兰杂交果荚的生长发育有一定差异,其形状与母本自交果荚类似;部分杂交果荚的长度和宽度与母本自交果荚有显著差异。香草兰杂交果荚内含有数量庞大的杂交种子,是潜在的香草兰育种新种质。     

香草兰精油微胶囊的制备工艺优化及缓释性分析

以辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉钠和麦芽糊精为壁材,香草兰精油为芯材,通过喷雾干燥的方式制备香草兰精油微胶囊。5种单因素实验结果表明:壁芯比、均质压力、固形物质量分数对包埋产率具有显著影响。通过响应面实验设计得到最佳制备香草兰精油微胶囊的工艺条件为壁芯质量比4∶1、均值压力20 MPa、固形物质量分数40%,该条件下包埋产率为(97.21±0.3)%,包埋率为(89.16±1.2)%。100℃加热30 h后,微胶囊的挥发率为22.12%,结果表明微胶囊能够显著降低精油的挥发速率。     

不同荫蔽度对香草兰光合特性的影响

研究4种不同荫蔽度下香草兰的光合特性。结果表明：蒸腾速率和叶片水压亏缺随着荫蔽度的增加呈递减趋势；70%荫蔽度下光合速率和光合有效辐射日变化最高；胞间CO2浓度随着荫蔽度的增加呈递增趋势。说明70%荫蔽度较适宜种植香草兰。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Cytoplasmic substitution inSolanum. II. Tuber characteristics of reciprocal backcross progeny

Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC₂ and BC₃ substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC₂ and BC₂ substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than cytoplasmic factors. Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.