棉花超高产高效栽培管理中应注意的关键技术

多年来，由于广大科技人员的辛勤工作，技术不断创新，实现了棉花单产的连续突破。营养钵育苗移栽、基质育苗移栽、水浮育苗移栽、地膜覆盖、化学调控、棉花专用缓／控释高效复合肥、转基因抗虫杂交棉等技术的推广应用，均实现了技术的创新，对棉花的增产增收起到了巨大的推动作用。这些大的革新技术在全国各适用区域广泛推广应用，     

棉花工厂化育苗无土移栽不同密度对农艺性状及产量的影响

棉花工厂化育苗无土移栽技术迎合了时代发展需求,促进了棉花简化栽培技术,切实减少了棉花生产用工投入,打破了棉花生产几十年来地膜覆盖和营养钵育苗移栽技术体系,成为棉花生产上的一场新的技术革新.在试验棉花工厂化育苗无土移栽技术的同时,重点研究了不同移栽密度对农艺性状及产量的影响,以期为棉花工厂化育苗无土移栽技术的推广应用提供参考.     

棉花水浮育苗技术在湖北潜江的应用与效果

通过在湖北省潜江市棉区设立水浮育苗移栽与传统营养钵育苗移栽的对比试验和示范，结果表明：棉花水浮育苗技术具有省种、省工、省地和出苗率高，移栽成活率高，中后期生长快，成铃数多的优点，是一种轻简化栽培技术，适合在潜江棉区推广应用。     

石河子地区棉花水浮育苗移栽技术

棉花水浮育苗技术是湖南农业大学陈金湘教授研究发明的棉花育苗新技术。是以营养液水体为苗床进行的漂浮育苗技术．是棉花耕作栽培的一项新技术。在一定的光热条件下用常规栽培模式已经很难使棉花的产量得到较大提高．棉花育苗移栽技术可以使棉花在特定环境下的光热资源得到充分利用．延长棉花有效铃期,避开棉苗受开春低温、霜冻、冰雹等天气影响．从而提高棉花品质与产量．     

棉花水浮育苗技术被成功突破

一直被视为“禁区”的棉花水浮育苗技术被成功突破。由湖南农业大学主持研发的国家“十五”重点攻关和国家“863”重大专项课题棉花水浮育苗技术日前通过了专家的鉴定。     

江苏南通棉花水浮育苗与营养钵育苗比较试验

棉花水浮育苗技术是采用多孔聚乙烯泡沫育苗盘为载体，以混配基质为支撑，以营养液水体为苗床，进行漂浮育苗的综合技术，是棉花栽培中一项育苗新技术。2009年江苏省南通市如东县丰利镇农业技术服务站进行了该技术的试验。现将试验小结如下：     

棉花高产高效生产管理中应注意的细节问题

多年来在棉花生产上由于广大科技人员的辛勤工作,技术不断创新,实现棉花单产连续突破,如营养钵育苗移栽、地膜覆盖、化学调控、杂交棉、转基因抗虫等技术的推广应用,均实现了技术创新,对棉花增产增收起到了巨大的推动作用。这些大的技术革新,在全国各适用区域广泛推广应用,真正实现了持续高产高效。     

江苏省棉花育苗移栽亩产皮棉百公斤栽培技术

江苏省棉花育苗移栽的研究起始于50年代,到70年代后期得到推广应用,目前育苗移栽面积约占全省棉田总面积的90％以上。同时,在棉花育苗移栽的基础上,研究示范和推广了移栽地膜棉,目前移栽地膜棉面积占全省棉花育苗移栽面积的60％以上。由于移栽地膜棉和露地移栽棉配套栽培技术研究成果的推广应用以及生产经验的总结和提高,江苏省棉花单产一直处于全国前列,其中1996～1998年三年全省平均单产皮棉达1129.5kg·hm-2,并在生产中出现了移栽地膜棉每公顷皮棉超1875kg,露地移栽棉亩产皮棉超1500kg的高产示范方。预计在今后一段时间内棉花育苗移栽的关键配套技术仍是我省棉花持续、稳定发展的技术支撑。本文是按照GB/T1.1—1993《标准化工作导则》的要求,由江苏省农业科学院、江苏省农林厅提出、江苏省农业科学院经济作物研究所和江苏省作物栽培技术指导站编制的“棉花育苗移栽亩产皮棉100～125 kg栽培技术规程”的主要内容。     

棉花穴盘基质育苗新技术

近年来，棉花轻简化育苗技术研究取得了重要进展，试验示范取得了显著成效，但在生产上推广应用面积并不大，主要原因是栽后缓苗期长，遇干旱成活率低、成本高。棉花抗旱保水型穴盘育苗技术是基质育苗技术的创新，该技术省工节本，操作简单，育成的棉苗素质高，栽后缓苗期短，成活率高，发棵快，应用前景广阔。     

棉花塑料穴盘轻型育苗和移栽新技术

棉花应用营养钵育苗移栽是广大南方棉区的一项主要增产技术 ,自 2 0世纪 70年代以来 ,一直在棉花生产上推广应用 ,但该项技术制钵、移栽用工多 ,劳动强度大 ,苗床管理复杂 ,在当前农村劳动力向城市大量转移的情况下 ,已不适应植棉产业发展的需要。因此棉花生产急需轻型、简化的种植方式。为此扬州大学农学院和江苏农业技术推广中心经过四年的努力 ,成功地研究并形成了棉花塑料穴盘育苗和移栽新技术。该项技术是一项既可让棉农分散育苗 ,又可进行工厂化培育棉苗的轻型、简化种植方式。与常规营养钵育苗移栽方式相比 ,塑料穴盘育苗每公顷可节…     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.