中国杂交稻的"超感虫性"研究概况

介绍了高度感虫的中国杂交稻推广带来水稻害虫生态地位发生的变化.褐飞虱和白背飞虱上升为杂交稻上最突出的极易爆发成灾的重要害虫.20世纪70年代以前,白背飞虱只是水稻上的次要害虫,但80年代以来其种群大大增加.由于它从中国南部杂交稻种植区大范围迁飞,白背飞虱也成为中国中部地区粳稻上的重要害虫.由于种植具有抗褐飞虱基因Bph1的杂交稻组合,褐飞虱种群曾得到暂时的控制.然而,抗虫性的杂交稻在中国中部和南部稻飞虱迁飞区推广以后,褐飞虱生物型发生了改变,对抗虫品种产生了适应性.1990年以后,以前表现抗虫的杂交稻变得高感褐飞虱.缺乏抗虫性主基因不是中国杂交稻对稻飞虱超感性的充分理由,杂交稻旺盛生长的杂种优势可能是稻飞虱生殖力提高的部分原因.中国杂交稻对稻飞虱的超感虫性是从不育系遗传而来的.因此,杂交稻抗虫性的提高有赖于不育系的改良.利用持久抗性和多抗性的IR品种如IR64作为恢复系是改善中国杂交稻的超感虫性的一种有效方法.杂交稻上二化螟和三化螟为害也有所增加.与常规稻相比,杂交稻是一种更有利的食料植物且耐虫性更强.进行水稻产量损失的估计,尤其是水稻本身对螟虫为害的补偿能力,以及螟虫和杂交稻之间的生态学关系的研究有助于评价杂交稻对螟虫田间抗性的实际影响.     

两个杂交稻组合及其亲本材料对白背飞虱抗性的研究

采用田间白背飞虱种群调查和水稻产量、室内白背飞虱蜜露量、产卵量及卵发育率测定,在浙江富阳和重庆秀山两地研究了杂交稻组合及其亲本材料对白背飞虱的抗虫性.田间试验结果表明不育系协青早A和珍汕97A表现出对白背飞虱比感虫对照品种TN1更感虫的"超感虫性",稻株上的若虫量分别高达371.1和292.5只/丛.在杂交稻汕优63和协优9308上的若虫数量与TN1上的相当,杂交稻的感虫性主要来源于其不育系亲本.在无杀虫剂防治的情况下,感虫杂交稻组合的千粒重和产量损失率高达22%和78%左右,不育系材料被完全毁灭,表现为虫量越大,千粒重下降幅度越大,产量损失率越高.蜜露量测定表明,恢复系明恢63和9803具有一定的耐虫性.白背飞虱在杂交稻及其亲本上的产卵量和卵发育率没有显著差异.还对杂交稻抗虫性的改良进行了讨论.     

白背飞虱在抗感稻株上分泌蜜露的氨基酸成分分析

白背飞虱吸食水稻植株的韧皮部,影响其正常生长。近年来,由此而引起的水稻产量损失愈加明显。推广种植抗虫品种有效地阻止了飞虱在其上取食与建立种群,在防治此虫中发挥了十分重要的作用。水稻抗虫品种对白背飞虱产生的不良影响是多方面的。为了探索稻株韧皮部内营养成分对飞虱的影响,我们采用间接的方法分析了飞虱取食抗感稻株后分泌的蜜露中氨基酸的成分与含量。1 材料与方法1.1 蜜露的收集测定蜜露中游离氯基酸总量时选用的抗白背飞虱     

利用PEG6000模拟研究干旱胁迫对褐飞虱取食和产卵的影响

 在实验室条件下，以感虫品种TN1、抗虫品种IR36和抗旱品种旱优3号为材料，采用聚乙二醇6000（PEG6000）模拟干旱处理水稻植株，研究干旱胁迫对褐飞虱取食和产卵的影响。结果表明，在同一水稻品种上，褐飞虱雌成虫在稻株上数量随着PEG6000浓度的上升而显著减少（P<0.001），而褐飞虱若虫在不同PEG6000浓度处理的水稻植株上数量无显著差异（P=0.093）。褐飞虱雌成虫在48 h内的蜜露分泌量和在稻株上72 h内的产卵量均与PEG6000浓度呈显著负相关。在感虫品种TN1上，褐飞虱若虫在不同浓度PEG6000处理稻株上的分布无显著差异；而在抗旱品种旱优3号和抗虫品种IR36上，随着PEG6000浓度的上升，水稻基部的褐飞虱若虫数量明显增多。在TN1和旱优3号上，褐飞虱雌成虫蜜露分泌量随PEG6000浓度上升而显著减少；而在IR36上，褐飞虱雌成虫在不同浓度PEG6000处理水稻植株上的蜜露分泌量均很少且无显著差异。     

中ZM1514在盐城地区的生态适应性及安全性评价

通过在长江下游地区（盐城）种植中 ZM1514，考察其植株性状和产量性状。结果表明，中ZM1514的籽棉、皮棉单产与当地主栽品种苏棉22号（CK2）相当；其田间虫相、虫态和天敌数量与转基因品种鄂杂棉10号（CK2）无明显差异，但田间棉铃虫幼虫数量比非转基因品种苏棉22号明显减少。     

慈抗杂3号棉田靶标与非靶标昆虫的种群变动规律初探

本试验对转基因抗虫杂交棉慈抗杂3号棉田靶标与非靶标害虫和天敌的种群变动规律作了初步探索，结果表明，与常规棉对照相比，抗棉铃虫、红铃虫效果明显，百株棉铃虫幼虫比对照减少86．6％，蕾铃被害率减少85．0％，红铃虫虫花率和青铃为害率分别减少90．18％、73．9％，对玉米螟、斜纹衣蛾及棉花卷叶虫有一定的控制作用；但对棉蚜虫、红蜘蛛等刺吸式害虫无控制作用，甚至有上升趋势；对棉田天敌种群影响不明显。认为在种植慈抗杂3号等抗虫棉时，要谨防次要害虫上升为主要害虫，防治时应避免使用强烈的广谱杀虫剂，以保护天敌，同时做好棉田害虫监测，当棉铃虫等鳞翅目害虫发生数量达到防治指标时，可选用复配剂防治。     

水稻植株防御白背飞虱为害的某些生理反应

 以对白背飞虱具有不同抗性水平的水稻品种(组合) 为材料, 研究了水稻在白背飞虱为害后稻株体内的生理变化。结果表明, 稻株受害后, 感虫品种(TN1和汕优63) 光合作用速率和叶绿素含量下降比抗虫品种(N 22) 明显; 感虫品种超氧化物歧化酶(SOD) 活性增加, 过氧化物酶(POD) 和过氧化氢酶(CAT) 活性下降, 而抗虫品种POD 和SOD 均增加, CAT减少;感虫品种除丙氨酸含量下降外, 其他氨基酸含量均上升, 尤其是天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸及蛋氨酸等含量增加很快, 抗虫品种中天门冬氨酸、缬氨酸等含量增加也很快, 但苏氨酸、蛋氨酸、丙氨酸的含量显著下降。     

抗褐飞虱中籼杂交组合嘉籼优04—1的选育

褐飞虱是我国在水稻生产上为害最严重的虫害。20世纪60年代后，水稻褐飞虱在我国猖獗频繁．常暴发成灾。近10年来发生地区逐渐向北方扩展．为害程度加重，其损失超过螟虫。对水稻褐飞虱一直采用化学农药防治，长期使用化学杀虫剂，造成害虫再猖獗、害虫对杀虫剂的抗性增强和杀虫剂的残留问题。因此．选育和推广抗虫品种在确保高产稳产的同时．还具有减少投入、简便操作、不伤害天敌、对环境无污染、能与其他技术协调使用等优点。     

藠头--晚稻种植模式的病虫和天敌发生动态及生态调控效应

藠头产业已成为湘阴农业的支柱产业,近年形成的藠头-稻种植模式逐渐替代了过去单纯的藠头或水稻种植模式.为应对该种植模式所带来的病虫害对农业生产的为害,笔者于2003年对这种种植模式的病虫、天敌发生及生态调控进行了调查与研究.调查结果表明:藠头紫斑、霜霉、基腐病,蚜虫、韭蛆和葱蓟马等病虫主要在3月至5月发生危害,与藠头配套种植的单季晚稻比一般双季晚稻二化螟、稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟和纹枯病发生数量和为害程度前期较重,中后期明显减轻,蜘蛛及其他捕食性天敌种群数量则明显增加,对稻飞虱的控制效果较好,经济效益显著.     

应用主分量分析评价水稻品种对白背飞虱抗生性初探

白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horvath)是我国水稻上的重要害虫之一.尽管化学农药在对白背飞虱的防治中起了一定的作用,但由于施药增加了生产成本,并且长期使用造成了白背飞虱的抗药性、杀伤天敌、诱导害虫再度猖獗;以及引起环境污染.因而近年来抗白背飞虱品种的培育逐渐提到日程上来.为了筛选抗白背飞虱的抗源.我们就初筛和复筛后得到的17个对白背     

湖南省主要抗病虫品种选育和利用现状与问题

全面分析了湖南省主要病虫灾害的现状、发生趋势,认为随着水稻种植结构和栽培技术的变革以及水稻新品种的应用,病虫害发生种类及其危害性的变化,将使病虫害问题更加突出。在对抗性品种在农业生产中的实际效用进行分析后,提出了抗病虫品种选育和利用中存在的问题及改进意见。     

Insecticide resistance and activities of relative enzymes in different populations of the white backed planthopper

White backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), is one of the most devastating insect pests on rice in Asia. Its control mainly depended on the chemical pesticides. Surveys of insecticide susceptibility revealed that organophosphorus and carbamate resistance has emerged since early 1980s in China and Japan. WBPH has the long distance migration property, and Heinrichs(1994) considered that the migration might influence the resistance level of planthoppers. So we conducted the comparative studies on insecticide susceptibility and activities of resistance relative enzymes in four WBPH populations collected from Zhejiang, Yunnan, and Hainan provinces of China in 1997.     

氮肥对植食性昆虫的影响及其对水稻主要害虫种群的诱导

绝大多数的室内和实验室研究表明氮肥对植食性昆虫的寄主选择性、食物消耗和利用、存活和生长发育、生殖和种群动态以及整个群落均有促进作用。但也有少量研究发现氮肥对植食性昆虫的表现无明显影响，甚至对极少数昆虫有负作用。在亚洲，水稻主要害虫稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱和钻蛀性螟虫种群的猖獗发生与稻田施用氮肥有关，稻田过量施用氮肥对这些害虫的种群发展均有促进作用。为了有效地降低稻田氮肥的施用量、减少对环境的污染，必须提高氮肥的利用率。     

Integrated pest management in field vegetable crops in northern Europe — with focus on two key pests

Improvements in (1) insecticide application, (2) supervised control, and (3) pest forecasting systems have each helped to reduce considerably the amounts of insecticides required to control fly, caterpillar and aphid infestations in vegetable crops in northern Europe. By growing plants that are partially resistant to certain major pests, it is now possible to apply even less insecticide than the dose recommended for the crop. In crops where only small amounts of insecticides are applied, natural predators should prevent large increases in pest insect populations and natural parasitoids should reduce the numbers of pest insects entering subsequent generations. The possible impact of introducing transgenic plants and the use of physical (crop covers), cultural (crop rotation, undersowing) and microbial (e.g. fungi, bacteria and nematodes) methods of control are also discussed. The withdrawal of certain insecticides, as a result of environmental and commercial pressures, means that some crops may soon be without appropriate insecticides for controlling one or more of the major pest species. Whether such systems will be sustainable, remains to be seen.     

再生稻病虫害综合防治技术

种植再生稻是闽北山区提高水稻产量的重要措施。充分利用山区光照、气候条件,推广种植再生稻有利于增产增收,节本增效。文章根据资料和实践介绍了再生稻病虫防治技术措施。     

分子标记辅助选择在水稻抗病虫基因聚合上的应用

 稻瘟病、白叶枯病、褐飞虱和白背飞虱是危害水稻生产的主要病虫害。实践证明，培育抗病虫品种是控制水稻病虫害最经济和有效的途径。总结了目前已报道和定位的抗病虫基因的研究和利用情况，指出利用分子标记辅助选择聚合不同类型抗病虫基因到同一品种，可以提高品种抗性、拓宽抗谱，是水稻抗病虫品种培育的发展方向。     

Sustainable Management of Rice Insect Pests by Non-Chemical-Insecticide Technologies in China

Chemical pesticides play crucial roles in the management of crop diseases and pests. However, excessive and irrational use of pesticides has become a major concern and obstacle to sustainable agriculture. As a result, the quality and security of agricultural products are reduced, and the ecological and environmental integrities are threatened. Recently, environment-friendly pest management measures have been introduced and adopted to manage rice insect pests and reduce the use of insecticides. This paper reviewed the advancements in development and application of non-chemical technologies for insect pest management during rice production in China.     

Cost:benefit analysis of botanical insecticide use in cabbage: Implications for smallholder farmers in developing countries

Botanical insecticides based on plant extracts are not widely used as crop protectants even though they can be produced simply from locally available plants. Many studies have examined efficacy but there is a paucity of information on the cost:benefit ratio of their use compared with conventional insecticides. In the present study, crude extracts of Ageratum conyzoides (Asterales: Asteraceae), Chromolaena odorata (Asterales: Asteraceae), Synedrella nodiflora (Asterales: Asteraceae), Nicotiana tabacum (Solanales: Solanaceae), and Ricinus communis (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae) were compared with the synthetic insecticide, emamectin benzoate (Attack^®) against insect pests of cabbage in randomised, replicated field experiments during the major and minor rainy seasons of 2012 in Ghana. The cost of each treatment including material and labour was calculated and the revenue of each derived using the value of the marketable yield of cabbage. The cost:benefit ratios of sprayed treatments were derived by comparing the cost of each plant protection regime against the additional market value of the treatment yield above that obtained in the control treatment. With the exception of plots sprayed with N. tabacum, the cost of plant protection using Attack^® was higher than any of the botanicals in both seasons. The highest cost:benefit ratio of 1: 29 was observed for plots sprayed with C. odorata and was followed closely by N. tabacum treatment with 1: 25 and Attack^® with 1: 18. In the minor season, plots sprayed with Attack^® had the highest cost:benefit ratio of 1: 15 and was followed closely by N. tabacum with 1: 14. Botanical insecticides differed markedly in levels of pest control and cost:benefit but some were comparable to that from conventional insecticide use whilst being produced easily from locally available plant materials and are likely to be safer to use for smallholder farmers and consumers in developing countries.