我国两系杂交水稻发展的现状和建议

 我国两系杂交水稻发展迅猛,截止到2010年年底,共有427个两系杂交组合通过了省级或国家新品种审定,其中通过国家新品种审定的品种有62个。2005年至2011年,农业部冠名“超级稻”的83个品种中,两系杂交水稻占17个。据农业部全国农作物主要品种推广情况统计表的统计资料,1993年到2009年共有121个两系组合年推广面积达到或者超过6 700 hm2,累计推广面积达到2097.4万hm2(3.15亿亩)。2002年两优培九的推广面积达到82.5万hm2,荣登全国杂交水稻推广面积的榜首。此后7年,两系杂交水稻组合的种植面积6次位居第一,1次位居第二。目前两系杂交水稻占全国杂交水稻总面积的20%左右,已经成为我国水稻生产中不可或缺的类型,在保障粮食安全中发挥了重要作用。介绍了我国两系杂交水稻的现状,分析了存在的主要问题,提出了进一步发展的建议。     

我国杂交水稻的形势与战略

我国杂交水稻从开始研究至今已有３０年历史，已为我国粮食生产作出了巨大贡献。要进一步发展杂交水稻，必须通过育种方法和材料的改进来提高组合的多样化、产量潜力、品质、抗性和制种产量。两系杂交稻正在走向成功，三系杂交稻在本世纪仍将是主力。杂交水稻国际开发前景可观。     

超级杂交稻准两优527在凤凰县种植表现及高产栽培技术

准两优527是湖南杂交水稻研究中心选育的两系超级杂交稻组合,2005年在凤凰县的6.7 hm2高产示范片单产达11.14t/hm2,介绍了其示范种植表现,总结了其高产栽培技术。     

中国杂交水稻推广历程及现状分析

在中国杂交水稻从1976—2015年推广40 a之际,对中国杂交水稻、两系杂交水稻、杂交粳稻的推广历程与现状进行了分析。结果表明,1976—2013年,中国杂交水稻累计推广5.316 2亿hm2,并于1995年达到2 089.78万hm2的历史最大面积,占当年水稻面积的67.97%,但杂交水稻面积及其占水稻面积的比例在1999年以后呈现缓慢下降趋势,至2013年维持在1 617.87万hm2,占水稻面积的53.37%;1996—2013年年推广面积在0.67万hm2以上的杂交水稻主要品种数量由133个增加到532个,而单个主要品种的平均年推广面积则由11.01万hm2下降到2.36万hm2,品种竞争越来越激烈,突破性品种匮乏;1996—2013年两系杂交水稻占杂交水稻面积的比例由0.92%上升到33.59%,两系杂交水稻已经成为杂交水稻的重要组成部分;目前杂交粳稻的年推广面积维持在20万~26万hm2,占杂交水稻面积的比例维持在1.1%~1.5%的极低水平,杂交粳稻在杂交水稻中的地位还极其微弱。     

中国第4期超级稻高产攻关取得重大突破

<正>2014年10月10日,农业部组织中国水稻研究所、全国农业技术推广中心、江西省农业技术推广总站、广东省农业技术推广总站、四川省农业科学院、沈阳农业大学、安徽省农业技术推广总站等单位的专家,对湖南杂交水稻研究中心主持的溆浦县横板桥乡红星村超级杂交稻第4期15 t/hm2高产攻关示范片进行了现场测产验收。该示范片是湖南杂交水稻研究中心2014年在全国13个省、市、自治区组织开展超级杂交稻第4期高产攻关的24个示范片之一,面积6.84 hm2,种植组合为两系杂交稻Y两优900。     

花垣县适种杂交水稻品种筛选

为筛选适合湘西自治州花垣县种植的一季杂交水稻品种,于2013年分别以10个三系和16个两系杂交水稻品种为材料开展了品种比较试验。结果表明:(1)各品种均能在9月上旬成熟,从生育期来看,各品种均适合在花垣县种植;(2)各三系杂交稻品种产量在7 560~10 020 kg/hm2之间,各两系杂交稻品种产量在7 275~9 870kg/hm2之间;(3)三系杂交稻品种湘优1126和两系杂交稻品种两优5219产量最高,是花垣县水稻品种的首选;此外,三系杂交稻品种湘香优1011、蓉18优198、湘香优529和两系杂交稻品种Y两优6号、深两优3059、广两优1128、两优5218、两优3219产量在9 000 kg/hm2以上,也是较为理想的选择;(4)本试验条件下,生育期、株高、穗长与产量关系不大,与产量相关性最明显的产量构成因素是穗粒数,因此选择穗型较大的品种有利于高产。     

我国水稻品种审定与推广情况分析

以国家水稻数据中心收录的审定品种和年推广面积6 670 hm2以上的品种为数据源,分析了我国水稻品种的审定和应用情况。结果表明,水稻新品种尤其杂交稻组合在"十五"后迅速增加,但品种间种植面积差距缩小,单个品种应用面积下降;印水型杂交稻自推出后发展速度很快;外引品种对我国水稻育种的贡献不可忽视。     

冈型及D型杂交稻的选育,利用和遗传研究

冈型Ｄ型杂交稻是冈型及Ｄ型各同质不育系组成的一群杂交稻，冈型及Ｄ型不育系是通过籼亚种内品种间杂交途径，育成有生产价值的雄性不育的首例，是继野败型，ＢＴ型杂交稻之后大面积投产的非野败胞质的新型不育系，它为培育水稻雄性不育系，开发新胞质源展开了新的可行途径，开始打破杂交水稻生产上单一野败胞质的局面，经济、社会、生态效益均十分显著。在组配中，早熟杂交稻的恢复系和改良不育系异化物酶同功酶谱，可恢复性，组配     

闽西北杂交水稻组合种植演变分析

对1991～2003年闽西北杂交水稻组合演变规律进行了初步的分析,结果表明:早季推广杂交稻面积占30%～40%,先降后升,中、晚稻以中熟杂交稻组合为主(占93%),主栽组合不占主导地位;拔尖组合比例下降,组合个数呈上升趋势,大于0.333万hm2的杂交稻组合面积大幅度减少.并对今后杂交稻育种提出粗浅看法.     

刍议籼型优质杂交稻高产栽培技术途径

水稻是中国的主要粮食作物,中国于1964年开始杂交水稻的研究,1974年组配了一批杂交稻组合推广应用[1].目前,杂交稻在中国常年种植面积约0.153亿hm2,占水稻播种面积50%,产量占稻谷总产的57%[2].然而,杂交稻稻米品质多数中等低劣已成为人们的共识[3].     

杂交水稻机械化制种的技术探索与实践

居高不下的杂交水稻制种成本已经成为制约杂交稻推广应用的主要因素之一。本文详细地分析了国内外杂交水稻机械化制种的现状,总结机械化制种存在的困难和问题,针对我国当前形势和耕作制度的特点,结合多年育种实践,提出了通过培育小粒型不育系,利用不育系与恢复系种子粒型（主要是粒厚）的显著差异,实现父母本混播混收、收获后机械分离获得杂交种子的全程机械化制种设想。提出了适合机械化制种的小粒不育系应具备的性状特征。按此设想,笔者团队选育出了综合性状优良的小粒型不育系卓201S、南3502S、展998S等,并配组了系列高产、优质的杂交稻组合卓两优581、卓两优141、南两优1998等,成功实现这些杂交稻的高效机械化制种。卓201S等小粒型不育系及其系列杂交组合的育成,是杂交水稻机械化制种品种选育的重大突破。     

红莲型不育细胞质在杂交粳稻育种中的应用

为了探讨红莲型不育细胞质应用于杂交粳稻育种的可能性,利用包台(BT)型、红莲(HL)型、茶野(CL)型、野败(WA)型等4种细胞质的同核异质不育系六千辛A与181个粳稻亲本测交,根据测交F1的小穗育性,筛选HL型粳稻恢复系。在此基础上,对筛选出的HL型粳稻恢复系与更多HL型不育系复测,并进行不同细胞质杂交粳稻的比对试验。研究结果表明:1)HL型和CL型不育系的恢、保关系十分一致,测交F1小穗育性间的相关性达极显著水平。2)HL型和CL型粳稻不育系的可恢性虽不如BT型不育系,但明显优于WA型粳稻不育系;以测交F1小穗育性达到85%以上作为选择标准,从BT型恢复系和广亲和恢复系中筛选出25个HL型(CL型)粳稻恢复系。3)不育系的核背景对杂种育性有影响,HL型六千辛A可恢性最好,其次为HL型陵香A,HL型珍5A可恢性最差。4)与BT型不育系配制的杂种相比,HL型和CL型不育系配制的杂种育性稳定性相对较差。5)HL型不育系配制的杂种与BT型、WA型不育系配制的杂种在播种至抽穗历期、株高、产量及品质性状上均无明显差异;HL型不育系配制的杂交粳稻结实率正常,与BT型不育系配制的杂种无明显差异,明显高于WA型不育系配制的杂种。说明HL型不育细胞质应用于杂交粳稻育种是可行的。     

Practices and Prospects of Super Hybrid Rice Breeding

The great progress in super rice breeding both in China and other countries has been made in recent years. However, there were three main problems in super rice breeding: 1) the super rice varieties were still rare; 2) most super rice varieties exhibited narrow adaptability; and 3) current breeding theories emphasized too much on the rice growth model, but they were unpractical in guidance for rice breeding. According to the authors’ experience on the rice breeding, the breeding strategies including three steps (super parent breeding, super hybrid rice breeding and super hybrid rice seed production) were proposed, and the objectives of each step and the key technologies to achieve the goals were elucidated in detail. The super parent of hybrid rice should exhibit excellent performance in all agronomic traits, with the yield or sink capacity reached the level of the hybrid rice control in regional trials. The super hybrid rice combination should meet the following criteria: good rice quality, wide adaptation, lodging resistance, resistance to main insects and diseases, and the yield exceeded above 8% over the control varieties in the national and provincial regional trials. To achieve the goal, the technical strategies, such as selecting optimal combination of the parents, increasing selection pressure, paying more attention to harmony of ideal plant type, excellent physiological traits and all the agronomic traits, should be emphasized. The yield of seed production should reach 3.75 t/ha and 5.25 t/ha for the super hybrid rice combinations derived from early-season and middle-season types of male sterile lines, respectively. The main technologies for raising seed production yield included selecting optimum seed production site, using the male sterile line with large sink capacity and good outcrossing characteristics, and improving the amount of the pollen by intensive cultivation of the male parent. According to the technologies of the three-step breeding on super hybrid rice, two super rice parents, including a male parent 996 and a thermo(photo)-genic male sterile [T(P)GMS] line C815S, were bred. Furthermore, a super early hybrid rice combination, Luliangyou 996, which could be used as a double-season early rice variety in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China, was bred by using the super rice variety 996 as the male parent, and several hybrid rice combinations with higher yield than control variety in regional trials both of Hunan Province and state were bred with the T(P)GMS line C815S as the female parent.     

南方稻区国家水稻区域试验品种的微卫星标记分析

 利用前期研究筛选的12个微卫星标记（SSR）首选标记对2005年南方稻区国家水稻区域试验199个水稻品种进行了DNA指纹鉴定，构建了199个水稻品种×12个首选标记的南方稻区国家水稻区域试验品种DNA指纹库。在首选标记座位上，常规稻和杂交稻的主导等位基因基本相同，籼稻和粳稻的主导等位基因差异较大；常规稻品种的纯合度高，多数杂交稻品种的杂合度较高、杂合座位数呈正态分布。比较相同母本的系列杂交稻组合，表明主导不育系系列组合具有较高的组内品种间母本一致性。此外，对南方稻区国家水稻区域试验品种特异性鉴定、DNA指纹库的扩充和鉴定标记数的确定进行了讨论。关键词     

华南优质杂交水稻品种选育与发展

本文针对华南广东、广西优质杂交稻育种的两个阶段进行了综述。第1个阶段为中等直链淀粉含量优质杂交稻发展阶段,育成了粒型较好、心腹白较少、透明度好的博A、秋A、美A、粤泰A、天丰A、五丰A、荣丰A和吉丰A等8个不育系,并利用其配组育成博优998、天优998、五优308等中等直链淀粉含量的优质杂交稻品种149个通过审定。此外,还利用两系不育系培矮64S配组育成培杂双七、培杂泰丰等9个中等直链淀粉含量的优质两系杂交稻品种通过审定。第2个阶段为低直链淀粉含量的优质杂交稻发展阶段,育成了粤丰A、泰丰A、野香A、广8A、丰田1A等15个优质不育系,并利用其配组育成泰丰优208、野香优莉丝、丰田优553等低直链淀粉含量优质杂交稻品种212个通过审定。同时,利用五山丝苗、粤农丝苗、五山油占等8个高产抗病兼用型优质常规稻作恢复系和优质恢复系华占与丙4114配组育成175个低直链淀粉含量优质杂交稻品种通过审定。从2015年开始,在每年的全国年推广面积前十大品种中,由华南直接育成或利用华南亲本合作育成的杂交稻品种占到一半以上,为我国优质籼稻产业发展发挥了巨大作用。最后还讨论了当前华南优质杂交稻存在问题和今后育种的发展方向。     

云南紫稻细胞质无花粉型三系及杂种F1的AFLP指纹图谱的构建与分析

 利用AFLP分子标记对云南紫稻细胞质无花粉水稻三系及杂种F1进行了指纹图谱的构建与比较分析。从14对引物中筛选出8对具有明显多态性的引物。天香018（天香A×珞恢018)材料组（不育系、保持系、恢复系及杂种F1）共扩增出179条带，其中有52条多态性谱带，占总带数的29.05％，平均每对引物可以扩增出6.50条多态性谱带；天香806(天香A×珞恢806)材料组(不育系、保持系、恢复系及杂种F1）共扩增出177条带，其中有50条差异带，占总带数的28.25％，平均每对引物可以扩增出6.25条多态性谱带。特别明显的是在引物对E ATG/M CAC的扩增中，在AFLP指纹图谱中出现两条特征带（a带和b带），为保持系所特有，能够明显区别于不育系、恢复系和F1。在另外一些引物对中也观察到不育系与保持系之间的差异带。     

应用基因芯片分析短日低温条件下新型粳稻光温敏核质互作不育系育性相关基因

为了解具有三系和两系两套不育机制的新型粳稻光温敏核质互作不育系2310SA分子水平上的育性机理,同时也试图对水稻雄性不育现象做进一步探讨,利用水稻基因芯片,以2310SA及其保持系两系光温敏不育系2310S为材料,在安徽合肥秋季自然短日低温条件下,比较了稳定不育的2310SA和恢复可育的2310S(对照)减数分裂期、单核期、二核期和三核期等4个穗发育时期花药基因表达谱的变化差异。减数分裂期(上调表达基因1938个,下调表达基因1635个)和三核期(上调表达基因2220个,下调表达基因2656个)差异表达基因数目多于单核期(上调表达基因752个,下调表达基因693个)和二核期(上调表达基因1025个,下调表达基因886个),三核期下调表达基因比上调表达基因多,其他3期上调表达基因比下调表达基因多。所有差异表达基因聚类显示,单核期和二核期差异表达基因聚为一类,减数分裂期和三核期差异表达基因独立成为第2类和第3类。筛选出147个在4个穗发育时期都差异表达的基因。这些共有差异表达基因也只有在三核期下调表达基因比上调表达基因多。这些共有差异表达基因,参与了生物合成、刺激反应、光合作用、信号传导、大分子的新陈代谢、运输、转录调节、碳水化合物的代谢、花的发育和细胞死亡等11类生物学过程。所得共有差异表达基因中存在与脂类代谢有关的细胞色素P450家族蛋白和β-环羟化酶,与热激反应有关的热激转录因子、热激蛋白DnaJ家族蛋白及热激蛋白70等相关基因。这些基因与细胞死亡有直接或间接的关系,它们的异常表达可能与不育花粉的形成有关。     

优质香稻不育系玉香A的选育及利用

玉香A是利用优质常规稻晚香10号与玉米稻杂交的F4中的优良单株与金23A杂交,经7代回交育成的一个新的优质香稻不育系,于2003年2月通过湖南省品种审定.玉香A属中熟早籼类型,株型紧凑,茎秆粗壮,叶鞘、稃尖均无色;不育性稳定,群体不育株率100%,花粉不育度99.99%,套袋自交结实率为0.025%;品质性状好,米粒香味纯正;开花习性好,易于繁殖制种;配合力强,利用该不育系已选配出农平302、农平202等优质高产新组合.     

利用香稻改良杂交水稻稻米品质

To improve grain quality of the high-yielding hybrid rice in China, we introduced the aromatic rice MR365, an improved Indian cultivar with aroma and other desirable grain quality characters such as long grain and low chalkiness, from IRRI in 1984 and began to transfer its aroma and good quality characters into the existing maintainer lines with good combining ability but poor grain quality. In the meantime, we also conducted the research on the inheritance of aroma for increasing the breeding efficiency. Through years of research and breeding practices, two cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines Xiangxiang 2 A and Xinxiang A and a series of quasi-aromatic hybrids mated from these aromatic CMS lines have been developed and released for commercial production in China. It was found that the inheritance of aroma in MR 365 and its derivatives including Xiangxiang 2 A, Xinxiang A and Xiang 2B S was controlled by one pair of recessive major genes based on the identification of aroma by the KOH-soaking method. We also found that there existed disparity in aroma degree among different grains of F2 generation, and different aromatic CMS lines derived from the same aromatic donor such as Xiangxiang 2 A and Xinxiang A had also a little difference in the degree of aroma, which implies that, besides the major genes, aroma may also be affected by the genetic backgrounds or minor genes. Xiangxiang 2 A, developed from the cross of V20A∥V20B/MR365, is the first aromatic CMS line bred in China. It is not only aromatic but has good grain quality and combining ability. Using it as female parent, Xiangyou 63 (Xiangxiang 2A/Minghui 63), the first quasi-aromatic hybrid rice combination in China, was developed and approved to release to farmers in 1995. Xiangyou 63 is characteristic of quasi-aromatic or partially aromatic (because only a portion of or NOT ALL grains are aromatic), good grain quality, high-yielding ability, good blast resistance and wide adaptability. However, Xiangxiang 2 A has an evident drawback, i.e., instablility in male sterility under higher temperature conditions resulting from the existence of restoring minor genes in it, which greatly hampered the extension of its elite hybrid Xiangyou 63 with both high yield and fine quality in commercial production. To improve Xiangxiang 2 A, we made hybridization of Xiangxiang 2 B with V20 B again in 1990. A new aromatic CMS line Xinxiang A was successfully developed in 1994. It not only retains the favorable characteristics of Xiangxiang 2 A in grain quality and combining ability, but also expresses complete and stable male sterility and high seed production yield potential. Up to now, by using it as female parent, a series of quasi-aromatic hybrids have been developed. Some of them such as Xinxiangyou 63 (Xinxiang A/Minghui 63), Xinxiangyou 77 (Xinxiang A/Minghui 77), Xinxiangyou 80 (Xinxiang A/R80), Xinxiangyou 207 (Xinxiang A/R207) and Xinxiangyou 96 (Xinxiang A/R96) have been released to farmers. Such hybrids have been preferred and well welcome by the farmers in China, because they can not only yield higher or as high as but also possess a better grain quality than the current common high-yielding hybrid rice varieties, especially, they are naturally-mixed aromatic rice so that it can be consumed daily just like non-aromatic common rice. The planting area under these hybrids is increasing rapidly in China. It is expected that the quasi-aromatic hybrid rice will have a good prospect in the coming years.