盐胁迫对油菜幼苗离子吸收和分配的影响

以宝杂油1号和本课题组选育品系南盐油11号为材料,比较了100和200mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫10d对两个甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)品种(系)幼苗生长及其离子吸收和分配的效应。结果表明,盐胁迫明显抑制油菜幼苗的生长,其中南盐油11号的耐盐性明显高于宝杂油1号。盐胁迫导致植株盐分(Na+、Cl-)含量上升,地上部Na+、Cl-积累明显高于根系;植株体内K+、Ca2+含量明显降低。盐胁迫下,维持体内较高的K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+比率,维持较高的SK,Na、SCa,Na(离子吸收和运输的K+、Ca2+、Na+选择性比率)是南盐油11号耐盐性高于宝杂油1号的重要原因。     

碱性盐胁迫对燕麦矿质离子吸收与分配的影响

为探讨燕麦耐碱性与矿质离子的关系,通过盆栽试验,将碱性盐Na2CO3、NaHCO3按摩尔比1∶1混合设置不同浓度(0、50和100mmol·L-1)胁迫处理,分析燕麦耐碱性品种vao-9和碱敏感性品种白燕5号根、茎、叶对Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Cu2+、Zn2+的吸收及分配规律。结果表明,碱性盐胁迫下2个品种根、茎、叶中Na+含量增加,K+、Cu2+含量下降;Ca2+、Mg2+含量在根中增加,在茎、叶中下降,Fe2+、Zn2+含量在不同胁迫程度下和不同器官中变化不同。与白燕5号相比,vao-9吸收的Na+总量较低,K+、Ca2+、Cu2+总量较高,Mg2+、Fe2+、Zn2+总量变化不大。在胁迫浓度达到100mmol·L-1时,vao-9茎中截留Na+,叶片中较K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Cu2+和Zn2+分配较多,而白燕5号叶片中积累Na+较多,茎中积累K+较多,根中积累Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Cu2+、Zn2+较多,从而使碱性盐胁迫下vao-9较白燕5号叶片中保持的Na+/K+、Na+/Ca2+和Na+/Mg2+低。可见,在高浓度碱性盐胁迫下vao-9茎中区域化Na+,选择吸收K+、Ca2+、Cu2+,并在叶片中分配较多的矿质离子来保持燕麦体内离子平衡,以适应盐碱胁迫。     

NaCl胁迫对续随子离子吸收及荧光特性的影响

以续随子为材料采用温室盆栽法,研究了NaCl胁迫处理对其生长发育、离子分布和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明：(1) 25mmol•L-1 NaCl胁迫时续随子幼苗的鲜重、干重和株高比对照略有下降,但不显著;随着NaCl浓度的继续增加,三指标均显著降低。(2)盐胁迫影响植物组织的离子分布,Na +浓度增加时,K+、Ca2+和Mg2+浓度均持续下降,K+/ Na+、Ca2+/ Na+、Mg2+/ Na+ 也急剧下降。(3) NaCl胁迫下,续随子幼苗叶片的初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率均降低。但在0～25 mmol•L-1NaCl浓度下,Fo、Fm与对照差异不显著。可见,NaCl胁迫下,续随子产生了光合作用的光抑制伤害。     

盐碱胁迫对亚麻苗期生长及阳离子吸收和分配的影响

为探讨盐碱胁迫下亚麻幼苗阳离子吸收和分配的特点,为盐碱地种植亚麻栽培技术提供理论指导。采用2种中性盐(Na Cl和Na2SO4)和2种碱性盐(Na HCO3和Na2CO3)分别混合模拟盐胁迫和碱胁迫,对中亚麻2号进行14天胁迫处理,测定了苗长、根长和茎长等生长指标,并分析了根系和地上部Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量的变化。结果表明:(1)盐碱胁迫不同程度抑制了亚麻幼苗的生长,碱性盐胁迫比中性盐胁迫的抑制更严重。中性盐胁迫对亚麻茎的抑制较根更严重,而碱性盐胁迫则得到相反的结果。(2)盐碱胁迫大幅度增加了亚麻苗期根和地上部对Na+的吸收。中性盐胁迫下地上部K+的吸收增高,根的K+吸收降低。碱性盐胁迫下根和地上部K+的吸收均降低。中性盐胁迫和碱性盐胁迫下根和地上部Ca2+和Mg2+的吸收均降低,根系中的降低程度较地上部大。(3)相关性分析表明盐碱胁迫下Ca2+的吸收与Na+的吸收呈极显著负相关。     

人心果在NaCl胁迫下的离子效应及耐盐方式

为了研究人心果在NaCl胁迫下的离子效应及耐盐方式,本试验测定了人心果根、枝条、叶在NaCl胁迫下Cl-、Na+、K+、Ca2+的含量及分布特点.结果表明,人心果根、枝条、叶的Cl-、Na+、Ca2+含量随处理浓度升高而升高,K+、K+/Na+随处理浓度升高而降低.在8‰处理浓度时,根、枝条、叶的Cl-含量分别为对照的8.94、6.77、4.49倍,Na+含量分别为对照的2.16、2.88、2.45倍,K+/Na+分别为0.13、0.43、0.35.相同处理浓度下,根的Cl-、Na+含量均最高,含量高低顺序如下:Cl-:枝条＜叶＜根;Na+:叶＜枝条＜根;K+:根＜叶＜枝条;Ca2+:根＜枝条＜叶.研究结果表明:Cl-、Na+进入植物体后,较大部分滞留在根部,人心果具有根系截留效应,推测其抗性方式为避盐性,研究结果还推测人心果的盐害和细胞Ca2+的自动动态平衡遭到破坏有关.     

NaCl胁迫对水稻苗期生长及离子吸收和转运的影响

通过室内水培试验,探讨了NaCl胁迫对水稻苗期生长及离子吸收与转运的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫促使株高下降和生物量积累减少,且随着NaCl浓度增加,株高和生物量积累降幅增大,但长白9号降幅均较小。较低浓度NaCl胁迫下,各材料叶片中Na+浓度增幅显著小于根和茎部,但随浓度增加,越光叶片Na+浓度增幅大于根和茎部。长白9号叶片和根部K+/Na+显著高于越光。NaCl胁迫降低了各器官Ca2+吸收量,且随浓度增大,Ca2+吸收量降低。生长叶对NaCl胁迫响应最敏感,下降幅度最大,成熟叶次之。根的Ca2+的降幅最小。从材料上看,长白9号各器官降幅均低于越光。     

外源硅对NaCl胁迫下玉米幼苗渗透调节物质含量影响

采用水培法研究外源硅对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗可溶性糖、游离氨基酸等渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫下适量的增加硅供应能增加叶片和根系中渗透调节物质含量,其中根系中游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的增加幅度大于叶片;同时能增加玉米幼苗各器官K+的含量,降低不同部位Na+含量,维持玉米幼苗体内的离子平衡。研究表明,硅参与盐胁迫下渗透调节物质在植物中的运输和分配,适宜浓度的硅能提高玉米耐盐性。     

磷对NaCl胁迫下玉米幼苗渗透调节能力的影响

研究不同供磷水平对NaCl胁迫下玉米幼苗有机渗透调节物质和离子含量的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫下低磷处理玉米幼苗叶片中可溶性糖和游离氨基酸增加,根系中显著降低;增加供磷水平,叶片中可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量下降,根系中含量上升,同时叶片和根系中可溶性蛋白含量增加。磷可降低盐胁迫下玉米幼苗各器官中的Na~+含量,同时增加各器官的K~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)含量,降低Na~+/K~+与Na~+/Ca~(2+)比值。磷有助于维持植株的碳氮代谢平衡,促进有机渗透调节物质的运输与分配,改善各器官的离子平衡,增强植株的渗透调节能力,从而缓解盐胁迫带来的伤害。     

盐对柚幼苗的胁迫效应分析

以坪山柚为材料,研究了盐对坪山柚幼苗的胁迫效应。结果表明:40mmol/LNaCl胁迫30d,坪山柚幼苗受害症状轻,幼苗生长受影响小;80~200mmol/LNaCl胁迫30d,随NaCl浓度提高,坪山柚幼苗受害症状逐渐加重,幼苗株高、叶面积、地上部干重和根部干重明显降低。不同浓度NaCl胁迫20d,坪山柚幼苗根及地上部Na+,Cl-,甜菜碱质量分数增加,K+质量分数及K+/Na+质量比下降。NaCl胁迫影响坪山柚幼苗生长与Na+和Cl-大量积累有关。NaCl胁迫下,维持相对稳定的根与冠干重比、保持根K+与Na+质量比>1及根部具有较高的甜菜碱含量,是坪山柚幼苗耐盐胁迫的一种适应。      

盐胁迫对香蕉幼苗体内Na＋和K＋含量及其分布的影响

采用营养液栽培,以香蕉幼苗为试材,研究了盐胁迫对香蕉幼苗根部、假茎和叶片各部位Na+和K+含量以及K+/Na+的影响。结果表明,与对照相比植株体内Na+的含量增加,而植物体内K+含量减少,K+/Na+下降显著。     

玉米自交系耐盐种质的筛选及耐盐性评价

在0+0、2.5+2.5、5+5和7.5+7.5 mmol/L（Na₂CO₃+NaHCO₃）盐浓度胁迫下,对118份玉米自交系芽期、苗期的耐盐性差异进行比较,以主要农艺性状综合表现为依据筛选耐盐种质。各指标受盐害影响程度大小顺序为株高>芽势>叶长>根长>地上含水量>地下含水量>叶宽>芽率>须根数>根冠比>茎粗>根粗;当盐胁迫溶液为7.5 mmol/LNa₂CO₃+7.5 mmol/L NaHCO₃时,对玉米自交系影响差异显著。综合各个指标的盐害率对118份玉米自交系进行评价和排序,5个耐盐性强的自交系品种为DL、A71、PHB1M、A92和WM33;对盐敏感的5个品种为06NY-25、Mo17、郑32、南引26和农M1。     

Comparative effects of salt and alkali stresses on organic acid accumulation and ionic balance of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)

Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is uniquely capable of growing well under various extreme environmental conditions, such as water deficit, salt stress, low temperature, and high altitude. It is of economic value and its berries are used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. In this study, we compared the effects of salt stresses (9:1 molar ratio of NaCl to Na₂SO₄, pH 6.48–6.65) and alkali stresses (9:1 molar ratio of NaHCO₃ to Na₂CO₃, pH 8.70–8.88) on the levels of inorganic ions and organic acids in H. rhamnoides L. to elucidate the physiological mechanism by which it tolerates salt or alkali stress (high pH). The results showed that, in leaves and stems under alkali stress, the Na⁺ content increased to a much greater extent than under salt stress. Neither salt nor alkali stress decreased the K⁺ content in leaves and stems; however, in roots, the K⁺ content decreased sharply with increasing alkali stress, whereas it remained relatively unchanged with increasing salt stress. This revealed a specific mechanism of absorption or transport for Na⁺ and K⁺ that was affected strongly by alkali stress. The results indicated that accumulation of organic acid (OA) was a central adaptive mechanism by which H. rhamnoides maintained intracellular ionic balance under alkali stress. OA may play different roles in different organs during adaptation to alkali stress, and its percentage contribution to total negative charge was higher in leaf than in stem. H. rhamnoides accumulated mainly malate, oxalate, and citrate in leaves and stems; however, in roots, less malate and citrate was accumulated, and acetate accumulation was enhanced significantly, which indicated that roots and shoots use different mechanisms to modulate OA metabolism.     

盐胁迫下钾吸收途径的抑制对小麦叶片K~+、Na~+含量的影响

为研究盐胁迫下小麦维持钾、钠平衡的生理机制,以耐盐小麦沧麦6005和盐敏感小麦矮抗58为材料,利用TEA、NEM、Ba(NO_3)_2三种药物分别抑制钾离子通道、钾载体及非选择性阳离子通道,测定正常及盐胁迫下小麦叶片K~+、Na~+含量,比较耐盐性不同的小麦品种在K~+、Na~+吸收中的差异。结果显示,盐胁迫下,沧麦6005和矮抗58叶片K~+含量下降,Na~+含量增加;沧麦6005叶片Na~+含量低于矮抗58,K~+/Na~+比值高于矮抗58。正常条件下,NEM、TEA处理均可降低沧麦6005和矮抗58叶片K~+含量,NEM处理较TEA处理效果更为明显;TEA处理显著降低了盐胁迫下矮抗58叶片K~+含量,而NEM处理则明显降低了盐胁迫下沧麦6005的叶片K~+含量;TEA、NEM、Ba(NO_3)_2处理降低了盐胁迫下矮抗58叶片Na~+含量,仅NEM处理降低了沧麦6005叶片Na~+含量。综上所述,正常条件下,钾载体是小麦K~+吸收的主要方式;盐胁迫下,耐盐品种和盐敏感品种K~+吸收途径不同,耐盐品种的NSCCs和钾离子通道具有更强的"拒钠"能力。     

外源亚精胺提高玉米抗芽涝的研究

以农大108为材料,研究外源亚精胺浸种对玉米幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,外源亚精胺能减少芽涝逆境下玉米幼苗黄叶数和死苗率,延缓叶绿素含量的下降,维持根细胞膜透性的稳定,减少芽涝逆境下超氧阴离子(O2-).产生速率和丙二醛(MDA)的积累。外源亚精胺浸种能提高玉米的抗芽涝能力,适宜浓度为0.4mmol/L。     

Evaluation of salt-tolerant genotypes of durum wheat derived from in vitro and field experiments

The performance of selected salt-tolerant genotypes of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.], derived from field and in vitro assessment methods, was evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions. Eight durum wheat genotypes comprising three salt-tolerant genotypes and one salt-sensitive genotype selected from each of the methods were used. This study was conducted under both saline and non-saline field conditions as well as under greenhouse condition with salinized solution culture at 0 mM (control), 75 and 150 mM NaCl (concentrations) using supplemental Ca²⁺. Days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000 grain weight, number of spikes per m², grain yield and harvest index were recorded in the field experiments. Plant dry weight, Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ accumulated in the hydroponically grown seedlings were measured 20 days after salinity treatments. In spite of the smaller range of genotypes used by the in vitro screening method, tolerant genotypes screened by the in vitro method (ITGs) performed comparably with those of the field-derived tolerant genotypes (FTGs) for grain yield under saline field conditions. Field salinity significantly reduced (P < 0.01) means of all traits averaged on eight tested genotypes. In vitro salt-tolerant genotypes Dipper-6 and Prion-1 produced the highest dry weight and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio under salt stress conditions (150 mM NaCl) in the greenhouse. Although dry matter correlated with the grain yield (R² = 0.37), the regression coefficient was higher for shoot K⁺/Na⁺ ratio (R² = 0.44). Dipper-6 (ITG) and Prion-1 (ITG) genotypes have been ranked superior while Massara-1 (ISG) was inferior for salt tolerance in the regression analysis. However, based on grain yield reduction Ajaia/Hora/Jro/3/Gan (FTG) and PI40100 (ITG) were the most tolerant having 58% and 60% reduction, respectively.     

Marine Toxins Targeting Ion Channels

This introductory minireview points out the importance of ion channels for cell communication. The basic concepts on the structure and function of ion channels triggered by membrane voltage changes, the so-called voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs), as well as those activated by neurotransmitters, the so-called ligand-gated ion channel (LGICs), are introduced. Among the most important VGIC superfamiles, we can name the voltage-gated Na⁺ (Na_V), Ca²⁺ (Ca_V), and K⁺ (K_V) channels. Among the most important LGIC super families, we can include the Cys-loop or nicotinicoid, the glutamate-activated (GluR), and the ATP-activated (P2X_nR) receptor superfamilies. Ion channels are transmembrane proteins that allow the passage of different ions in a specific or unspecific manner. For instance, the activation of Na_V, Ca_V, or K_V channels opens a pore that is specific for Na⁺, Ca²⁺, or K⁺, respectively. On the other hand, the activation of certain LGICs such as nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, GluRs, and P2X_nRs allows the passage of cations (e.g., Na⁺, K⁺, and/or Ca²⁺), whereas the activation of other LGICs such as type A γ-butyric acid and glycine receptors allows the passage of anions (e.g., Cl⁻ and/or HCO₃⁻). In this regard, the activation of Na_V and Ca_V as well as ligand-gated cation channels produce membrane depolarization, which finally leads to stimulatory effects in the cell, whereas the activation of K_V as well as ligand-gated anion channels induce membrane hyperpolarization that finally leads to inhibitory effects in the cell. The importance of these ion channel superfamilies is emphasized by considering their physiological functions throughout the body as well as their pathophysiological implicance in several neuronal diseases. In this regard, natural molecules, and especially marine toxins, can be potentially used as modulators (e.g., inhibitors or prolongers) of ion channel functions to treat or to alleviate a specific ion channel-linked disease (e.g., channelopaties).     

Lesquerella growth and selenium uptake affected by saline irrigation water composition

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of waters differing in salt composition on growth and selenium (Se) accumulation by lesquerella (Lesquerella fendleri Gray S. Wats.). Plants were established by direct seeding into sand cultures and irrigated with solutions containing either (a) Cl⁻ as the dominant anion or (b) a mixture of salts of SO₄²⁻ and Cl⁻. Four treatments of each salinity type were imposed. Electrical conductivities of the irrigation waters were 1.7, 4, 8, and 13 dS m⁻¹. Two months after salinization, Se (l mg l⁻¹, 12.7 μM) was added to all solutions as Na₂SeO₄. Shoot growth was significantly reduced by increasing Cl-salinity. Regardless of salinity type, concentrations of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, total-S, and Se were higher in the leaves than the stems, whereas K⁺ and Na⁺ were higher in the stem. Leaf-Se concentrations were not significantly affected by Cl-based irrigation waters, averaging 503 mg Se kg⁻¹ dry wt across salinity levels, whereas leaf-Se decreased consistently and significantly from 218 to 13 mg kg⁻¹ as mixed salt salinity increased. The dramatic reduction in Se was attributed to SO₄²⁻:SeO₄²⁻ competition during plant uptake. The strong Se-accumulating ability of lesquerella suggests that the crop should be further evaluated as a potentially valuable phytoremediator of Se-contaminated soils and waters of low to moderate salinity in areas where the dominant anion in the substrate is Cl⁻.     

玉米耐盐基因ZmHKT1;5在烟草中的功能验证

HKT类基因是与植物耐盐性密切相关的一类基因。在作物中HKT蛋白可通过排出Na+来维持植物体内的Na~+/K~+平衡,从而影响植物耐盐性。通过在烟草中过表达玉米ZmHKT1;5基因,验证该基因具有提高植物耐盐性的作用。结果表明,过表达ZmHKT1;5基因的T0代材料即显示出叶片耐盐能力的明显提高;T2代转基因株系种子在含盐培养基上的发芽能力明显强于野生型材料,T2代转基因株系幼苗阶段的耐盐能力也得到了明显的提高。通过比较在盐胁迫后2月龄的转基因材料和野生型材料的生理指标,发现野生型材料中MDA和H_2O_2的含量相较转基因材料发生了更为明显的上升,说明转基因材料中过表达ZmHKT1;5基因有效降低了盐胁迫引起的过氧化物积累。综合转基因验证的结果,证明ZmHKT1;5基因具有提高植物耐盐性的作用。