小麦品种面粉白度的变异及其影响因素分析

为提高小麦品种的面粉白度,以来自不同种植区的216个小麦品种(系)为材料,研究了小麦面粉白度的分布规律及与其他品质指标的相关性,并初步探讨了储藏时间对面粉白度的影响。结果表明,面粉白度在小麦品种(系)间存在极显著差异(P0.01),年份间极显著正相关;参试材料的面粉白度平均为72.9,变幅为54.1~80.1,高于80的品种较少,大多数品种(系)的白度值在70~75之间。来源于西南冬麦区的小麦品种(系)的面粉白度值最高,显著高于黄淮冬麦区和北方冬麦区(P0.05),长江中下游冬麦区的白度值也较高;国外引进品种的白度值普遍较低,平均值为69.53;软麦的白度值显著高于硬麦(P0.05)。面粉白度与出粉率、籽粒硬度、蛋白含量和粉质参数等指标均呈负相关,尤其与硬度的负相关性最强(r=-0.798)。储藏一段时间可略微增加面粉白度,但增幅不明显。同时,筛选出一批优质高白度材料,可作为培育强筋高白度小麦品种的优良亲本。     

小麦面粉及鲜面片色泽的影响因素

为明确小麦面粉及鲜面片色泽的影响因素,选取10个江苏沿淮及淮南地区大面积推广小麦品种进行2年3点种植,比较不同品种、不同地点和不同年份面粉及鲜面片色泽差异并分析其影响因素,探讨面粉及鲜面片色泽与品质性状间的相关性。结果表明,扬麦11、扬辐麦4号和宁麦14的面粉及鲜面片色泽较好,亮度高、黄度低。基因型是决定面粉白度、亮度(L~*值)和黄度(b~*值)的主要因素;环境因素亦影响面粉及鲜面片色泽。扬麦16、宁麦14和郑麦9023在不同年度及不同地点的色泽表现稳定。面粉与鲜面片放置24h内的色泽间呈显著正相关;面粉白度与籽粒硬度和出粉率呈极显著负相关;面粉及鲜面片L~*值与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、揉混仪参数和粉质仪参数呈显著或极显著负相关,与糊化特性参数呈显著或极显著正相关。综上所述,面粉色泽主要由基因型决定,鲜面片色泽与面粉色泽显著相关,二者与籽粒品质具有显著相关性。在小麦育种中,可通过面粉色泽指标筛选高白度及品质的品种。     

长期定位施肥对不同筋力型小麦品质的影响

为了解长期施肥对小麦品质的作用,在33年长期定位施肥试验的基础上,分析了不同施肥条件下强筋小麦品种徐麦32和弱筋小麦品种宁麦13蛋白及淀粉相关品质特性。结果表明,有机肥、无机肥以及有机肥与品种的互作对小麦大部分蛋白和淀粉特性参数有显著或极显著影响。施肥对徐麦32和宁麦13蛋白质含量、干面筋含量、湿面筋含量、SDS沉淀值及面粉糊化特性参数影响基本一致。单施氮肥处理的蛋白质含量显著高于其他处理,单施有机肥处理显著低于其他处理,其他处理间无显著差异。干、湿面筋含量、SDS沉淀值与蛋白质含量呈较明显的正相关。施有机肥处理的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度及峰值时间均显著高于不施有机肥处理,说明有机肥能显著改善小麦面粉的糊化特性;而无论施有机肥与否,施用无机肥不能显著改善面粉糊化特性。综上所述,长期有机、无机肥配合施用有利于弱筋小麦品质的改善,而对强筋小麦品质的改善不利。大田生产中应根据不同专用品种对品质的不同要求施用不同种类的肥料。     

小麦面粉白度配合力及其与主要品质性状的相关分析

为了研究面粉白度的遗传特性,选择8个在面粉白度、蛋白质含量、淀粉糊化特性、粉质特性等性状方面具有不同特点的小麦品种作亲本,按4×4不完全双列杂交配制组合,对16个杂种F1和8个亲本的面粉白度和粉质特性、淀粉糊化特性、沉淀值等品质性状进行了分析。结果表明,面粉白度的一般配合力方差明显大于特殊配合力方差,广义遗传力大于90%,说明选育高白度小麦品种时应选择高白度品种(系)做亲本。面粉白度一般配合力相对效应值与亲本白度和峰值粘度呈显著正相关,与稀懈值、糊化温度呈极显著正相关。面粉白度与面粉含水率和吸水率呈显著负相关;与面团形成时间呈负相关,但未达到显著性水平;与面团稳定时间,软化度相关性极小;与沉淀值呈正相关,但不显著;面粉白度与蛋白质含量、干面筋含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数相关性极小,表明其对面粉面筋影响较小。     

小麦品种(系)籽粒类胡萝卜素含量及其与其他品质性状的相关性

为给小麦类胡萝卜素及其他品质性状的品种资源筛选和品质改良提供参考,以黄淮麦区不同时期的31个小麦品种(系)为材料,探讨其全麦粉类胡萝卜素含量、脂肪氧化酶活性等品质性状的品种间差异及类胡萝卜素含量与其他品质性状的相关性。结果表明,类胡萝卜素含量、脂肪氧化酶活性、总戊聚糖、水溶性和非水溶性戊聚糖含量、色差仪参数、RVA参数、近红外参数等品质性状的品种间差异均达到显著水平;类胡萝卜素含量与水溶性戊聚糖含量、黄度呈极显著正相关,与高峰黏度、低谷黏度、稀懈值、最终黏度、容重和形成时间呈极显著负相关,与峰值时间、蛋白质含量和稳定时间呈显著负相关。根据供试品种(系)类胡萝卜素含量的聚类分析结果,孟0318等19个品种(系)聚为一类,洛麦23等10个品种(系)聚为一类,淮麦22和济麦22聚为一类,三个类别的类胡萝卜素含量平均值分别为1.93、1.07和2.99mg·kg-1。     

播期对不同筋力型小麦品种淀粉糊化特性的影响

为了研究播期对小麦淀粉品质的影响,2006-2007年度以4个不同筋力型小麦品种(强筋小麦品种豫麦34、中筋品种兰考矮早八和豫麦49、弱筋品种豫麦50)为试验材料,采用分期播种的方式研究了不同播期对小麦淀粉糊化特性的影响.结果表明,基因型和播期对小麦淀粉糊化参数均有一定的影响.不同品种比较,弱筋品种豫麦50的主要黏度参数如峰值黏度、低谷黏度和最终黏度显著小于中筋品种和强筋品种;中筋品种兰考矮早八的糊化温度、峰值黏度、低谷黏度及最终黏度与豫麦34和豫麦49的差异亦达到显著水平.从播期影响看,兰考矮早八、豫麦34和豫麦50的峰值黏度、低谷黏度和最终黏度均以晚播(11月5日)处理的最低,与其他播期间差异达5%显著水平,表明在河南生态条件下晚播(11月份播种)导致淀粉品质变差,但品种之间表现有一定的差异.除豫麦49外,各品种处理间主要黏度参数间的差异与灌浆期间气象条件有关,较高日均温对小麦淀粉黏度影响较大.     

北方两系杂交粳稻淀粉RVA谱特征与食味品质的关系

以36份北方两系杂交粳稻组合和4个常规粳稻品种为试验材料,测定稻米的RVA谱特征值、直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量和米饭食味品质,并对RVA谱各特征值之间及其与直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量和米饭食味品质之间的相关性进行研究。结果表明,多个RVA谱各特征值之间相关性显著;直链淀粉含量与消减值、回复值、糊化温度呈显著正相关,而与崩解值和峰值黏度呈显著和极显著负相关;蛋白质含量与最低黏度和峰值时间呈显著和极显著正相关,与其余RVA谱特征值间均无显著相关性;米饭食味值与峰值黏度、崩解值呈极显著正相关,而与消减值、回复值、糊化温度呈极显著负相关。RVA谱特征值能充分反映稻米食味品质的优劣,可以作为优质两系杂交粳稻选育的主要依据。     

郑麦1860品质特性及面条加工适用性分析

为明确郑麦1860的品质及加工适用性,对2020-2021年河南省29个地点收获的郑麦1860的籽粒性状、磨粉品质、面团流变学特性、淀粉糊化特性和面条加工品质指标进行了测定与分析。结果表明,郑麦1860为优质中强筋面条小麦品种,特点是籽粒大、容重高、出粉率高,面条弹性好、色泽白亮、褐变较轻。在不同地点间郑麦1860的多数品质性状变异程度小,品质表现较稳定;相比较而言,其粉质参数、拉伸参数变异程度较大,淀粉糊化特性和面筋特性变异程度次之,籽粒品质性状、磨粉品质和面条加工参数变异程度较小。籽粒硬度、粒径、容重与出粉率呈显著正相关;容重、籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉灰分含量与面条总评分呈显著负相关;面粉色泽L^*值、吸水率、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、终值黏度、回生值与面条总评分呈显著正相关。综上所述,籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉色泽和淀粉糊化特性是影响郑麦1860面条品质的主要因素。郑麦1860制作的面条感官评分高、品质稳定,在豫北、豫东和豫南等区域种植均适合制作优质面条。     

小麦面团揉混特性的遗传变异及与其他品质性状的相关性

为了解小麦种质资源的品质状况,并给小麦品质改良提供参考,以来源于国外及国内不同麦区的230个小麦品种(系)为材料,研究小麦面团揉混特性参数的变异和分布特点及与其他品质性状的相关性.结果表明,参试品种(系)面团揉混参数间均存在极显著差异(P＜0.01),除峰值高度、尾高和8 min尾高外,其他揉混参数的变异系数均在30％以上.同时,在本试验中,国外引进品种的面团揉混参数均高于国内品种,多数参数的差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05);来源于北方春麦区的品种(系)面团揉混参数值较高,来源于华南冬麦区的品种(系)各揉混参数均最低,且部分参数达显著差异(P＜0.05).同时筛选出一批揉混参数值极高或极低的材料,可作为小麦品质育种的优选亲本.相关性分析结果表明,多数揉混参数与籽粒硬度、蛋白含量、吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数和干、湿面筋含量呈显著或极显著相关.     

小麦面粉特性与饺子品质关系研究

为给饺子专用小麦品种的品质改良提供参考依据,选用黄淮麦区的主要品种（系）24份,研究了面粉蛋白质含量、灰分含量、粉质和快速黏度分析仪（RVA）参数对饺子皮颜色和感官评价的影响。结果表明,面粉品质性状对鲜饺子皮颜色的影响大于熟饺子皮,面粉灰分含量与24 h鲜饺子皮亮度L*值呈极显著负相关（r=-0.53）,蛋白质含量与0 h鲜饺子皮亮度L*值呈显著负相关（r=-0.46）。形成时间和稀懈值对0 h鲜饺子皮红度a*值有显著正向影响（r=0.49和0.47）,最终黏度对0 h鲜饺子皮红度a*值有显著负向影响（r=-0.43）。吸水率对24 h鲜饺子皮黄度b*值有显著正向影响（r=0.49）,耐揉指数对24 h鲜饺子皮的b*值有极显著负向影响（r=-0.75）。粉质仪和RVA参数对饺子皮感官评价有显著影响,其中耐揉指数与饺子皮表面状况和风味呈极显著负相关（r=-0.64和-0.61）,与饺子皮弹性和总分呈显著负相关（r=-0.42和-0.49）,形成时间与饺子皮硬度呈显著负相关（r=-0.41）,反弹值与饺子皮弹性呈极显著负相关（r=-0.57）,峰值黏度与饺子皮弹性和光滑性呈显著正相关（r=0.42和0.41）,稀懈值与饺子皮光滑性呈显著正相关（r=0.43）。制作优质饺子要求面粉具备相对较低的蛋白含量、灰分含量、耐揉指数、形成时间和反弹值,相对较高的峰值黏度和稀懈值。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.