近红外反射光谱测定玉米完整子粒蛋白质和淀粉含量的校正模型

以玉米完整子粒为实验材料,采用偏最小二乘回归法建立近红外反射光谱测定其蛋白质和淀粉含量的数学模型,光谱预处理结果表明采用矢量归一化和一阶导数+多元散射校正分别建立蛋白质含量和淀粉含量的校正模型效果最佳,外部验证结果证明校正后模型预测结果与化学值之间的相关系数分别达到0.946 9和0.924 0。     

不同类型玉米产量及子粒营养组分含量的种植密度效应

2004～2005年以吉单209(普通玉米品种)、吉油199(高油玉米品种)和郑单958(高淀粉玉米品种)为试验材料,研究了种植密度对不同类型玉米产量及子粒淀粉、蛋白质和油分含量的影响。结果表明:①供试3个(类)品种的群体产量相比较,以高淀粉品种郑单958最高,最高产量接近12000kg/hm2,其次为普通玉米品种吉单209,高油品种吉油199产量最低。通径分析结果显示,群体粒数均是各类品种产量的主要贡献因子,百粒重对产量的直接效应均小。②随种植密度增加,各类品种的子粒淀粉、蛋白质、油分含量均呈现出复杂的增减变化趋势,且品种间表现不同,无规律性。种植密度对子粒淀粉、蛋白质和油分含量的影响程度不同,各类玉米品种均表现为子粒蛋白质含量变化受种植密度的影响最大,对密度变化的反应最敏感;淀粉含量次之;油分含量一般不易受密度变化的影响,表现相当稳定。     

通过剪叶改变源库关系对玉米子粒营养组分含量的影响

2004～2005年在吉林省梨树县大田条件下以吉单209(普通玉米品种)、吉油199(高油玉米品种)、郑单958(高淀粉玉米品种)为试材,在授粉后25d和35d将植株全部绿叶剪掉1/2,玉米成熟后对子粒淀粉、蛋白质、油分等营养组分含量的变化进行了测定分析。结果表明:各类玉米品种的源库关系在线性灌浆期改变为源小库大后,单粒淀粉积累量均显著减少,但淀粉百分含量除供试高油品种外则有明显提高;单粒蛋白质积累量均显著减少,同时蛋白质百分含量显著下降;单粒油分积累量显著减少,但油分百分含量变化不大;赖氨酸/蛋白质显著提高,与蛋白质百分含量的变化趋势相反。改变源库关系对子粒淀粉、蛋白质和油分百分含量的效应不同,各类玉米品种均表现为子粒蛋白质百分含量变化受到的影响最大,对源库关系改变的反应最敏感;淀粉百分含量次之;油分百分含量一般不易受源库关系改变的影响,表现稳定。     

小麦籽粒淀粉和直链淀粉含量的近红外漫反射光谱法快速检测

为寻找一种简便易行的小麦籽粒淀粉和直链淀粉含量测定方法,以91个普通小麦品种及高代稳定品系为材料,采用偏最小二乘（PLS）回归法,对利用近红外漫反射光谱（NIRS）法测定小麦完整籽粒淀粉及直链淀粉含量进行了研究。结果表明,采用一阶导数+减去一条直线、矢量归一化光谱预处理,分析谱区为7 501.9~5 450 cm-1、7 501.9～4 597.6 cm-1,分别建立淀粉、直链淀粉含量的校正模型,校正和预测效果最佳。模型的校正决定系数(R2cal）分别为0.894 8和0.920 6,交叉验证决定系数（R2cv）分别为0.690 2和0.827 6,外部验证决定系数（R2val）分别为0.815 1和0.806 7;各项误差为1.479~1.080。表明利用NIRS分析法测定完整小麦籽粒的淀粉和直链淀粉含量是完全可行的。     

不同质地土壤对高油玉米产量和品质的影响

采用池栽的方式研究了粘土、壤土、沙土3种质地土壤对高油玉米产量和品质的影响。结果表明:3种质地土壤高油玉米子粒干物质积累动态在灌浆过程中基本相似,而在吐丝35d后差异明显,壤土质地的玉米子粒油分和蛋白质含量较粘土和沙土分别提高8.92%和10.23%,而粘土上玉米子粒产量最高,达176.5g/穗,较壤土和沙土分别提高16.77%和52.63%;油分、蛋白质、淀粉与子粒产量表现趋势相同,表现为粘土>壤土>沙土。高油玉米适宜在粘土上种植。     

玉米子粒油分含量的遗传模型分析

玉米子粒油分含量直接影响着深加工品质,研究子粒油分含量的遗传模型,可以为遗传育种中进一步提高玉米油分含量提供参考。以3个玉米组合济533/PH6WC、济533/H5818和2394/PH4CV的亲本构建各自的六世代群体(P1、P2、F_1、B1、B2、F_2),利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析玉米子粒油分含量的遗传特性。结果表明,3个组合油分含量均符合D-2模型(1对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型),主基因+多基因遗传率均以F_2代较高,表明玉米子粒油分特性在F_2世代选择时效率较高。     

种植密度对3个玉米杂交种产量及品质的影响

2002年在吉林省梨树,以中单9409、郑单18和哲单14为试材,在30000、60000、90000和120000株/hm2种植密度下,研究了种植密度对3个玉米品种产量及子粒品质的影响。结果表明,3个品种产量的种植密度效应基本相同,产量随种植密度增加先升后降。随种植密度增加,高淀粉玉米郑单18的蛋白质含量和油分含量逐渐下降,淀粉含量上升,而蛋白质、油分、淀粉含量之和穴POSC雪呈现升-降-升的变化趋势。普通玉米哲单14蛋白质含量和POSC随种植密度增加而上升,淀粉含量下降,而油分含量呈现降-升-升趋势。优质蛋白玉米中单9409随种植密度增加POSC和油分含量呈下降趋势,而蛋白质含量和淀粉含量变化较为复杂。以上表明,玉米子粒养分含量在不同种植密度时品种间具有很大的差异。     

高油、高淀粉玉米杂交种主要生育特点研究与分析初报

对比研究分析了高油、高淀粉玉米杂交种与普通杂交种的主要生育特点.结果表明,两者产量和品质有差别,高油杂交种的产量主要限制性状是千粒重低,灌浆和中后期脱水速度相对较慢,成熟时子粒含水量偏高,油分积累效率高,但完成全程油分积累的时间滞后,抗衰老能力偏弱.高油种质遗传基础狭窄问题较为突出;高淀粉杂交种乳熟中期前灌浆速度相对较慢,乳熟中后期淀粉积累效率较高.同时探讨了培育高油、高淀粉玉米杂交种的主攻目标性状。     

普通玉米单交种与高油玉米杂交配套利用模式分析

以生产上主栽的20个普通玉米单交种为测验种,以4个高油品种为被测系,利用不完全随机区组设计分析被测系油分的配合力及油分杂种优势。结果表明,高油115、高油202有较好的一般配合力,与普通玉米单交种杂交当代子粒的油分值较高,是普通玉米高油化较好的授粉者;高油298、高油6可以与沈单15、辽单37、丹2109等油分一般配合力较好的普通玉米单交种作配套组合,来提高普通玉米的油分;油分配合力较差的普通玉米沈单16、农大62、唐玉10等与高油玉米杂交当代子粒的油分值并没有达到含油量5%的标准,它们不宜作为普通玉米高油化的选择对象。以高油玉米为父本,可以使普通玉米单交种的油分平均提高48%,当代子粒油分值=0.68(母本) 0.32(父本)。     

高油与普通玉米自交系子粒品质性状的配合力分析

以8个ALEXHO高油玉米自交系为父本,21个普通玉米自交系为母本,采用NCⅡ遗传设计组配168个F1组合为供试材料,对其子粒油分、蛋白质和淀粉含量进行配合力分析。结果表明：除高油玉米自交系淀粉含量的一般配合力(GCA)方差以及淀粉含量的特殊配合力(SCA)方差不显著外,其余性状的GCA和SCA方差均存在极显著差异。GY220、GY246A、GY798A、P138、许178、8622油分含量的GCA较高,GY1007、GY237A、8085泰、沈137、改3、鲁原92蛋白质含量的GCA较高。P138×GY798A、87-1×GY246A、许178×GY798A和87-1×GY220组合油分含量高,鲁原92×GY1007蛋白质含量较高。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

---

Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.