粳型杂种稻米品质性状的遗传表达

 应用莫惠栋等新近提出的p+q+2pq交配设计及其分析方法,分析了粳型杂种9个品质性状的遗传表达,试验材料p=4, q=7。结果表明：(1)糙米率、精米率、整精米率、粒长、粒宽和垩白率6个性状的遗传受母株基因型控制,它们在F2米粒间(着生在F1植株上)没有发生遗传分离,而糊化温度、直链淀粉含量和胶稠度3个性状在F2米粒间有显著的遗传分离,因此主要受胚乳基因型控制。(2)除直链淀粉含量外,其余8个性状的遗传变异均以加性方差为主。在直链淀粉含量、糊化温度和胶稠度3个性状中,种子性状分离方差都占有较高比例,进一步证明了F2种子的这3个性状的遗传主要是由胚乳自身的基因型决定的。(3)正反交测验的结果表明,9个品质性状均存在显著的细胞质效应,但细胞质遗传方差仅占遗传总方差的2.49%(糊化温度)～29.3%(精米率),多数性状集中在2%与5%之间,所以品质性状的细胞质遗传效应在总体上是不大的,但在性状间存在差异。     

几个籼粳交组合稻米品质性状遗传表达的鉴别

 用2个籼稻品种和3个粳稻品种配成籼粳交组合,研究了4个稻米品质（粒长、粒宽、糊化温度和直链淀粉含量）的遗传表达。粒长和粒宽遗传表达完全受二倍体母体基因型决定,而糊化温度和直链淀粉含量的遗传表达同时受二倍体母体基因型和三倍体胚乳基因型控制,胚乳基因型起主要作用。     

浙江省早籼稻近期区试品种品质性状的综合分析

 根据浙江省1995年早籼稻品种区域试验6个试点13个参试品种11项品质性状的测定结果,研究了各品质性状的品种（基因型）、地点、品种×地点互作效应相对变异。除整精米率性状以外,其余各品质性状均以品种效应为主,而且品种效应以直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、粒型相对较大;整精米率以环境效应相对最大,环境对糊化温度、垩白面积、垩白率、精米率也有一定影响;将品种×地点互作效应分解为各参试品种×地点互作效应发现,某些品种整精米率、垩白率、垩白面积、糊化温度存在基因型×地点互作效应。     

籼型三系杂交水稻品质性状配合力与遗传力研究

以3个不育系和11个恢复系为材料,采用不完全双列杂交设计研究了水稻12个品质性状配合力和遗传力的表现规律。结果表明：（1）大部分性状特殊配合力方差极显著,即主要受基因非加性效应作用;少部分性状一般配合力和特殊配合力均显著或极显著,即受基因加性效应和非加性效应共同控制,且非加性效应占主导地位。（2）糙米率、粒长和垩白面积等受不育系影响较大,整精米率和糊化温度受恢复系影响较大,精米率、长／宽和垩白粒率等受父母本影响相当。（3）各性状狭义遗传力大小顺序为：蛋白质含量、整精米率、糊化温度、糙米率、垩白面积、粒长、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量、精米率。（4）亲本以星城A和明恢77较为理想,组合以星城A／TO974和金23A／R207较为理想。     

温度,光照对杂交中粳80优121稻米品质的影响

对８个不同播期的杂交中粳８０优１２１碾米品质（糙米率,精米率,整精米率）、外观品质（垩白度,透明度）、蒸煮品质（胶稠度,直链淀粉含量,糊化温度）、营养品质（蛋白质含量）与不同播期抽穗至成熟期日均测试和光照时数进行相关研究,结果表明,影响８０优１２１稻米品质的第１因素为日均温度,光照为第２因素。糙米率、精米率、整精米率均与日均温度相关极显著,相关系数分别为－０．８１２,－０．８１７,－０．８２９;垩     

播期和地点对不同生态类型粳稻稻米品质性状的影响

 以不同生态类型的5个粳稻品种为材料,在江苏省选择5个不同纬度地点,通过分期播种试验研究稻米品质性状的差异,探讨不同地点和不同播期对稻米加工、外观、蒸煮食味和营养品质的影响。结果表明,13个品质性状在地点、播期及品种间的差异均达到了极显著水平,多数性状品种间变异最大,地点次之,播期影响最小。不同品质性状在不同纬度的变化趋势不同,稻米加工品质随纬度的升高呈改善趋势,粒长、粒宽和长宽比在不同纬度间的变化较小,直链淀粉含量、糊化温度、胶稠度和食味值呈北高南低的趋势,垩白率、垩白度和蛋白质含量则呈现南高北低的趋势,食味品质随纬度的升高有提高趋势。随播期的推迟,加工品质、直链淀粉含量、糊化温度、蛋白质含量均有提高的趋势,粒长和长宽比增加,粒宽减小,胶稠度降低,垩白率和垩白度在不同播期之间存在显著差异,但变幅不大,过早或过迟播种食味值均有降低趋势。不同性状对地点和播期的反应不同,糙米率、粒宽、粒长、长宽比和精米率受影响较小,而垩白率和垩白度受影响较大,整精米率、糊化温度、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和食味值居两者之间。不同品种不同品质性状在地点和播期间的稳定性不同,南粳46的品质性状综合表现最好,但受地点和播期的影响较大。     

籼型三系杂交水稻米质现状研究

以具广泛代表性的６ 个不育系和９ 个恢复系及其配制的５４ 个组合为材料研究了现有籼型三系杂交水稻米质状况。结果表明,参试组合的大多数米质性状均表现良好：在分析的１１ 个性状中有５ 个（糙米率、精米率、精米长、糊化温度、直链淀粉含量）全部达到部颁二级优质米标准,２ 个性状（精米长宽比和蛋白质含量）二级达标率在７７．８％ 以上。但在垩白粒率、垩白大小、整精米率、胶稠度等４ 个性状上达标率低,存在明显的不足。提出了在杂交稻优质育种中不育系应注重降低垩白、提高胶稠度,恢复系应把降低垩白粒率、提高整精米率作为主攻目标,兼顾蛋白质含量的改善。     

不同生态类型间杂交粳稻品质性状及其遗传分析

研究了8个不同生态类型的粳稻品种所配成的8×8双列杂交的F2稻米的7个品质性状的表现及遗传。结果表明：（1）8个亲本各品质性状表观差异不大,但F2代出现超亲现象,表明亲本间基因呈分散分布。（2）米粒宽、米粒重、垩白率、糊化温度、胶稠度5个性状的遗传符合加性 显性模型,且均以显性效应为主。粒长和直链淀粉含量2个性状的遗传不符合加性 显性模型,存在上位性。（3）粒宽、粒重2个性状的显性基因具减效作用,垩白度、糊化温度和胶稠度3个性状的显性基因具增效作用。（4）越光在糊化温度性状上比其他品种带有较多的隐性基因;镇稻88在粒宽、粒重2个性状上带有较多的显性基因;秀水04在粒长和胶稠度2个性状上带有较多的显性基因,在垩白度性状上带有较多的隐性基因。     

异地异季种植对两系杂交水稻稻米品质影响研究

选用25个两系杂交水稻组合、5个三系杂交水稻组合和4个常规水稻品种共34份材料进行异季和异地异季种植,分析稻米品质性状变化规律,结果表明:7个性状异季种植差异达极显著水平,晚季种植材料的出糙率、精米率、整精米率、糊化温度(碱消值)4个性状明显增大,垩白粒率、垩白度、千粒重3个性状明显减小.湖南长沙栽培种植品质性状分析结果与海南三亚栽培种植的性状分析结果相比,出糙率、精米率、整精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度、精米长宽比、直链淀粉、胶稠度、糊化温度(碱消值)有极显著的正向增长差异,千粒重有极显著负向差异.     

广东省杂交水稻新组合米质评价

按国家优质稻谷标准GB／T17891－1999，对广东省53个杂交水稻新组合的7项米质性状进行品质测定。结果表明，出糙率全部达一级标准，整精米率和粒型达标率也很高，直链淀粉含量和胶稠度达标率与较高，但垩白粒率和晋白度达标率较低，仍是制约杂交稻米质总体水平提高的关键因素。供试新组合各米质性状达标率的高低顺序为出糙率＞粒型＞整精米率＞直链淀粉含量＞胶稠度＞垩白粒率＞垩白度。提出今后杂交稻优质育种的主攻方向是降低垩白粒率和垩白度（特别是早稻组合），重视直链淀粉含量和胶稠度的改良。     

Grain Quality and Genetic Analysis of Hybrids Derived from Different Ecological Types in Japonica Rice （Oryza sativa）

The performance and inheritance of 7 quality traits were studied using F2 rice grain derived from 8×8 diallel crossing made by employing 8 parents of different ecological japonica rice types. Differences in each trait among 8 parents were not obvious, but in F2 generation, transgressive phenomena were found in all the traits studied, indicating that the genes controlling these traits among parents were segregated. The inheritance of grain width, grain weight, chalkiness score (CS), gelatinization temperature (GT) and gel consistency (GC) were suitable to additive-dominant model, and dominant effect contributed mainly for the 5 traits. The inheritance of grain length (GL) and amylose content (AC) did not fit into additive-dominant model, existing epistatic interactions. Dominant genes for grain width and grain weight had the efficiency of decreasing effect, and dominant genes for CS, GT and GC had the efficiency of enhancing effect. Koshihikari contained more recessive genes for gelatinization temperature than other varieties. Zhendao 88 had more dominant genes in grain width and grain weight than other varieties. Xiushui 04 possessed more dominant genes for GL and GC, and more recessive genes for CS than other varieties.     

中国杂交粳稻的米质及优质达标率研究

根据NY/T 593-2002《食用稻品种品质》标准,分析了中国近8 a(1998—2005)育成的267份杂交粳稻的米质及其达标率。结果表明,杂交粳稻的米质整体较优,各项米质指标的平均值,除垩白米率接近优质3级外,其它全部达到或超过优质3级标准。优质达标率在75%以上的米质指标有糙米率、精米率、透明度、糊化温度、胶稠度、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量、整精米率等8项,其中前6项的优质达标率在90%以上。全部10项米质指标均达到优质的组合数占测定总组合数的45.4%。在地域上,北方稻区杂交粳稻的垩白粒率、垩白度的平均值低于南方稻区杂交粳稻。与常规粳稻比较,杂交粳稻各项米质指标的平均值除垩白米率高7个百分点外,其它9项米质指标基本相同。改良垩白性状仍然是杂交粳稻育种的主要目标之一。     

水稻长穗大粒RIL群体主要品质性状的遗传分析

为探讨水稻长穗大粒RILs群体主要品质性状的遗传规律,以自育的一个水稻长穗大粒品系FJCD与籼型三系恢复系IR24配制杂交组合,单粒传法构建含有178个株系的RILs群体(F11)为材料,分别在福州和沙县2个不同生态条件下种植,采用植物数量性状的主基因+多基因混合遗传模型及其相应的统计方法,研究水稻主要品质性状的遗传特征。结果表明:除了精米率呈多基因遗传外,其他9个品质性状的最适遗传模型符合主基因+多基因混合遗传。精米率、米粒长、米粒宽、米粒长宽比、透明度、碱消值和直链淀粉含量在不同环境中表现相似的遗传模型;整精米率、垩白度和垩白粒率表现不同的遗传模型。由主基因遗传率为主的有整精米率、米粒长、垩白粒率、垩白度、透明度、碱消值和直链淀粉含量;由多基因遗传率为主的有米粒宽和米粒长宽比。环境因素对碱消值的影响最大。在不同生态条件下稻米主要品质性状间的相关性有82.22%的比率表现较为一致,不因环境的变化而改变其相关性。因此,在稻米品质选择与鉴定时需对整精米率、垩白度和垩白粒率在多个特定环境中进行,才能提高育种效率;对由主基因和多基因遗传率为主的性状需分别采用不同选择方法和育种策略。     

基于3种遗传统计模型对粳稻米质性状的QTL分析

 以粳粳交组合秀水79/C堡衍生的254个重组自交系为材料,利用基于混合线性模型的QTLMapper 2.0软件的复合区间作图法(MCIM)、基于逐步回归线性模型的QTL IciMapping 3.0软件的完备复合区间作图法(ICIM)和基于多元回归分析的Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5软件的多区间作图回归前进选择法(MIMR)等3种定位方法,对整精米的粒长、长宽比、垩白粒率、垩白度、直链淀粉含量、糊化温度和胶稠度等7个米质性状进行了QTL分析。结果表明,3种方法同时检测到的具有加性效应的QTL (A QTL)有5个,2种方法同时检测到的A QTL有2个,仅能在1种方法中检测到的A QTL有23个。MCIM、ICIM和MIMR检测到的A QTL个数分别为5、9和28,单个A QTL贡献率为0.89%~38.07%。MIMR检测到的具有上位性效应的QTL (E QTL)在另2种方法中都未被检测到。MCIM 和ICIM同时检测到的E QTL有14对,仅能在1种方法中检测到的E QTL有142对。MCIM、ICIM和MIMR检测到的E QTL对数分别为25、141和4,单对E QTL贡献率为2.60%~23.78%。在秀堡RIL群体中,粒长和垩白度的变异以上位性效应为主,长宽比则以加性效应为主,而垩白粒率、直链淀粉含量、糊化温度和胶稠度为加性效应和上位性效应同等重要。两种及以上方法同时检测到的QTL可靠性高,可用于改良杂交粳稻米质。     

籼稻杂种一代品质性状与其亲本关系的研究

以5个籼稻优质品种(七桂早25、新丝苗1号、新锦占1号、早选2、早优占30)和4个籼稻非优质品种(光明、金占、特青、三二矮,其中特青、三二矮为高产品种)为材料配制杂交组合进行品质性状的研究。结果表明,以硬胶稠度作亲本的组合,其杂种一代都为硬胶稠度。F1植株籽粒品质性状的表达较复杂,如亲本为高直链淀粉含量的不同组合,可以出现高、中、低含量的杂种一代,因此不能单独根据某一性状来确定亲本的选配。粒形和脂肪含量可以作为衡量米质等级的指标。选用优/优、优/非优组合,可以育出长粒形、高脂肪含量的杂种一代。选用优/优或优/非优组合,更可能获得既优质又高产的杂种一代。七桂早/早选2是优质的最佳组合。七桂早/新丝苗、七桂早/金占、七桂早/早优占是优质高产的最佳组合。     

Variation in Yield and Physicochemical Quality Traits among Mutants of Japonica Rice Cultivar Wuyujing 3

To select elite germplasms, 112 mutants derived from japonica rice cultivar Wuyujing 3 were evaluated. The yield components such as panicle number per square meter, grain number per panicle, and grain weight were measured. The quality traits such as percentage of chalky grains(PCG), brown rice yield(BRY), milled rice yield(MRY), degree of milling(DM), amylose content(AC), protein content(PC), and relationships among traits were inverstigated. Results showed that grain yield ranged from 2.15 to 12.49 t/hm~2 with a mean of 6.4 t/hm~2 and number of grains per square meter contributed for 94.64% in grain yield variation. For quality traits, all rice mutants had short size(grain length ≤ 5.5 mm) and bold shape(grain length to width ratio = 1.10–2.00). Most of rice mutants(87.5%) had PCG values below 20%. All mutants had MRY values above 50%, AC values below 20%, and PC values below 10%. Percentage of chalky grains was significantly negatively correlated with MRY and positively correlated with DM. BRY and MRY were significantly negatively correlated with DM. PC was significantly and positively correlated with MRY and negatively correlated with DM, while AC had no significant correlation with these quality traits. It was concluded that there were 25 rice mutants which fulfilled the major requirements of Jiangsu standard japonica rice such as low percentage of chalky grains, low amylose content, optimal protein content, and which could be used as elite germplasms. Thus the mutants identified may lead to significant progress in improvement of rice quality.     

Changes in Cooking and Nutrition Qualities of Grains at Different Positions in a Rice Panicle under Different Nitrogen Levels

Cooking and nutrition qualities of grain are two of the most important aspects of rice quality. To understand the difference in cooking and nutrition qualities among the grains at different positions within a rice panicle, the distributions of gel consistency (GC), amylose content (AC) and crude protein content (CPC) of grains in a panicle in association with different nitrogen levels (0, 120 and 240 kg/ha) were investigated by using two rice varieties, Yangdao 6 (indica) and Wuyujing 3 (japonica). In general, the grains at the basal part of a panicle had lower GC and higher AC than those at the upper or middle part of a panicle. The 1st grain on the secondary branch with earlier flowering exhibited the highest GC, whereas the 2nd grain on the primary branch with later flowering showed the highest AC. For Yangdao 6, CPC in the grains on the primary branches was lower at the middle part of a panicle than at the upper or basal part of a panicle. For Wuyujing 3, there were no significant differences in CPCs in the grains among the upper, middle and basal parts of a panicle. GC in the grains was increased, whereas AC was reduced from zero nitrogen application (0N) to low amount of nitrogen application (LN), and the result was reversed from LN to medium amount of nitrogen application (MN). CPC was increased with the increase in the amount of nitrogen application.