川渝地区花生品种遗传多样性分析

将AFLP标记与表型性状相结合，分析了来自川渝地区的两个亚种四个类型的43份主要花生种质资源和推广品种的遗传多样性。结果表明，两种方法都能有效地检测到该生态区内花生种质间的遗传多样性，珍珠豆型内和龙生型内品种间距离较小，而普通型内和中间型内品种间距离较大；交替开花亚种的龙生型和普通型品系间距离最近，而珍珠豆型与其它三个类型间距离较远；主要推广品种间遗传多样性匮乏。聚类结果也基本一致，都能将珍珠豆型与其他三大类型区分开，而龙生型、普通型和中间型在聚类中都有交叉情况。但在较为细小的类群划分上，两种方法仍有较大差异。     

龙生型花生青枯病抗性遗传研究──Ⅰ．抗性遗传属性与配合力分析

本文分析了几个龙生型抗青枯病花生品种的抗性遗传属性和配合力效应．结果表明，龙生型抗源抗性呈部分显性，存在加性和非加性的遗传效应，抗性的显性程度高于珍珠豆型和多粒型抗源，而且存在明显的细胞质效应。     

中国花生种质主要生化品质分析

对我国１７ 个花生主产省的１０４１ 份花生品种资源的蛋白质、脂肪与脂肪酸的含量、品质间关系以及品质与纬度间联系等进行了探索。研究发现各省五类型花生蛋白质平均含量与纬度负相关，种质蛋白质含量变幅为１３６７％ ～３４８２％ ，珍珠豆型花生平均蛋白质含量居各类型花生之首，为２９２８％ 。全国各类型花生脂肪平均含量除龙生型花生外，亦与纬度弱负相关，品种资源中脂肪含量变幅为３９９６％ ～５８６４％ ，最高的是湖北省珍珠豆型的竹山红坪与山东省中间型７８０３，含油量均为５９８％ ；花生脂肪与蛋白质含量为负相关。     

利用InDel标记解析中国花生地方品种的遗传多样性与群体结构

为揭示InDel标记对我国地方花生品种遗传多样性和遗传结构的解析能力，本研究利用13个多态性InDel 标记检测4个典型生物学类型的90份中国花生地方品种材料。共扩增出42的等位基因，平均3个；Nei’s多样性指数 变幅为0.011~0.705，平均0.443；Shannon’s信息指数变幅为0.034~1.497，平均0.758。龙生型、普通型、珍珠豆型与多 粒型花生的Nei’s遗传多样性指数分别为0.3198、0.4407、0.4435和0.4372，结果表明龙生型的遗传多样性明显小于其 它生物学类型。种质间的遗传相似系数范围为0.077 ~ 1.000，平均为0.636；且普通型与龙生型花生之间遗传相似系 数最高，为0.636。群体分析结果表明密枝亚种与疏枝亚种、不同植物学类型之间遗传分化较小，且普通型与珍珠豆 型遗传结构相似，龙生型与多粒型花生遗传结构不同。利用非加权平均法（UMPGA）聚类分析将90份花生材料划分 为两类（G1、G2）,其中G1包括全部的龙生型、61.90%的普通型以及20.00%的珍珠豆型。本研究结果表明InDel标记 能够有效地揭示栽培种花生的遗传变异，可为花生杂交亲本的选择以及优异基因的挖掘提供重要参考。     

花生几个品质性状与农艺性状的相关研究

不同类型（龙生型、普通型、珍株豆型）花生几个品质性状与农艺性状的相关研究表明：花生品质性状与农艺性状间的相关性各异。在龙生型、普遍型有可能同时获得高产高蛋白质的材料；在龙生型和珍珠豆型中有希望选育出高产高亚油比的材料。在普通型、珍珠豆型中存在获得高脂肪高油亚比材料的可能性。     

不同类型花生根部性状的初步研究

对39份花生品种(其中12份普通型、12份珍珠豆型、13份龙生型和2份多粒型)进行根系性状研究。 结果表明,不同类型花生在主根长、根体积、根干重、侧根根瘤数等方面没有明显差异,但在侧根数、根基粗、主根根 瘤数、主侧根干重比等方面有显著差异或极显著差异,而在同一类型间除个别性状有差异外,其他性状在品种间差 异不显著。珍珠豆型花生的根干重小、根基粗小、主根根瘤数和侧根根瘤数少、一次侧根少且主侧根干重比小;普 通型花生主根长、侧根根瘤多、根体积小;龙生型花生根干重大、侧根根瘤数少、主根干重/侧根干重大、侧根数少; 多粒型花生根体积大、主根根瘤数多、侧根数多。利用根系性状对花生进行聚类分析,表明花生根系性状存在丰富 的多样性。虽然基于根系性状的聚类分析未能将39份花生分为两大类密枝亚种和疏枝亚种,也未能对亚种内类 型区分开来,但各亚组内花生品种基本上都是密枝亚种或疏枝亚种。     

弱光胁迫对不同基因型花生生理特性的影响

试验在田间以多粒型,珍珠豆型,龙生型,普通型和中间型五大类花生的种质为材料,齐苗后用透光率50%遮荫网遮荫40d,研究弱光胁迫对不同基因型花生叶绿素含量、光合特性及活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,弱光胁迫下,花生叶绿素含量升高,光合速率、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率和细胞内保护酶活性降低。其中龙生型花生的叶绿素含量、光合特性及活性氧代谢各项指标受影响最小,普通型受影响最大。     

不同地区花生品种的主要性状分析

在我国地方花生品种中，从南到北主茎高逐渐降低，百果重增加，出仁率变化不规则。南方珍珠豆型的生育期比北方的短，北方普通型的生育期比南方的短。四川地方花生品种中有少量抗锈病和根结线虫病的抗源。尚未发现抗轻斑驳病毒病的抗源。抗青枯病的抗源大多来自南方。河南地方品种的种子蛋白质含量最低，含油量最高。山东珍珠豆型和龙生型蛋白质含量比广东的略低，而普通型的含量比广东的高，油酸含量的变化与之类似，而含油量和亚油酸含量的变化与之相反。     

山东省花生品种资源品质特性的研究 Ⅰ 脂肪含量及脂肪酸组分的分析

为了充分利用我省的花生品种资源,我们对山东省的350份花生品种的脂肪含量及脂肪酸的组分进行了分析,以便为花生脂肪的开发、利用及花生品质的改进提供一定的依据。 一、材料与方法 本试验是利用山东省的350份花生品种为材料。1986年春季按类型生育习性分批播种,普通型、龙生型于4月28日采用地膜覆盖栽培法,多粒型、珍珠豆型及中间型于5月4日采用一般栽培法播种,秋后则根据每个类型生育期长短分批适时收获。分析化验均选用饱满、大小一致的种子。     

影响花生体细胞胚胎发生因素的研究

栽培花生可直接从外植体发生体细胞胚（体胚），不同外植体源，生长素浓度及品种差异等是影响花生体胚发生的主要因素。花生未成熟的幼胚易诱导产生体胚，子叶和胚轴的形态发生潜力也较大。2，4－D（20mg/L)有利于提高体胚诱导频率，不同品种的体胚发生能力存在差异，珍珠豆型比龙生型花生品种的体胚诱导频率高。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.     

大豆对钼与氮、磷、钾的吸收分配动态及相互关系的初步研究

大豆植株中其叶片的钼、氮、磷含量均高于茎杆、叶柄、繁殖器官高于营养器官。钾在整个生育期中都保持较高的水平,只是叶片中的含量低于其它器官。种子中的钼、氮、磷、钾含量都较高。大豆吸收钼及氮、磷、钾的数量因品种及各生育阶段而有差异,吸收量以结荚至鼓粒期为最多,鼓粒期以后,安农75—59的植株中氮、磷、钾吸收量明显下降,唯有钼还在继续吸收,而安激一号对钼及氮、磷、钾仍在吸收。大豆对钼与氮、磷、钾的吸收呈极显著的直线相关,尤其是钼与氮相关最明显。安农75—59亩产189.5kg,需要N素16.05kg,P_2O_54.25kg,K_2O8.43kg,微量元素Mo357.32mg。安激一号亩产214.5kg.需要N素18.00kg、P_2O_55.01kg、K_2O8.85kg、微量元素Mo449.57mg。安激一号的种子除糖、脂肪含量较低外,而氮、磷、钾、钼、维生素C的含量均高于安农75 59。     

Blackgram fiber (Phaseolus mungo): Mechanism of hypoglycemic action

The effect of the administration of blackgram fiber (Phaseolusmungo) on the metabolism of carbohydrates was studied in rats fed 30%NDF (neutral detergent fiber) diet. The experimental group showed a significant increase in liverglycogen level and a significant decrease in blood glucose. Significantincreases in the activities of glycogen phosphorylase, hexokinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and isocitratedehydrogenase were observed in the experimental group. The activities ofphosphoglucomutase and glucose-6-phosphatase were significantly lower inrats fed the fiber diet. The study showed that blackgram fiber exhibitssignificant hypoglycemic action in experimental animals.     

Carbohydrase systems of Saccharophagus degradans degrading marine complex polysaccharides

Saccharophagus degradans 2-40 is a γ-subgroup proteobacterium capable of using many of the complex polysaccharides found in the marine environment for growth. To utilize these complex polysaccharides, this bacterium produces a plethora of carbohydrases dedicated to the processing of a carbohydrate class. Aiding in the identification of the contributing genes and enzymes is the known genome sequence for this bacterium. This review catalogs the genes and enzymes of the S. degradans genome that are likely to function in the systems for the utilization of agar, alginate, α- and β-glucans, chitin, mannans, pectins, and xylans and discusses the cell biology and genetics of each system as it functions to transfer carbon back to the bacterium.     

基于颜色和形状的茶叶计算机识别研究

综合利用计算机视觉、图像处理技术,增加茶叶的形状参数,改进神经网络算法,实现了茶叶品质识别的自动化。研究中通过数码相机等直接得到茶叶图像,经过对图像格式进行转换和预处理,然后基于HSI模型提取的茶叶颜色特征参数和二值化后图像提取的茶叶形状特征参数,通过遗传神经网络,最后完成对茶叶的自动识别。实验结果表明此方法能取得更好的识别效果,计算机的检测结果与人工检测结果高度吻合。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Grain number dominates grain weight in temperate cereal yield determination: Evidence based on 30 years of multi-location trials

Multi-location data collected over 30 years in Finland on major cereal crops (spring barley, oat and wheat, and winter wheat and rye) provide an opportunity to characterise variation, interrelation and relative importance of the grain yield determining components, grain number per square meter (GNO) and single grain weight (SGW). In addition to evaluating differences among cereal crops in yield determination, changes among different age groups (AG) were compared. Field experiments were carried out in 1970–2001 at 25 locations in Finland. Grain yield was recorded (at 15% moisture) and SGW (mg) and GNO (number m⁻²) determined. Frequencies of different GNO and SGW combinations were analysed for all crops and component means in different yield groups as well as among four AGs. In most cases GNO dominated SGW, representing the major yield component determining grain yield. GNO was highly responsive to favourable growth conditions. The change in GNO was especially high when recurrent, relatively low yield groups were compared, while at higher yields the role of SGW became increasingly important, but did not exceed that of GNO. The degree of GNO domination varied according to crop. Increased grain yield in spring oat and winter rye was associated with higher numbers of set grain, while spring barley and winter wheat responded to yield favouring conditions also through higher SGW. Despite GNO dominated SGW due to its responsiveness to growing conditions, its role in yield improvement was not obvious when the entries (n ≥ 30) were classified into four AGs. Improvements in grain yield derived from AG were associated with crop-specific GNO and/or SGW changes.