湘北平原农村环境整治经验、问题及对策探析

为了解湘北平原(安乡县)农村环境整治现状,特深入安乡县调查与研究,分析了安乡县向阳模式的环境整治经验,剖析了农村环境整治中遇到的人口老龄化、资金短缺、宣传力度不够、长效机制不健全等问题,提出了加大宣传力度、增加资金投入、加强宣传、建立科学合理的管理模式等对策与措施。     

水稻利用难溶性磷酸盐的基因型差异及其与根系分泌物活化特性的关系

通过砂培和溶液培养试验,研究了水稻利用难溶性磷酸盐（Al P和Fe P）的基因型差异及其与根系分泌物活化特性的关系。 与正常供磷处理相比,Al P和Fe P处理都显著降低了8个水稻基因型的生物量、吸磷量和植株磷浓度。在Al P或Fe P处理下,8个水稻基因型的生物量、吸磷量和植株磷浓度都存在显著的基因型差异。正常供磷处理和低磷处理的水稻植株的根系分泌物对难溶性磷酸盐都具有一定的活化能力。相对而言,磷缺乏植株的根系分泌物对Al P或Fe P的活化能力都要高于正常供磷处理的植株。相关性分析表明,磷缺乏植株根系分泌物对Al P或Fe P的活化能力和水稻吸收Al P或Fe P的能力之间没有显著的相关性,这说明根系分泌物对难溶性磷酸盐的活化能力并不能反映水稻吸收难溶性磷酸盐的能力。对于大部分基因型来说,低磷处理增加了根系苹果酸和草酸的分泌量。然而,根系有机酸的分泌量与根系分泌物对难溶性磷酸盐的活化能力并没有呈现一致的结果。     

不同基因型大豆对难溶性磷胁迫的生理响应

阐明大豆适应难溶性磷胁迫的生理反应,对筛选和培育磷高效基因型大豆工作具有重要意义。采用砂培和水培试验研究了大豆利用难溶性磷源的基因型差异及其生理指标的变化。结果表明:难溶性磷处理下大豆植株磷浓度和含磷量都显著低于高磷处理(P<0.05),不同基因型大豆的磷浓度和含磷量表现出较大的差异。难溶性磷诱导下,大豆叶片酸性磷酸酶增加;在处理后期,叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量远高于高磷对照;Ca-P和Fe-P处理下,植株磷浓度与叶片酸性磷酸酶呈极显著负相关。     

在新农村建设中推进园林实践

在新农村建设中，园林建设是村庄整治的重要组成部分。针对农村的实际，合理规划、精心设计与施工，能在较短的时间内取得较好的整治效果。     

中小种子企业“贷款难”原因探析及对策

金融风暴爆发以来．基层不少中小型种子企业反映“贷款难”。“贷款难”已成为制约种子企业发展的“瓶颈”。那么,“贷款难”究竟难在何处？     

完善配套技术 实现夏棉高产

麦棉两熟的关键技术是实现麦套棉全苗早发、早熟高产,特别是麦套夏棉,要实现高产优质存在四大难题:一是实现全苗、壮苗难;二是协调肥水难;三是密植矮化难;四是控制株型难。为了解决以上这些问题,我们做了大量的试验,使夏棉栽培技术逐年     

江苏淮北直播常规粳稻生产问题与主要技术对策

直播常规粳稻栽培在江苏淮北地区自2005年以来发展势头迅猛,由于农民对配套技术措施落实不到位,存在着难全苗、难控草、结实难把握和倒伏易发生等生产实际问题,文章详细分析了出现上述问题的原因,并有针对性地提出了解决这些实际问题的主要技术对策,可为广大农民群众从事直播稻生产提供一些有益的借鉴与参考。     

浙江省湖州市粮食生产功能区建设探析

调查2010年以来湖州市粮食生产功能区建设状况,总结建设成效,针对存在的建设选点难、资金筹集难、主体培育难、后续管理难等问题,提出强化领导聚合力、整合资源强投入、完善配套优服务、创新机制重管理等方面的对策建议。     

试论福州市晋安河水生植物景观的营造

福州市新一轮景观改造,努力打造绿色廊道,对晋安河等实施综合整治,进行截污、清淤、驳岸、亲水步行道、绿化、码头等的建设,特别是增加了近20000 m2的水生植物。旨在探讨分析水生植物在晋安河中景观营造中的利弊,并提出长效管理的措施。     

江西农业龙头企业发展问题及对策分析——基于稻米龙头企业调研

农业龙头企业是保障国家粮食和重要农产品供给的担当者，是农业产业化发展的关键力量。江西作为水稻主产区，其稻米龙头企业在确保国家粮食安全战略实施和保障粮食供给方面发挥了重要作用，但在发展实践中也面临创品难、融资难、用地难、匹配难、用人难、创新难六大难题，建议从强品牌、强融资、强产业、强政策、强人才、强创新6个方面加以强化，以期更好地推动江西稻米产业高质量发展。     

THE USE OF MIXTURES OF GRANULAR DALAPON, BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL SEED AND FERTILIZER FOR ROUGHLAND PASTURE RENOVATION

Trials were conducted to determine the feasibility of combining granular dalapon, P fertilizer and birdsfoot trefoil seed in mixtures for renovating natural grass pastures in Ontario. The aim was to develop a 'once-over' method to facilitate the renovation of pastures characterized by rough topography, rock outcrops or surface boulders.
Dalapon at 4 lb. a.i./ac (4.4 kg/ha) controlled the growth of Canada bluegrass ( Poa compressa L.) and did not affect the germination and seedling growth of trefoil when applied simultaneously with the seed. Up to 100 lb/ac (112 kg/ha) P₂O₅ could be added to the mixture without detriment to trefoil establishment. The application of dalapon, P and seed in mixture by fixed-wing aircraft, helicopter or ground equipment gave five-to ten-fold increases in pasture productivity and proved to be a practical method of pasture renovation.     

THE POTENTIAL VALUE OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOILS (LOTUS SPP.) FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF NATURAL PASTURES IN SCOTLAND

Twelve introducdons of common birdsfoot trefoil (L. corniculatus L.) obtained from the USA, Canada and the USSR were classified and compared with S100 white and Essex red clovers when grown as spaced single plants and as spaced aggregate clumps on a lowland site at Auchincruive during 1968–69. Semi-erect and low-growing forms, early and late-flowering types were recorded. In terms of DM yield, the Rnssian variety Morshansk and its Canadian descendant Leo were most promising, the former outyielding both clovers over the experimental period. Two sward experiments were conducted at an upland site in south Ayrshire during 1967–8 on the effect of variations of renovation treatment and fertilizer application on the establishment and production of surface-sown trefoils. The USA variety Empire behaved simflarly to white clover in that it established and yielded satisfactory under all renovation treatments. A marked yield response to K application and a depression caused by fertilizer N were obtained in the second experiment The trefoil varieties Leo and Empire were as productive as S100 white clover. Legume establishment was notably more satisfactory after spring sowing. These results suggest that common birdsfoot trefoil has potential value as an alternative to white clover on dry soils of low fertility in Scotland where grazing pressure is traditionally not very severe.     

THE RENOVATION OF DOWNLAND PERMANENT PASTURE II.

An experiment, A, involving dates and methods of application of 2,4-D (amine) as a preliminary treatment in the renovation of a poor downland permanent pasture, followed by surface cultivations and sowing of S.24 perennial ryegrass and S.100 white clover, was carried out at Hurley between 1953 and 1955.
In spite of initial differences in the establishment of S.24 and S.100, pre-treatment with herbicide had no effect upon the cover of sown and unsown perennial ryegrass and white clover two years later. At this date, perennial ryegrass contributed one-quarter and one-eighth, and white clover one-third and one-quarter, to the total cover of renovated and unrenovated plots respectively.
The increase in dry-matter yield resulting from renovation was approximately 10 per cent. This was considered small in relation to the estimated improvement in yield brought about by grazing management and manuring in the course of the trial.
In experiment B, plots receiving herbicide were given differential management and manurial treatments after spraying in an attempt to control the ingress of undesirable creeping grasses. The results indicated that this ingress could be checked by close grazing soon after spraying.     

三亚地区常年蔬菜大棚改造方案设计研究

根据海南省建设常年蔬菜基地的要求,结合三亚现有主要种植设施的结构特点和现状,提出三亚地区使用面积较广的2种类型设施（GPSG-422型、WSSG-6430型）的内、外遮阳及喷滴灌改造设计方案,并分析改造过程中存在的问题和改造后的实际运行效果。     

我国红麻育成品种的系谱分析及育种策略

我国现收集的红麻种质资源有1800多份，而育成品种的遗传物质主要来源于马达拉斯红茎、青皮一号、青皮3号、非洲裂叶和EV41等。丰富的种质资源和具有有利基因育种材料的贫乏矛盾较为突出。随着市场和土地需求的变化，给予了红麻育种目标新的内容。加强红麻种质创新和有利遗传基因的利用，是实现新的育种目标的遗传物质基础，而育种方法和技术的革新，可加快育种目标实现的进程。     

Changes in soil organic carbon in a clay loam soil following ploughing and reseeding of permanent grassland under temperate moist climatic conditions

This study investigated changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) in a poorly drained clay loam soil under (i) permanent grassland (PG) over 7 years and (ii) after PG renovation over 2·5 years. The experimental area was divided into four blocks with four paddocks per block. Composite soil samples from each PG block were taken to 30‐cm depth on five occasions between 2004 and 2011. In June 2008, one paddock per block was renovated by ploughing and reseeding and sampled as above on the latter four occasions. Renovation decreased SOC (P < 0·05) by 32·2 t ha^?1 in the 2·5 years following ploughing; the difference developed almost entirely (86%) in the first four months. Renovation had no effect on above‐ground productivity, standing root and stubble phytomass or on dissolved organic matter leaching. Therefore, soil respiration was considered to be a single potential pathway responsible for the SOC loss from renovated grassland. Although a simple linear regression indicated a tendency for PG to accumulate SOC, there was no evidence of recovery in SOC to previous levels following renovation during the study period. These results could have implications for greenhouse gas inventories in countries where PG is an important land‐use type.     

玉米主产区实际单产与区域试验单产的相关性研究

比较了北方春玉米区和黄淮海夏玉米区的实际单产和区域试验单产,并对两个区域实际单产和区试单产的相关性进行分析和探讨。结果表明:北方春玉米具有一定的产量优势,并且以区域试验中的优势更加明显;黄淮海夏玉米实际产量与区试产量差距相对较小。2001～2007年,北方春玉米的实际单产和区域试验单产分别为55300、94600kg/hm2,黄淮海夏玉米的实际单产和区域试验单产分别为53900、82400kg/hm2。区试单产和实际单产表现出一定的正相关关系,尤其在黄淮海区二者的相关性达极显著水平。区域试验能够通过品种更新和推广、生产示范等促进实际单产的提高,但其带动作用表现出一定的地区性差异和滞后性。     

应对入世 再展辉煌—加快苎麻产业化发展战略

为加快苎麻产业化发展进程,本文对我国苎麻生产现状、存在的问题及发展机遇进行了详尽的阐述。苎麻是我国的传统特产,其面积和产量占世界总量的90％。我国苎麻品种资源丰富,据有关资料统计达934种;加工规模及出口量占世界首位;科研力量强大,具有强劲的发展潜力。存在的主要问题是：良种区域化栽培推广不够,影响苎麻的产量与品质;出口产品的档次不高,在世界苎麻产品贸易中缺乏竞争能力。为加快苎麻产业化进程,拟提出如下措施：建立龙头企业 科技单位 麻农协会的农工科贸一体化经营体系;提升现有“富饶特”、“益鑫泰”等名牌的品位,努力开创新的名牌;以多品种引导消费,开拓国内外市场;增加种植、科研、技术推广、纺织加工各环节的人力、物力、资金投入,改造现有纺织加工设备,尽快赶超世界先进水平。     

Sward herbage accumulation and nutritive value as affected by pasture renovation strategy

Perennial ryegrass pastures are the main feed for dairy cows in temperate regions. Alternatives to increase farm sustainability such as naturalized pastures have been proposed, and only limited knowledge exists regarding their potential as a forage source for grazing dairy systems. A field study was undertaken between September 2006 and September 2009 in Valdivia, Chile, to assess the effect of three pasture renovation strategies [naturalized fertilized (NFP); cultivated fertilized Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens mixture (RGWC); and cultivated fertilized Bromus valdivianus, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens mixture (MIXED)] over a naturalized degraded pasture on herbage production, botanical change and chemical composition. The three renovation strategies increased total herbage accumulation. During 2007–2008 and 2008–2009, the naturalized fertilized pasture produced similar amounts of dry matter as the cultivated fertilized mixtures. A higher grazing efficiency (the proportion of total herbage mass accumulation, removed by grazing dairy cows) was estimated for NNFP, RGWC and MIXED. Fertilization and liming increased the proportions of Lolium perenne and Bromus spp. at the expense of Agrostis capillaris and Trifolium repens. In the cultivated mixtures, the amount of Lolium perenne tended to decrease over time. Crude protein concentration and digestibility tended to be higher for naturalized fertilized and perennial ryegrass–white clover pastures throughout the experiment. These results suggest that fertilization and liming of a low-producing naturalized pasture might be a sound alternative for pasture improvement.     

Effects of pre-treatment, renovation procedure and cultivar on the growth of white clover sown into a permanent pasture under both grazing and mowing regimes

White clover ( Trifolium repens ) is a valuable pasture component that is frequently present in insufficient quantity for optimal animal nutrition. Several methods of reintroducing white clover into a permanent pasture without conventional tillage were investigated. Three seeders (Hunter, Vredo and a conventional seed drill), two white clover cultivars (Sacramento, and Sonja), two pasture pre-treatments (a hard spring grazing or grazing plus light harrowing) and two defoliation regimes (grazing or mowing) were used to determine optimal seedling establishment conditions. Defoliation treatments were used as a method of investigating pasture improvement experiments. Measurements were taken to determine proportion of white clover present and total herbage mass.
Plots renovated using a Hunter drill had the highest white clover content in the months immediately after renovation. Subsequently pre-treatment method appeared to have no significant effect on herbage mass or species composition. The proportion of white clover in plots sown with the cultivar Sacramento was frequently higher than that in plots sown with the cultivar Sonja, but, overall, herbage production of cultivars was not different.
Mowed plots had higher herbage production and tended towards a greater white clover content than grazed plots. Compaction of the surface to a depth of 10 cm in the grazed plots may have been a factor in the observed difference in herbage production. Regardless of management, within two years white clover content was similar among all treatments, including controls.