广东超甜玉米新组合主要性状分析与评价

对1999～2000年广东省超甜玉米新组合区域试验资料的分析结果表明:近年我省选育的超甜玉米新组合鲜苞单产水平有较大提高,抗病性与适应性较强,但品质的改良进展较缓慢;要选育优质、高产和多抗的超甜玉米新品种,在不断引进国外优异品种资源的同时,应加强种质创新研究,以拓宽育种亲本的遗传基础;利用现代生物技术与传统育种技术有机结合,加快品质育种进程,培育出具有突破性的优良品种是当务之急。     

模糊数学在超甜玉米食用品质综合评价上的应用

以3个超甜玉米品种的不同采收期为评价单元,通过选用合适的隶属函数对评价因素进行描述以及赋予评价因素适当的权重,对超甜玉米食用品质进行了模糊综合评价.结果表明,综合评价指数不仅体现品种之间食用品质的优劣程度,也直接反映不同采收期之间食用品质的优劣次序.利用这一方法对超甜玉米食用品质进行评价是可行的。     

玉米区域试验品种的模糊综合评价

应用模糊数学方法建立模糊综合评价模型对玉米区域试验品种进行定量化评价.结果表明,这种模糊综合评价方法在因子的定量化方面更加准确和可靠,所获得各品种的最终评价值,不仅能反映各品种之间的相对级别,而且也可直接反映出各单元的绝对等级。     

优质高产超甜玉米晶甜3号的选育报告

论述了优质高产超甜玉米新品种晶甜3号的选育经过及主要特征特性。该品种春播生育期约80 d、秋播约73 d，外观性状、食味、口感较好，甜度较高，皮薄，总得分86分，品质综合评价2级，达到甜玉米标准(NY/T523-2002)。同时介绍了其配套的栽培技术和制种技术要点及适应范围。     

不同基因型甜玉米采摘期的研究

对不同基因型甜玉米乳熟期籽粒可溶性精含量、含水量以及与有效积温之间关系的分析研究表明：超甜玉米(shzshz)的适宜采摘期有效积温为310～400℃，普甜玉米(su1su1)为260～320℃；普甜玉米适宜采摘期比超甜玉米早，但适宜采摘期限要比超甜玉米短．这是由于超甜玉米存在一个含水量平稳期，并恰好在适宜采摘期内，而普甜玉米不存在。本文认为，采用有效积温法判断甜玉米的适宜采摘期是准确可靠的，也是简便易行的。     

运用灰色综合评判法综合评价国家黄淮海夏大豆区试品种

运用灰色综合评判法,对2015年国家黄淮海夏大豆品种区域试验南片B组试验数据进行分析。综合15个主要性状指标,对10个参试品种的表现进行综合评价,排出了各参试品种(系)的综合评判等级次序,结果总趋势与实际产量表现基本一致,与联合方差分析的结果也基本一致,个别品种位次有变动。灰色综合评判法是传统评价方法的一种直观补充,简便易行,在育种材料的评价中可以广泛应用。该研究可为夏大豆新品种(系)的选育和合理评价提供科学依据和方法。     

甜玉米新品种湘农甜玉2号选育

湘农甜玉2号是湖南农业大学用甜玉米自选系T9501作母本,甜玉米自选系W01作父本,于2010年育成的甜玉米新组合。2011～2016年在各级产量比较试验中表现出丰产稳产性好、抗逆性强、品质优、种植效益高等特点。湘农甜玉2号平均株高207.0 cm,穗位高约90 cm,平均生育期82.0 d(长沙春播),鲜果穗平均产量(去苞叶)13 542 kg/hm~2。适宜种植密度为45 000～54 000株/hm~2。介绍了湘农甜玉2号的选育经过、特征特性、试验表现及高产栽培技术。     

油棕新品种对干旱胁迫的生理响应及其抗旱性评价

在不同程度的人工干旱胁迫下，测定10个油棕品种的叶绿素、游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、丙二醛含量、相对电导率、SOD与POD酶活性等，并利用SAS8.1统计主成分分析法，对10个油棕品种的抗旱能力进行综合评价。结果表明：(1)在干旱胁迫初期(0～5 d)，油棕各生理指标向着有利于适应抗旱的方向变化；随着干旱时间的延长(5～30 d)和胁迫程度的加剧(trt1～trt3)，各指标反映出油棕植株受害；当胁迫达50 d时，各生理指标几乎都向着抗旱有利的方向转变，表明油棕对干旱有较强的耐受性；(2)主成分分析表明，叶绿素含量、相对电导率、可溶性糖含量和SOD酶活性是反映油棕干旱胁迫的最重要的生理指标，可作为油棕品种抗旱性评价的依据；(3)10个油棕品种的综合抗旱力排序为：RYL34＞RYL39＞RYL38＞RYL32＞RYL37＞RYL31＞RYL36＞RYL40＞RYL33＞RYL35。     

保水剂对水分胁迫下超甜玉米生理生化性状的影响

用聚丙烯酸钠型保水剂处理超甜玉米种子,测定室内盆栽超甜玉米苗期的一些生理生化指标。结果表明,适当浓度的保水剂处理可提高超甜玉米幼苗的株高,增加叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量和超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸的含量。     

基于模糊综合评价法的现代农业园区规划项目评价研究

归纳广东现代农业园区规划的主要内容，提取共性评价因子构建9个一级指标、39个二级指标的评价体系，利用德尔菲法确定各个评价指标的权重，借助模糊综合评价法评价现代农业园区规划编制的优劣程度，为相关农业园区规划编制质量提供一个定性与定量相结合的评价指标与方法。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.     

大豆对钼与氮、磷、钾的吸收分配动态及相互关系的初步研究

大豆植株中其叶片的钼、氮、磷含量均高于茎杆、叶柄、繁殖器官高于营养器官。钾在整个生育期中都保持较高的水平,只是叶片中的含量低于其它器官。种子中的钼、氮、磷、钾含量都较高。大豆吸收钼及氮、磷、钾的数量因品种及各生育阶段而有差异,吸收量以结荚至鼓粒期为最多,鼓粒期以后,安农75—59的植株中氮、磷、钾吸收量明显下降,唯有钼还在继续吸收,而安激一号对钼及氮、磷、钾仍在吸收。大豆对钼与氮、磷、钾的吸收呈极显著的直线相关,尤其是钼与氮相关最明显。安农75—59亩产189.5kg,需要N素16.05kg,P_2O_54.25kg,K_2O8.43kg,微量元素Mo357.32mg。安激一号亩产214.5kg.需要N素18.00kg、P_2O_55.01kg、K_2O8.85kg、微量元素Mo449.57mg。安激一号的种子除糖、脂肪含量较低外,而氮、磷、钾、钼、维生素C的含量均高于安农75 59。     

基于颜色和形状的茶叶计算机识别研究

综合利用计算机视觉、图像处理技术,增加茶叶的形状参数,改进神经网络算法,实现了茶叶品质识别的自动化。研究中通过数码相机等直接得到茶叶图像,经过对图像格式进行转换和预处理,然后基于HSI模型提取的茶叶颜色特征参数和二值化后图像提取的茶叶形状特征参数,通过遗传神经网络,最后完成对茶叶的自动识别。实验结果表明此方法能取得更好的识别效果,计算机的检测结果与人工检测结果高度吻合。     

Blackgram fiber (Phaseolus mungo): Mechanism of hypoglycemic action

The effect of the administration of blackgram fiber (Phaseolusmungo) on the metabolism of carbohydrates was studied in rats fed 30%NDF (neutral detergent fiber) diet. The experimental group showed a significant increase in liverglycogen level and a significant decrease in blood glucose. Significantincreases in the activities of glycogen phosphorylase, hexokinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and isocitratedehydrogenase were observed in the experimental group. The activities ofphosphoglucomutase and glucose-6-phosphatase were significantly lower inrats fed the fiber diet. The study showed that blackgram fiber exhibitssignificant hypoglycemic action in experimental animals.     

Carbohydrase systems of Saccharophagus degradans degrading marine complex polysaccharides

Saccharophagus degradans 2-40 is a γ-subgroup proteobacterium capable of using many of the complex polysaccharides found in the marine environment for growth. To utilize these complex polysaccharides, this bacterium produces a plethora of carbohydrases dedicated to the processing of a carbohydrate class. Aiding in the identification of the contributing genes and enzymes is the known genome sequence for this bacterium. This review catalogs the genes and enzymes of the S. degradans genome that are likely to function in the systems for the utilization of agar, alginate, α- and β-glucans, chitin, mannans, pectins, and xylans and discusses the cell biology and genetics of each system as it functions to transfer carbon back to the bacterium.     

Grain number dominates grain weight in temperate cereal yield determination: Evidence based on 30 years of multi-location trials

Multi-location data collected over 30 years in Finland on major cereal crops (spring barley, oat and wheat, and winter wheat and rye) provide an opportunity to characterise variation, interrelation and relative importance of the grain yield determining components, grain number per square meter (GNO) and single grain weight (SGW). In addition to evaluating differences among cereal crops in yield determination, changes among different age groups (AG) were compared. Field experiments were carried out in 1970–2001 at 25 locations in Finland. Grain yield was recorded (at 15% moisture) and SGW (mg) and GNO (number m⁻²) determined. Frequencies of different GNO and SGW combinations were analysed for all crops and component means in different yield groups as well as among four AGs. In most cases GNO dominated SGW, representing the major yield component determining grain yield. GNO was highly responsive to favourable growth conditions. The change in GNO was especially high when recurrent, relatively low yield groups were compared, while at higher yields the role of SGW became increasingly important, but did not exceed that of GNO. The degree of GNO domination varied according to crop. Increased grain yield in spring oat and winter rye was associated with higher numbers of set grain, while spring barley and winter wheat responded to yield favouring conditions also through higher SGW. Despite GNO dominated SGW due to its responsiveness to growing conditions, its role in yield improvement was not obvious when the entries (n ≥ 30) were classified into four AGs. Improvements in grain yield derived from AG were associated with crop-specific GNO and/or SGW changes.     

The Challenge of Ecophysiological Biodiversity for Biotechnological Applications of Marine Microalgae

In this review, we aim to explore the potential of microalgal biodiversity and ecology for biotechnological use. A deeper exploration of the biodiversity richness and ecophysiological properties of microalgae is crucial for enhancing their use for applicative purposes. After describing the actual biotechnological use of microalgae, we consider the multiple faces of taxonomical, morphological, functional and ecophysiological biodiversity of these organisms, and investigate how these properties could better serve the biotechnological field. Lastly, we propose new approaches to enhancing microalgal growth, photosynthesis, and synthesis of valuable products used in biotechnological fields, mainly focusing on culture conditions, especially light manipulations and genetic modifications.