密度对不同株型的玉米农艺、根系性状及产量的影响

Density is the key factor of maize high-yield cultivation.Effects of planting density on agricultural characters,root system characters and yield were studied using different maize plant type semi-compact maize Jinhai 5,compact maize Zhengdan 958.The result showed that with the increasing of density,plant height was increased,stem diameter and ear diameter was decreased,ear was shorten,rare top length,No.of ear nod,ear height was increased,brace root number and total root number was decreased,the rate of root dry weight was increased within farming layers,population dry matter accumulation was increased and plant dry matter accumulation presented the opposite trend,ear linage,kernels per ear,100-kernels weight,double-ear rate,plant yield was decreased,yield was increased and decreased successively.The relation between yield and density of Jinhai 5 was Y=-625.67x²+9 044.5x-18 530,optimal plant density was 7.0×10⁴-7.5×10⁴ plants/ha,the relation between yield and density of Zhengdan 958 was Y=-375.67x²+6 410x-13 043,optimal plant density was 8.5×10⁴-9.0×10⁴ plants/ha.Analysis revealed the number of brace roots and total roots could be used as an indicator for plant dry weight and yield.     

Formula for Determining Number of Basic Seedlings at Scattered-Planting with Seedling Dry-Raised on Plastic Trays in Double-Season Rice

Effects of the population structure on the development and growth of rice were achieved via influence of the growth and development of individual rice. The dynamics of tillers, leaves, and dry matter accumulation per plant resulted in different yield form…     

密度和施氮量对鲜食糯玉米产量的影响

The result of a split-plot experiment showed that unit area yield of whole-plant fresh matter,fresh and dry ears reached highest on occasion of medium planting density with 82 500 plants/ha.Compared with the occasion of low density with 60 000 plants/ha,the respective yield was increased by 27.91%,0.59% and 16.57%;and with high density with 105 000 plants/ha,respectively by 2.60%,15.11% and 1.31%.Unit area yield of whole-plant dry matter reached highest on occasion of high density.The respective yield was increased by 1.57% on condition of low density and 22.84% on condition of medium density.With the increasing amount of nitrogen application,the unit area yield of whole-plant fresh matter went up gradually and reached highest on occasion of high nitrogen application with 500 kg/ha.Meanwhile,the unit area yield of whole-plant dry matter,fresh and dry ears all decreased after initial increasing but reached highest on condition of medium nitrogen application with 300 kg/ha.Among all treatment combinations,the unit area yield of whole-plant dry matter,fresh and dry ears was higher or highest on condition of medium nitrogen application with 300 kg/ha while the unit area yield of whole-plant dry matter was highest on condition of high nitrogen application with 500 kg/ha with medium density.     

The characteristics of Potassium Requirement and the Effect of Potash Fertilizer in Sugarbeet

The result showed that potash had a significant effect on the growth and development of sugarbeet.With potash, it can promote the plant height,numbers of the leaves,the length and the perimeter of the root .As the biomass increased the potassium content in the plant decreased.In the early stage,the potassium content in the plant was in the range of 4.05％～5.17％;In the middle stage,it was of 3.48％～5.02％;In the late stage, it was 3.02％～3.95％.The amount of potassium uptaken by the plant was increased as the biomass increased.In the early stage,it was 0.28～0.93g/pot,In the middle stage,it was 1.82～2.51g/pot,In the late stage,it was 3.33～5.0g/pot.In the pot incubation test,the yield with potash application was increased by 10.2％ on average than CK;In field experiment, it was increased by 12.2％ than CK.The optimum rate for sugarbeet production in the field experiment was 60～120 kg/hm² of K2O.The peak of potassium uptaken by sugarbeet were in the middle stage and the late stage.     

Variations in Carbohydrate and Protein Accumulation among Spikelets at Different Positions Within a Panicle During Rice Grain Filling

The accumulation dynamics of kernel components for spikelets at different positions within a rice panicle were investigated during grain filling to understand the physiological reasons for the variation of grain quality.Two rice cultivars,Yangdao 6 (indica) and Yangjing 9538 (japonica),were field-grown,and the grain filling characters and contents of starch,soluble sugar,and protein of the spikelets at different positions were studied.There were significant differences in matter accumulation among spikelets at different positions during grain filling.The early-flowering spikelets presented dominance over the late-flowering spikelets in initial time and initial rate of accumulation.At the initial and mid filling stages,the contents and the rates of starch and amylose accumulation in spikelets decreased with the flowering sequence,but soluble sugar content (SSC) exhibited the opposite trend.The difference in SSC among the spikelets of Yangjing 9538 was greater than that of Yangdao 6,but amylose content in mature spikelets showed no obvious relationship to their flowering sequence.The crude protein content (CPC) of early-flowering spikelets decreased more rapidly than that of late-flowering ones at the initial filling stage,and CPC in the spikelets on the secondary branch was higher than that on the primary branch,but CPC in early-flowering ones was lower than that in late-flowering across the whole grain filling period.Grain water content (GWC) of early-flowering spikelets decreased more rapidly than that of late-flowering spikelets on the same branch at the initial and mid filling stages,especially for the top grain on each primary branch.The results suggested that poor grain filling of late-flowering spikelets may be attributed to their low biological activity rather than carbohydrate supply limitation.     

Selenium Accumulation and Antioxidant Status of Rice Plants Grown on Seleniferous Soil from Northwestern India

Greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate selenium accumulation and its antioxidant response in two rice varieties(PR116 and Pusa Basmati 1121) grown on normal and seleniferous soils. The plant growth was reduced at early developmental stages and flowering was delayed by a period of 10 d on seleniferous soil. Selenium accumulation increased by 3–20 and 13–14 folds in leaves, 18 and 3 folds in grains from Pusa Basmati 1121 and PR116 varieties, respectively. Selenium accumulation in leaves from rice plants grown on seleniferous soil resulted in significant increase in chlorophyll content, hydrogen peroxide, proline, free amino acids, total phenol and tannin contents. Lipid peroxidation levels and peroxidase activities in leaves increased whereas catalase activity showed a reverse trend. It is concluded that selenium accumulation decreased dry matter content in rice during crop development but these plants were able to combat selenium toxicity by inducing alterations in their defense system.     

春玉米超高产栽培技术研究与高产因素分析

Ton-grain field of 15 310 kg/ha was created by choosing Xianyu 335 as the high-yield cultivar and excellent field management.Cultivars in high-yield field have these high-yield factors: a high ration between three ear leaves area and individual plant area,excellent ear characteristics uniformity,higher dry matter accumulation in the late of growth stage,higher economic coefficient.     

High nitrogen application rate and planting density reduce wheat grain yield by reducing filling rate of inferior grain in middle spikelets

Excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer and high planting density reduce grain weight in wheat.However,the effects of high nitrogen and planting density on the filling of grain located in different positions of the wheat spikelet are unknown.A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate this question and the underlying mechanisms with respect to hormone and carbohydrate activity.Both high nitrogen application and planting density significantly increased spike density,while reducing kernel number per spike and 1000-kernel weight.However,the effects of high nitrogen and high plant density on kernel number per spike and 1000-kernel weight were different.The inhibitory effect of high nitrogen application and high planting density on kernel number per spike was achieved mainly by a reduction in kernel number per spikelet in the top and bottom spikelets.However,the decrease in 1000-kernel weight was contributed mainly by the reduced weight of grain in the middle spikelets.The grain-filling rate of inferior grain in the middle spikelets was significantly decreased under high nitrogen input and high planting density conditions,particularly during the early and middle grain-filling periods,leading to the suppression of grain filling and consequent decrease in grain weight.This effect resulted mainly from inhibited sucrose transport to and starch accumulation in inferior grain in the middle spikelets via reduction of the abscisic acid/ethylene ratio.This mechanism may explain how high nitrogen application and high planting density inhibit the grain filling of inferior wheat grain.     

地膜覆盖对春玉米产量、品质的影响机理研究

The influences of plastic film mulch on grain yield and seed quality of spring maize were studied under field experiment.The results showed that the micro-environment of maize was improved,water use efficiency(WUE) and grain yield were increased,and coarse starch content and seed bulk density were increased under the condition of plastic film mulch.The study also showed that the above results were due to water keeping and soil temperature increasing capability of plastic film which led to the improvement of soil microbe movement,the increase of soil available nutrient and the enhancement of root assimilating water and nutrient.Further,the root quantity and soil microbial biomass were increased,the stored nutrient of plant stem and leaves were also improved,the grouting intensity was enhanced and the period of that was also prolonged which lad to the more nutrients that were transformed during this period.All the factors finally led to the high grain yield and seed quality.     

Effects of Early- and Late-Sowing on Starch Accumulation and Associated Enzyme Activities During Grain Filling Stage in Rice

The environmental temperature occurring during the grain filling stage is an important factoraffecting starch synthesis and accumulation in rice. We investigated starch accumulation, amylaseactivity and starch granule size distribution in two low-amylose japonica rice varieties, Nanjing 9108 andFujing 1606, grown in the field at different filling temperatures by manipulating sowing date. The two ricevarieties exhibited similar performances between two sowing dates. Total starch, amylose andamylopectin contents were lower at the early-filling stage of T1 treatment (Early-sowing) compared withthose at the same stage in T2 treatment (Late-sowing). In contrast, at the late-filling stage, when fieldtemperatures were generally decreasing, total starch and amylopectin contents in T1 were highercompared to those in T2. The ideal temperature for strong activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylaseand soluble starch synthase was about 22℃. A higher temperature from the heading to maturity stagesin T1 increased the activities of starch branching enzyme and suppressed the activities of granule boundstarch synthetase and starch debranching enzyme. We found that rice produced larger-sized starchgranules under the T1 treatment. These results suggested that due to the early-sowing date, the hightemperature (30℃) occurring at the early-filling stage hindered starch synthesis and accumulation,however, the lower temperatures (22 ℃) at the late-filling stage allowed starch synthesis and accumulationto return to normal levels.     

寒地超级稻品种干物质积累的研究

以黑龙江省育成的4个超高产水稻品种东农423、龙稻5、松粳3和松粳9为试验材料,以松粳6为对照,系统研究超高产水稻品种的干物质积累规律,结果表明:不同品种在孕穗期以前干物质积累速率无明显差异,孕穗期到齐穗期干物质积累速率的差异明显加大;不同品种在整个生育过程中干物质积累量不同,差异显著;品种间单位面积干物质积累总量与产量呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.904;生育中、后期干物质积累量与产量均呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.897、0.928,说明高产品种的干物质积累量的优势在生育中、后期。     

旱作春小麦干物质积累规律的研究

为了给旱作春小麦高产栽培提供理论依据,在内蒙古自治区呼盟岭北、赤峰巴林左旗(林东)两个典型旱作区设置试验,对小麦群体干物质的积累规律及其不同农艺栽培措施影响下的变化进行了研究。结果表明,春小麦群体干物质积累量在生育期间均呈“S”型曲线变化。高产优化栽培条件下,群体干物质积累过程可分为三个阶段,即出苗至拔节(出苗后30d内)为指数增长期;拔节至乳熟期(出苗后31～65d)为直线增长期;乳熟末至完熟期(出苗后65～80d)为缓慢增长期。不同农艺栽培措施对春小麦群体干物质积累量变化的趋势与此基本一致。生产上,确定适宜的种植密度,氮、磷、钾肥适量配合施用,可延缓开花后干物质积累速度的下降,促进小麦群体干物质积累量的增大,实现春小麦高产。     

遮阴对春玉米物质生产及产量形成的影响

以4个不同玉米品种为试材,通过50%遮光处理研究玉米品种间物质生产及产量形成对弱光环境响应的差异。结果表明,供试品种遮阴后,玉米产量、穗长、行数、行粒数和总粒数均呈明显的降低趋势,且粒期遮阴胁迫反应敏感。孕穗期遮阴,生育进程加快,干物质日积累量减少;粒期遮阴,结穗率降低。遮阴对品种先玉335和郑单958产量影响相对较小,表明先玉335和郑单958对弱光的适应能力较强;东单90对弱光反应敏感,产量下降幅度较大;北育288对粒期遮阴较孕穗期遮阴敏感。     

施氮量对滴灌冬小麦干物质积累、分配与转运的影响

为明确施氮量对滴灌冬小麦干物质积累、分配、转运及产量的影响,于2013-2015年连续两个冬小麦生长季,以新冬18号为试验材料,在大田滴灌条件下,设置了0(N_0)、94.5(N_1)、180(N_2)、240(N_3)、300(N_4)、360kg·hm~(-2)(N_5)共6个施氮量处理,通过单因素随机区组试验,研究了不同施氮量下滴灌冬小麦干物质积累、分配及转运的特点。结果表明,不同施氮量处理下滴灌冬小麦单茎干物质积累量随生育进程均呈"S"曲线变化。成熟期干物质积累量、花前干物质的转运量及其转运效率、花后同化物积累量均以N_3处理最高;花前干物质转运对籽粒产量的贡献率以及籽粒产量在两年中均随施氮水平的提高呈先增后减趋势,也均以N_3处理最高,其中产量两年分别较N_0处理增产68.01%和67.39%。因此,在本试验条件下,240kg·hm~(-2)施氮量最有利于滴灌冬小麦干物质积累、转运和高产。     

盐胁迫对水稻幼苗期的影响研究——盐胁迫对水稻干物质的影响

对123个不同水稻品种分别在纯水、100 mmol/L NaCl和150 mmol/LNaCl水溶液中的萌发情况进行试验,来研究盐对幼苗单株苗干重,去苗后的种子干重,种子的贮藏物质利用率的影响规律,及利用率对盐胁迫的不同反应,结果表明:在盐胁迫下不同品种单株苗干重显著下降。盐浓度增高,单株苗干重下降率增大。去苗后的种子干重在盐胁迫下明显的升高,盐浓度增大,去苗后的种子干重也增大。在盐胁迫下,各品种的种子贮藏物质利用率都下降。盐浓度增大,种子贮藏物质利用率降低。     

不同浓度NaCl对甜菜生长的影响

研究了营养液中不同盐度(2～280mmol/L)对甜菜生长状况的影响,结果表明,NaCl浓度低于10mmol/L,对甜菜的各生长指标没有明显影响;而NaCl浓度在50mmol/L左右比较适合甜菜生长;超过100mmol/L的高浓度NaCl对甜菜的生长有胁迫作用,浓度越高胁迫作用越强。营养液中盐浓度在280mmol/L以内对甜菜光合作用影响不显著。     

遮光对玉米干物质积累及产量性能的影响

选用玉米品种郑单958与先玉335,在大田条件分别于7叶全展期（T1）、13叶全展期（T2）、吐丝期（T3）、吐丝后15 d（T4）进行50%遮光处理,研究不同时期遮光对玉米干物质积累与产量性能的影响。结果表明,不同时期遮光均导致玉米终极生长量（a）、干物质积累速率最大时的生长量（W_max）、最大干物质积累速率（G_max）、平均叶面积指数（MLAI）、平均净同化率（MNAR）和收获指数（HI）降低,致使干物质积累与产量不同程度降低,吐丝后15 d遮光对干物质与产量影响最大。在产量构成因素中,遮光处理对穗粒数与千粒重影响较大,穗粒数减少占主导,其次是千粒重的降低。     

Fresh biomass production and partitioning of aboveground growth in the three botanical varieties of Cynara cardunculus L.

Fourteen accessions of Cynara cardunculus were compared with the aim to evaluate the fresh biomass production and its partition, aiming at its potential use for industrial purposes. At anthesis stage, when plants have the maximum vegetative development, stalks, leaves and capitula were weighed separately. The percentage of dry matter per gram of fresh biomass was also calculated. The first capitulum components of each plant: bracts, flowers and remnant receptacle were also weighed separately. The total fresh biomass ranged between 1188 and 3235 g/plant, with variable values within each botanical variety, whereas the partition of the aboveground biomass was strongly affected by botanical variety. In both cardoons varieties, the percentage of dry matter ranged between 30 and 35% for all components of aboveground biomass, whereas in globe artichoke values ranged between 20% for capitula and 40% for leaves. Regarding capitula components, receptacle weight was of greatest importance in globe artichoke and cultivated cardoon. In wild cardoon flowers weight was more important than the other components. Results suggest that Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus and C. cardundulus var. cardunculus, might be considered as double purpose crops if after the capitula (in globe artichoke) or leaves (in cardoon) harvest, the fresh matter remaining is artificially dried and cut. On the other hand, Cynara cardunculus var. sylvestris, might be incorporated into the culture system as an industry or energy crop due the low inputs management that it requires, its adaptability to the local conditions and its aboveground biomass production.     

不同密度处理下玉米根系干重空间分布动态的研究

采用根钻挖掘法对不同密度处理下玉米根系干重在土壤中的空间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:不同密度处理下,各取样点0～100cm土层内根系干重在整个生育期内均呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在灌浆期前后。在1/2行距处随着密度的增加,根系干重呈增加趋势变化;在1/2株距处,中密和高密处理差异较小,但显著大于低密。在1/4行距处,根系干重则随着密度的增加而逐渐减少。根系达到干重最大值后的下降过程均以高密处理的下降速度最快。不同取样点根系干重在土壤中的垂直分布情况为在大喇叭口期以前,根系干重最大值出现在10～20cm的土层内,而后随着土层深度的增加根系干重迅速下降;大喇叭口期以后根系干重在土壤中的垂直分布呈负指数曲线趋势变化。密度对不同取样点根系干重影响主要表现在0～40cm土层内1/2行距处拔节期各密度处理间无明显差异;小喇叭口期到灌浆期表现为高密>中密>低密;成熟期表现为中密>高密>低密。1/4行距处大喇叭口期以前各密度处理之间的差异不明显;从吐丝期到成熟期,中密和低密处理各土层的根重差异不明显,但均较高密处理的大。1/2株距处在大口期以前中密处理和高密处理各土层的根重无明显差异,但均较低密处理高,吐丝期以后各土层的根重则以中密处理最大,高密次之,低密最小。     

不同农艺措施对春小麦群体干物质积累的影响

在灌溉条件下，通过呼和浩特、巴盟两地的试验，系统地研究了春小麦在不同密度和氮、磷、钾三要素施肥量处理下的干物质积累动态。结果表明，春小麦全生育期间群体干物质积累量呈“S”形曲线变化，干物质积累速率呈单峰曲线．且干物质积累量和干物质积累速率因不同密度、不同施肥量处理表现出一定的差异。在适宜密度下。氮磷钾肥适量配施，植株营养吸收平衡协调，群体规模适宜，干物质的积累量最大，干物质积累速率也居于其它处理之上。可见，在生产实践中，只有保证营养元素的平衡供给，合理密植，方可获得较高的经济产量。