双季稻全程机械化生产模式的攻关与推广

2013~2014年在益阳市赫山区开展了双季稻全程机械化生产攻关与示范推广,进行了机插品种筛选,插秧机、播种量、秧龄和基质选择,秧龄调控,农机农艺融合等方面的对比试验和高产栽培成熟技术组装集成。筛选出了一批适合赫山区机插的早晚稻品种,如湘早籼45号、H优518等,同时找出了机插秧最佳播种量、最佳秧龄,以及最佳配套基质和秧龄调控技术。     

播种量与施氮量对早稻品种中组143机插栽培产量的影响

针对超级早稻中组143播种量略高、分蘖力中等的问题，本试验设置3个播种量和4个施氮量处理，研究播种量和施氮量对其机插栽培产量的影响。结果表明，播种量与平均产量成正相关，产量随着播种量的增加而增加；施氮量与平均产量一定范围内成正相关，施氮量210 kg/hm²时平均产量达到最高值，高于此施氮量产量反而下降；播种量和施氮量双因子互作条件下，适量播种和适当增加氮肥用量有利于中组143机插获得高产，反之不利于高产，播种量120 g/盘、施氮量210 kg/hm²时平均产量最高。     

不同施氮量对双季早稻机插秧苗素质及产量的影响

以早稻品种中嘉早17和中早39为材料,设置5个不同氮肥水平(纯氮0、0.8、1.6、2.4、3.2 g/盘),探讨不同氮肥水平下水稻机插秧苗素质差异及对产量的影响。结果表明,随施氮量增加,秧苗含氮量增加,但成苗率降低,氮素积累量为先增加后下降趋势,在2.4 g/盘处理达最大;不同施氮量对两品种秧苗素质的影响存在差异,适宜的施氮量有利于提高秧苗素质,以27 d秧龄的影响较大。两品种不同施氮量下水稻产量均以1.6 g/盘的处理较高,与不施氮处理相比,增幅分别达24.14%、7.73%,产量增加主要与有效穗数的增加有关。综合这2个品种秧苗素质及机插后的产量效应,确定每盘施氮量宜为1.6~2.4 g。     

两系杂交中籼皖稻93高产栽培技术研究

从播种期、秧龄、栽插密度和施氮量 4个方面对皖稻 93的高产栽培技术进行了研究。结果表明 :该组合在长江中下游单季稻区种植 ,宜 4月下旬播种 ,6月上、中旬移栽 ,秧龄 5 0d左右 ,每公顷秧田播种量 15 0kg左右 ;适宜栽插密度为 15 .0cm× 2 5 .0cm或 15 .0cm× (3 3 .3 + 16.7)cm ,每穴栽 3～ 4苗 ;中等肥力田块 ,本田每公顷施基肥 (纯氮 ) 13 5 .0kg ,保花肥 (纯氮 ) 5 2 .5kg ,肥力较差的田块可根据叶色每公顷另酌施返青肥或促花肥 (纯氮 ) 3 4.5kg ,后期叶色偏淡田块每公顷另酌施始穗肥 (纯氮 ) 3 4.5kg左右 ,N、P、K比例约为 1.0∶0 .4∶1.0。     

滇型杂交粳稻高产栽培技术研究

采用4因素3水平正交试验设计(2005年)和2因素3水平随机区组设计(2006年),以滇杂31、滇杂32、滇杂35为试验材料,以品种、秧龄、施氮量、施氮方法和栽插密度为试验因素(研究内容),对滇型杂交粳稻高产栽培技术进行试验研究.结果表明,品种、施氮量、秧龄、密度4个因素不同水平之间的产量差异达显著或极显著水平,不同施氮方法之间的产量差异不显著,各因素对滇型杂交粳稻产量影响大小排序是施氮量>秧龄>品种>施氮方法,秧龄与密度交互效应>秧龄>密度.各因素对滇型杂交粳稻产量的影响主要通过改变有效穗数、每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数来实现,对结实率影响较小,除品种因素外,施氮量、秧龄对千粒重会产生一定影响.提出滇型杂交粳稻高产栽培技术:适期播种,培育适龄壮秧,适宜秧龄35～40 d;每公顷施纯氮270 kg,氮肥宜重底早追;每公顷栽30万穴,每穴插1～2个基本苗.     

缓释氮肥与尿素配施对高原机插籼稻产量与生长特性的影响

为了明确高原地区机插籼稻缓释氮肥与尿素配施的最佳比例,以川谷优7329为材料,在施氮量为150kg/hm~2和105 kg/hm~2水平下,研究了4种缓释氮肥与尿素配施比例(10∶0,7∶3,5∶5,3∶7)对机插籼稻产量与生长特性的影响。结果表明,不同施氮量间水稻产量差异不显著,缓释氮肥与尿素配施水稻产量由高到低为5∶510∶07∶33∶7。在相同比例下增加施氮量可以增加机插籼稻抽穗期高效叶片的长度,提高茎蘖数和抽穗期叶面积指数,但降低了氮肥农学利用效率和粒叶比。尿素所占比例越高成穗率越低,5∶5的处理水稻表观输出率和氮肥农学利用效率最高。高原地区机插籼稻最佳氮肥施用量为105 kg/hm~2,缓释氮肥与普通尿素配施比例为5∶5。     

固始县水稻机插高产高效制约因素探讨及对策

以固始县63块机插秧田为研究对象,对影响固始县水稻机插生产的主要制约因素进行了跟踪调查。结果表明,固始县水稻机插高产高效制约因素主要有:品种多、乱、杂;播种量和秧龄偏大,机插密度偏小;磷、钾肥用量不足,偏施基蘖肥,不施穗肥,分蘖肥一次施入且比例偏低,并提出了相应的对策。     

特色稻桂红糯1号品种特性及机械化栽培技术

发展糯稻特色产业对提高稻农效益具有重要意义。桂红糯1号是广西农业科学院水稻研究所选育的籼型常规红米糯稻品种,不同播种量、机插密度和施氮量对其产量及穗粒结构的影响试验表明,桂红糯1号机械化栽培需要适当增加播种量,提高机插密度,合理控制氮肥用量。本文介绍了桂红糯1号的特征特性及机械化栽培技术。     

太湖稻区机插稻高产关键技术研究

对机插育秧专用肥、播种量、播栽期、栽插密度、氮肥等进行试验示范,结果表明,机插稻获得大面积产量650 kg∕667 m^2,采用育秧基质和机插秧育秧专用肥、常规粳稻播种量干谷100～120 g/盘、湿谷120～150 g/盘,正常育秧肥用量适宜播栽季节,秧龄在18～20 d,可培育适于机插的壮秧;在每667 m^2插足1.8万穴,基本苗6万左右;同时要适期栽插,一般在6月10～20日栽插;适施氮肥,氮肥运筹前后比例以6：4较适宜,有利于足穗、大穗实现优质高产。     

机插密度与氮肥运筹对早稻生长特性和产量的影响

以早稻品种中嘉早17为供试材料,开展机插密度与氮肥运筹联合试验。结果表明,机插密度30 cm×12cm与30 cm×14 cm比较,前者基本苗多,分蘖数多,分蘖成穗率高,群体叶面积指数和生物产量较高,最终产量也较高。因此,中嘉早17及其同类型早稻机插密度以30 cm×12 cm为宜。就氮肥运筹而言,在总施氮量、基肥定量的情况下,增加分蘖肥的用量,有利于机插早稻分蘖成穗,增加每穗颖花量和总颖花量,提高结实率和千粒重,最终获得高产。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.