马铃薯抑芽剂戴科(DEECO)的效果评价

马铃薯贮藏中用CIPC抑芽剂戴科25号处理,试验了品种合作88、品种会-2和大西洋的抑芽效果和重量损失。观察和测量贮存中薯块的发芽时间和芽长度,未处理对照块茎7～35d后发芽,而且芽粗壮、长度增加很快。抑芽剂处理的薯块17～70d后,芽眼开始见到很小的弱芽,但生长缓慢,而且芽会逐渐地干枯死亡。贮存78～165d中,抑芽剂处理薯块,重量损失率2 48%～13 5%,对照重量损失15 5%。结果表明,在马铃薯商品薯和加工原料薯的贮存中,应用抑芽剂处理可以长期使块茎不发芽,重量损失较小,保持新鲜和较好的质量,在生产中具有应用价值。马铃薯块茎收获后,放置2周以上,待块茎表皮充分木栓化后,作药剂处理,以及充分、均匀地施在块茎表面是很重要的。     

马铃薯库建成动态研究

在马铃薯块茎的形成和增长过程中 ,小薯不断地形成、退化或转化成大中薯 ,其中出苗2 8d以后的 2～ 3周是决定大中薯数的关键期。在不同密度及施肥处理下 ,马铃薯块茎体积及干重的增长均呈S型曲线变化。单株块茎体积随密度增加而减少 ,适量施用氮、磷、钾 ,可增加块茎体积、单株结薯数和大中薯数 ,其中磷钾肥可使结薯时间提前 ,过量氮肥则推迟结薯时间 ;随密度的增加 ,块茎日增重逐渐降低 ,适量增施磷、钾肥可提高库的充实度 ,增加产量。在本试验因素中量 (适量 )组合 ,底西芮品种单株块茎体积最大增长速率为 2 5 7392ml d ,块茎干重的最大增长速率为 10 6 82 6 g d ;种植密度 4 5 0 0株 6 6 7m2 时 ,单株结薯数为 13 5个 ,大中薯数平均为 10个 ,单产可达 30 0 0kg 6 6 7m2 以上     

冻害对马铃薯块茎生活力的影响及其快速检测

为探讨冻害对马铃薯块茎生活力的影响及其快速检测方法,试验设置了5℃、0℃、-5℃、-10℃四个温度梯度,在每个温度下设置1d、2d、4d、8d四个时间梯度,对坝薯9号和坝薯10号两个品种马铃薯块茎进行处理,用红墨水法和氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)法检测处理后块茎的生活力,并对处理后的块茎作发芽试验。结果表明,马铃薯块茎生活力用红墨水法和TTC法检测都是可行的,TTC法比红墨水法更灵敏。0℃下放置4d及-5℃下放置1d时,用红墨水法可以检测到马铃薯薯块红色开始明显加深,马铃薯块茎生活力明显下降;而在0℃下放置2d及-5℃下放置1d时,用TTC法检测到马铃薯薯块红色开始明显变浅,马铃薯块茎生活力明显下降。发芽试验结果表明,用红墨水法和TTC法检测估测的发芽率与实际发芽率之间无显著差异,并观察到冻害明显抑制马铃薯根的生长。     

马铃薯脱毒种薯标准化生产技术研究——Ⅱ不同时期栽培对块茎大小、单株结薯及产量的影响

试验在海拔 190 0m处的自然条件下 ,将鄂马铃薯 3号脱毒试管苗直接进入大田土床培育、切顶扦插繁殖 ,以同一密度 ,不同时期将土培扦插苗移栽到试验区内 ,生产种薯。试验结果表明 ,从 5月 2 8日至 6月 2 6日移栽的土培扦插苗 ,5 g以上块茎重量占 94 %以上 ,其中 ,10 0～ 15 0 g块茎重量占 17 6 7%～ 19 5 5 % ,产量达 14 4 5～ 180 3kg/ 6 6 7m2 ,处理间差异极显著。 6月 6日移栽的单株结薯数平均 4 0 5个 /株 ,尔后随移栽时期的延迟 ,单株结薯个数呈缓慢下降趋势。     

贮藏期马铃薯干腐病防治药剂筛选及其安全性评价

干腐病是马铃薯贮藏期重要病害,不仅危害马铃薯种薯的种性,还降低马铃薯商品薯的品质,严重影响其加工和食用价值。以3个主栽品种(‘克新1号’、‘费乌瑞它’和‘大西洋’)为试验材料,于贮藏期接种马铃薯干腐病菌,测定戊唑醇、咯菌腈和噻菌灵3种杀菌剂在3种施用浓度下对干腐病的防治效果,对筛选出的有效药剂进一步测定其在‘费乌瑞它’块茎上的残留量和发芽情况,评价其安全性。结果表明,块茎喷施112 mL/t戊唑醇能够有效控制贮藏期马铃薯干腐病的发生,且10℃下贮藏4个月后在薯皮和薯肉的残留量分别为5.40和0.10 mg/kg,符合国家标准《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量(GB 2763—2016)》的相关要求,达到窖藏食品安全;用该浓度处理薯块后10℃下贮藏5个月薯块发芽率为74%。     

北方高寒区马铃薯种薯的贮藏技术

马铃薯是目前世界上的主要粮食作物之一 ,具有生育期短、产量高、适宜性强和营养丰富的特点 ,黑龙江省又是我国马铃薯脱毒种薯的重要生产基地之一 ,每年仅向南方省份输出的种薯约2 0万ｔ。在北方地区如何有效地贮藏好马铃薯种薯 ,使种薯保持优良健康的种用品质 ,是马铃薯生产中的重要环节。马铃薯的贮藏与禾谷类作物的贮藏相比 ,具有较大的不同和特殊性。由于收获的块茎一般含有75%左右的水分 ,在贮藏过程中极易遭受伤热发芽 ,温度低了容易冻窖 ,因此马铃薯的安全贮藏环节比较复杂和困难。马铃薯块茎是活体多汁器官 ,在贮藏期间它要求有一定…     

马铃薯脱毒种薯标准化生产技术研究——Ⅰ.不同密度栽培对块茎大小、单株结薯及产量的影响

试验利用高海拔地区的气候特点和土壤肥沃疏松条件 ,将“鄂马铃薯 3号”脱毒试管苗直接进入田间土床培育 ,在高密植栽培条件下 ,生产标准种薯。经 9个处理的试验结果表明 :随着种植密度的增加 ,单位面积上的块茎数、无效薯增加 ,大薯率降低。3～ 5 0 g结薯率最佳处理是F、H和C ,分别占83 5 0 %、83 81%和 84 5 0 % ;10 ～ 30 g结薯率最佳处理是E和F ,分别占总数的 4 3 96 %和 4 6 86 % ,产量最佳处理是E和F ,分别为 15 0 0kg/ 6 6 7m2 和 15 83kg/ 6 6 7m2 ,各处理间差异达极显著水平。单位面积结薯数与单位面积移栽株数呈极显著正相关 ,y =196 6 6 + 0 98x(r=0 98 ) ;单株结薯数与单位面积移栽株数呈极显著负相关 ,y=2 89- 0 0 0 2 2x(r =- 0 81 )。     

不同马铃薯品种(系)块茎膨大规律研究

试验研究了CIP晚疫病水平抗性优良品系395049.62、西南山区大面积栽培品种Mira、目前推广品种鄂马铃薯3号在冠层覆盖率、块茎鲜重、商品薯率、经济系数等性状的变化差异。Mira在冠层覆盖率达到最大值后,只维持了较短时期即开始缓慢下降,鄂马铃薯3号表现出与Mira相似的趋势,但进入急剧下降的时间比Mira推迟7d左右。395049.62则相反,保持最大冠层覆盖率的时间可达1个月左右;Mira的块茎鲜重增长速率较鄂马铃薯3号和395049.62快,达到最大值的时间较鄂马铃薯3号和395049.62提早15 d,鄂马铃薯3号和395049.62基本相似,在后期的增长速率较快,说明两者的块茎主要是在后期膨大的,尤其是395049.62在成熟前一周左右增长速率明显加快;395049.62的商品薯率最高,鄂马铃薯3号次之,Mira最低;而经济系数则以鄂马铃薯3号最高,Mira次之,395049.62最低。     

高淀粉马铃薯新品种‘天薯13号’的选育

‘天薯13号’是以自育品系‘天99-5-4’为母本,‘天95-7-5’为父本杂交选育而成的高淀粉马铃薯新品种。该品种生育期(从出苗至块茎成熟)116 d左右,属中晚熟品种。薯块椭圆形,薯皮黄色,薯肉黄色,芽眼少而浅。粗蛋白含量2.58%,维生素C含量13.7 mg/100g鲜薯,还原糖含量0.11%,块茎干物质含量25.2%,淀粉含量19.01%。产量在1 800 kg/667m~2以上,适宜在甘肃省干旱及半干旱地区及二阴山区推广种植。     

原原种的块茎大小对马铃薯的农艺性状、繁殖系数和产量的影响

选用早熟品种‘荷兰15号’和中晚熟品种‘克新13号’的脱毒原原种为试验材料,分别探讨原原种块茎大小对马铃薯的农艺性状、繁殖系数和产量性状的影响。研究结果表明:‘荷兰15号’原原种,株高对种薯总产的直接作用最大;‘克新13号’原原种,保苗率和株高对种薯总产的直接作用最大。‘荷兰15号’原原种的块茎大小在10~20 g时,繁殖系数最高,原原种的块茎大小在5~20 g时,其种薯的商品薯产量和总产最高。‘克新13号’原原种的块茎大小在7~15 g时繁殖系数、商品薯产量和总产均最高。     

Effect of Packaging Material on Shelf Life and Quality of Ware Potato Tubers Stored at Ambient Tropical Temperatures

The effect of seven packaging materials (transparent perforated and non-perforated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bags, black perforated and non-perforated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bags, nylon gunny sacks, khaki bags and net bags) on post-harvest quality of tubers from three potato cultivars was evaluated. Data were collected on time and percentage of sprouting, weight loss rates and percentage tubers with greening and rotting. Packaging significantly reduced weight loss and rate of tuber greening but increased the rate of sprouting and decay incidences. Non-perforated PE bags were the most effective in reducing weight losses, recording losses of 0.7 to 0.9% after 32 days in storage while unpackaged tubers had weight losses of 11 to 12%. Tuber rotting was highest (60 to 66% of the tubers) in non-perforated PE bags. Greening was faster in non-packaged tubers recording 55 to 100% after 2 weeks in storage and showed high cultivar differences, but did not occur in black bags, whether perforated or non-perforated. Sprouting was complete by week 3 in all tubers packaged in non-perforated HDPE bags irrespective of cultivar. Although the non-perforated HDPE bag packaging prevented weight loss, its positive effect was counteracted by the high incidence of rotting and sprouting. Amongst the different materials evaluated, perforated low-density black PE bags were the best method for ware potato packaging due to low sprouting, reduced weight loss, low rate of tuber greening and reduced rate of tuber decay compared to other packaging materials. The study also indicated that the interaction between cultivars, packaging and storage period also affected shelf life of ware potatoes under ambient tropical conditions.     

整薯播种对马铃薯生育及产量的影响

1979～1984年,在黑龙江省北部黑土地区气象条件、生产水平和栽培条件下,通过田间试验,研究了整薯播种对马铃薯生育和产量的影响。结果表明:整薯播种与传统习惯的切块播种相比,6年期间平产出现频率为2次,一般年份整薯播种比切块播种增产9～12%,在春旱严重的1980年,整薯播种表现出非常突出的抗旱保苗效果。在群体叶面积发展进程上,整薯播种表现早发早衰,切块播种晚发晚表,一般年份光合势前者比后者高9.6%,春旱严重的1980年高82.8%。块茎商品率以112.5克为准时,6年平均整薯播种为74.1%,切块播种为80.0%,两者相差5.9%;以50克为准时,整薯播种为97.3%,切块播种为98.2%,两者相差0.9%。     

Effects of Foliar and Tuber Sprout Suppressants on Storage of Ware Potatoes under Tropical Conditions

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important source of dietary carbohydrate and cash income generation for farmers in the tropical highlands of Kenya. The feasibility for cold storage at the farm level is limited due to the high costs of maintaining such a facility and there is limited data on the long-term post-harvest storage and quality of tubers of tropical-adapted cultivars. Application of sprout suppressants to control premature sprouting of ware potato is an attractive proposition. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of pre-harvest foliar applications of paclobutrazol (PBZ) and ethephon for sprout suppression on ware potato tubers in storage. Post-harvest spray applications of Isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl carbamate) chloropropham (CIPC) and 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene (DMN) on tubers as fog was also evaluated. Potato cultivars had varying levels of tuber dormancy. The tubers were stored at ambient temperature (23 C) and evaluated weekly for 24 weeks for percent of tubers sprouting, length of longest sprouts, tuber weight loss and assessed for dormancy for 24 weeks. Paclobutrazol prolonged tuber dormancy by 21–31 days and reduced tuber weight loss. Ethephon treatment had no effect on dormancy and tuber weight loss. Potato tubers treated with CIPC had greater sprout control than the other treatments in storage. Tuber response to DMN treatment varied among the three potato cultivars evaluated. The findings from this study imply that PBZ is effective in prolonging potato tuber dormancy for short-term basis at 23 C, while CIPC applied on tubers was effective for long term storage. Optimization of post-harvest potato storage can improve food security in the highland tropics.     

马铃薯种薯在高温下萌芽的生物学效应

本试验以晋薯2号品种的带毒及无毒种薯为材料,在萌芽期间进行高温(25～28℃)贮藏处理,以低温(4～7℃)处理作为对照,研究种薯在高温条件下萌芽对后代植株生长、生理及产量的影响,探讨种薯生理年龄的衡量指标以及萌芽高温和病毒在马铃薯退化中的作用。     

Losses during Storage of Potato Varieties in Relation to Weather Conditions during the Vegetation Period and Temperatures during Long-Term Storage

Degradation of harvested tubers due to water loss, sprouting, and disease can cause severe economic difficulties in the cultivation of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). This study evaluated the storage losses of new varieties of potato and determined the sprouting dates of potatoes stored at different temperatures. Additionally, this study evaluated the influence of weather conditions during the vegetative growth period on the date of sprouting in storage. After storage at three different temperatures (3, 5, and 8 °C), we estimated natural losses and losses caused by sprouting or the development of disease. The potato varieties stored at 3 °C, and 5 °C had similar weight losses (8.8% and 9.3%, respectively), but the potatoes stored at 8 °C had higher losses (10.8%). The average potato losses caused by disease ranged from 0.6% to 10%. The onset of sprouting of potatoes stored at 8 °C depended on the variety and began in the 20 day of December. Storage at 5 °C delayed sprouting by about 50 days compared with storage at 8 °C. Weather conditions (hot and rainy) during vegetative growth of the plants also influenced sprouting date, natural losses, and the amount of disease during storage. Our data showed a significant correlation between the hydrothermal coefficient during the vegetative period and the date of sprouting of potatoes during storage.     

Assessment of Dormancy and Sprouting Behavior of CIP Elite and Advanced Clones Under Different Storage Conditions in Uzbekistan

In potato breeding and selection, storability should be regarded as equally important as yield, disease resistance, and quality. A study documenting the dormancy period, sprouting behavior, and weight loss of 17 International Potato Center potato elite and advanced clones was carried out in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, under cellar and cold store conditions, during 2008 and 2009. Ninety tubers of each of 17 clones were allocated to experimental units of 30 tubers each placed in trays and randomized in three replications following a random complete block design. Therefore, there were three replications of 30 seed tubers each per entry. The dormancy period ranged from 77 to 115 days and from 100 to 186 days under cellar and cold storage, respectively. There was a relatively high positive correlation (0.69) for dormancy period between storage systems, indicating that clones demonstrating longer and shorter dormancy periods under one system will also behave similarly under the other system. A negative correlation (−0.53 and −0.88) was found between dormancy period and length of the longest sprout in cellar and cold store, respectively, meaning that clones with shorter dormancy often showed a greater length of their longest sprout. The weight loss percentage per tuber was similar in both storage systems, from 5.0% to 8.0% in the cellar and from 5.0% to 9.8% in the cold store, although for different storage periods (an average of 110 and 166 days under cellar and cold storage conditions, respectively). The study indicated that under cellar conditions, clones with a longer dormancy period and slower rate of sprout growth have less weight loss during storage and therefore better keeping quality.     

Seed potato quality as influenced by high temperatures during the growth period. 1. Effect of storage temperature on sprout growth

Summary In the Negev area of Israel potatoes are grown in two seasons of the year: spring and autumn. Locally grown seed of cv. Up-to-Date prepared for the autumn season are grown in the spring under high-temperature conditions during the last part of the growth period. The response to storage temperature treatments consisted of different degrees of sprouting. Temperatures that encouraged bud development (12–22°C) shortened the dormant period of the tubers by about a month, and usually there is clear apical dominance. However, increasing length of the apical bud was positively correlated with storage temperature. Partial loss of apical dominance was obtained when the tubers were held at a low temperature (4°C) for at least two months after lifting. After transfer of the tubers to high temperatures for another month, there were 3 or 4 sprouts per tuber. The physiological age of seed tubers developing in the semi-arid region is discussed. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, Beit Dagan, Israel 1979 Series, No 300.     

Carbon Disulphide (CS<Subscript>2</Subscript>) Promotes Sprouting and Affects the Metabolism of Harvested Minitubers Grown from True Potato Seed

Chemical agents may be used to overcome dormancy in potato tubers so as to permit early planting. In this paper, the effect of carbon disulphide on sprouting and related metabolic processes in potato tubers grown from true potato seed (TPS) was investigated. Carbon disulphide was applied to potato tubers derived from TPS, at a rate of 20 ml m^?3 container volume for 72 h. It accelerated tuber sprouting and increased tuber weight loss. It also caused an increase in the respiration rate, as well as ethylene emission from the tubers during the first 6 days after treatment. The respiration rate of carbon disulphide-treated tubers remained at a higher level than that of untreated controls for 35 days after treatment. In addition, carbon disulphide increased the concentrations of the soluble sugars sucrose and fructose, but not glucose, in the tuber tissues (buds, parenchyma). These findings suggest that carbon disulphide releases potato minitubers from dormancy and that dormancy breakage is associated with changes in tuber metabolism prior to the visible sprouting.     

Effect of CIPC on Sprout Inhibition and Processing Quality of Potatoes Stored Under Traditional Storage Systems in India

Indigenous non-refrigerated methods like heaps and pits are used in India for short-term storage of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) to avoid distress sale. Storing untreated potatoes generally results in high losses from sprouting, moisture loss and rotting. To reduce storage losses by inhibition of sprouting and to determine the suitability of stored potatoes for processing into crisps, a single spray application of a commercial formulation of 3-chlorophenyl carbamate (CIPC or chlorpropham) 50% a.i., (Oorja, United Phosphorus Limited, Mumbai, India) of CIPC (or chlorpropham) was tested on potatoes during storage from March to June under two traditional storage methods [heap (17–33 °C, 58–92% relative humidity (RH)) and pit (17–27 °C, 72–95% RH)] in 2 years [2005 up to 90 days of storage (DOS) and 2006 up to 105 DOS], using four cultivars and two rates of CIPC application (20 and 30 mg a.i. kg⁻¹ tubers). The two rates of application were comparably effective in reducing weight losses, sprouting and sprout growth in stored tubers, and the effect was more pronounced in pit storage than in heap storage. By contrast to untreated tubers, CIPC-treated potatoes remained turgid under the two storage methods and fetched market prices comparable to those for cold-stored (2–4 °C) potatoes after 105 days of storage. Reducing sugar concentrations in treated potatoes decreased during storage especially in 2006 when the initial reducing sugar concentration was higher than in 2005. Crisp colour improved only in 2005 after 90 DOS, but it deteriorated in 2006 during storage up to 105 DOS. Sucrose concentration increased tremendously during storage in 2 years. Only one cultivar (Kufri Chipsona-1) with low initial reducing sugar concentration and less sucrose accumulation during storage could produce acceptable colour crisps after storage in both years. The remaining three cultivars—with high initial reducing sugar concentration—were suitable for processing after storage in heap and pit in 2005, but not in 2006. Stored potatoes were safe for human consumption as the CIPC residue concentrations were far below the permissible level of 10 mg kg⁻¹ as prescribed by the European Union. Single spray application of CIPC (20 mg kg⁻¹ treatment) can effectively reduce storage losses in potatoes stored in traditional non-refrigerated methods of heap and pit and extend the storage life by 90 to 105 days.     

A comparison of variability in storage behaviour of seed tubers from true potato seed and clonal tubers

Summary The tuber-to-tuber variability in storage behaviour of seed tubers from true potato seed was compared with that in clonal seed tubers after storage in the dark, in diffused light, or in diffused light with a single desprouting. The variability was estimated by calculating standard deviations of length, number and weight of sprouts, and tuber weight loss. After dark storage, the variability of these variables was greater in seed tubers from true potato seed than in clonal seed tubers. After storage in diffused light with a single desprouting, the variability of number, length and weight of sprouts of seed tubers from true seed was not statistically different from that observed in clonal seed tubers. All storage treatments resulted in a greater variability of tuber weight loss in seed tubers from true potato seed than in clonal tubers.