不同形态氮素对弱筋小麦籽粒淀粉积累及其相关酶活性的影响

为给弱筋小麦优质高产高效栽培的合理氮肥运筹提供理论依据,在大田条件下研究了3种形态的氮素（酰胺态氮、铵态氮和硝态氮）对弱筋小麦豫麦50籽粒淀粉合成及其相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,施铵态氮能增加灌浆中后期籽粒总淀粉和支链淀粉积累量,保持较高的籽粒总淀粉和支链淀粉积累速率,而施酰胺态氮籽粒直链淀粉积累量和积累速率较高。施铵态氮有利于提高成熟期籽粒总淀粉、支链淀粉含量和支／直比例,而施酰胺态氮提高了直链淀粉含量。施硝态氮对小麦籽粒淀粉积累的调控效应介于施铵态氮和施酰胺态氮之间。施铵态氮和施硝态氮后旗叶蔗糖合成酶（SS）和灌浆中后期蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性高,灌浆中后期籽粒蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性、籽粒蔗糖含量、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）活性高,束缚态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）活性低,而施酰胺态氮则表现出相反的趋势。施硝态氮的旗叶蔗糖含量始终最低;与施酰胺态氮相比,施铵态氮旗叶蔗糖含量灌浆前中期低,而后期高。说明施铵态氮旗叶蔗糖合成能力强,源器官蔗糖向库运输迅速,籽粒库中糖源供应充足。因此,生产上可以通过改变氮素形态调节淀粉合成酶活性,进而调控淀粉的合成与积累。     

灌溉对弱筋小麦豫麦50籽粒淀粉积累及其相关酶活性的影响

为了探明灌溉对淀粉积累及其相关酶活性的影响规律,在大田条件下,以弱筋小麦豫麦50为材料,研究了三种灌溉方式(W1:拔节期灌水一次;W2:拔节期和孕穗期各灌水一次;W3:拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期各灌水一次.每次灌水定额750 m3/ha)下弱筋小麦淀粉及其相关酶活性的变化规律.结果表明,弱筋小麦灌浆中后期和成熟期籽粒直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉积累速率均表现为W3>W2>W1.成孰期籽粒淀粉支/直比例表现为W3＞W2＞W1.成熟期籽粒淀粉支/直比例表现为W3＜W2＜W1.孕穗期和灌浆期增加灌水提高了灌浆中后期旗叶和籽粒中蔗糖含量、蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性、蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性,提高了灌泺中后期籽粒中可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性和束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性.说明增加灌水使弱筋小麦旗叶蔗糖合成能力强,促进源器官蔗糖向库中运输,保证籽粒库中糖源的充分供应,有利于籽粒淀粉的合成和积累.     

施磷量对弱筋小麦扬麦9号籽粒淀粉合成和积累特性的调控效应

以弱筋小麦扬麦9号为材料，在缺磷土壤（速效磷含量4．1mg／kg）上进行施磷量试验，研究施磷量对小麦籽粒淀粉合成、积累及相关酶活性的影响。结果表明。在施磷（P2O5）0～108kg／ha范围内，增加施磷量，籽粒直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉积累量、积累速率上升，旗叶蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性和蔗糖含量提高，籽粒蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性增强。籽粒蔗糖含量提高。籽粒ADPG焦磷酸化酶（AGPP）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（ssS）、束缚态淀粉舍成酶（GBSS）活性提高，成熟籽粒直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉含量下降。施磷量超过108kg／ha后，直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉积累量、积累速率及蔗糖含量、SPS、SS、AGPP、SSS、GBSS酶活性呈下降趋势。     

施氮对冬小麦旗叶蔗糖含量及籽粒淀粉合成的影响

为给小麦高产优质栽培提供依据,在高产田块上,设置三个氮肥用量(90、180、270 kg N·ha-1),研究了施氮对两个冬小麦品种豫麦49和太空6号开花后旗叶蔗糖、籽粒淀粉合成动态及产量的影响.结果表明,施氮对两品种旗叶蔗糖含量及SPS酶活性、籽粒蔗糖含量及SS酶活性、籽粒淀粉积累速率及产量均有显著影响,但影响特点因品种而异.豫麦49在施氮量90～270 kg·ha-1范围内,随施氮量的增加,旗叶和籽粒的蔗糖含量、SPS和SS活性以及籽粒淀粉积累速率均呈增加趋势.太空6号在施氮90～180 kg·ha-1范围内,上述指标在灌浆中后期与施氮量呈正相关;当氮肥用量增加至270 kg·ha-1时,各项指标均下降.相关分析表明,两供试冬小麦品种籽粒蔗糖含量与旗叶蔗糖含量分别呈极显著和显著正相关(豫麦49 r=0.703**,太空6号r=0.530*);豫麦49籽粒淀粉积累速率与其籽粒蔗糖含量和SS活性之间呈显著和极显著正相关(r=0.578*,r=0.701**),太空6号籽粒淀粉积累速率仅与籽粒SS之间呈显著的正相关(r=0.625*),而与籽粒蔗糖含量之间相关性不显著(r=0.121).施氮量270 kg·ha-1时,豫麦49产量最高;太空6号需氮量相对较低,产量达最大值时的施氮量为180 kg·ha-1.     

氮钾对杂交水稻B优827籽粒淀粉含量及淀粉合成酶活性的影响

以优质杂交籼稻B优827为材料,通过施用不同水平的氮、钾肥,并在B优827灌浆时段测定籽粒的直链淀粉、总淀粉含量以及淀粉合成酶的活性,分析氮、钾对水稻灌浆过程中籽粒淀粉积累、淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响,以及直链淀粉的积累与淀粉合成关键酶活性间的相关性。B优827的直链淀粉含量在开花后20 d内呈线性增加,开花20 d后有所下降;可溶性淀粉合成酶活性变化呈单峰曲线,开花后12 d酶活性达到了最高值,以后随天数增加而迅速降低;淀粉粒结合型淀粉合成酶活性变化呈单峰曲线,开花后15 d酶活性达到最高值,开花后15 d籽粒直链淀粉含量也接近最高值;灌浆中后期可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS)、淀粉粒结合型淀粉合成酶（GBSS)与直链淀粉含量呈现出显著的正相关关系。增施氮肥可以提高SSS和GBSS活性,施钾肥在生育前期提高SSS和GBSS活性,后期抑制两者的活性;氮肥和钾肥均有促进淀粉积累的作用,但氮肥施用量过高时会抑制淀粉的积累。适当控施氮肥、增施钾肥是提高B优827籽粒产量的有效途径。     

水稻籽粒硝态氮和铵态氮积累特性及氮肥调控研究

选用5个粳稻品种,通过田间和盆栽试验,分析水稻籽粒中硝态氮和铵态氮含量的品种间差异和籽粒中分布特点、灌浆过程中积累动态变化及其与施氮量和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性间的关系。结果表明,精米中硝态氮和铵态氮含量品种间有显著差异,铵态氮含量高于硝态氮;硝态氮和铵态氮主要分布在籽粒的米糠层里,在籽粒中呈由外到内逐渐降低的变化趋势;随着施氮量的增加,精米中硝态氮和铵态氮含量都大幅度增加,增幅高达114.1%~203.0%,但增加的幅度因品种不同而异;随灌浆进程的推进,籽粒硝态氮含量逐渐增多直至成熟,但硝态氮的日积累量和铵态氮含量随灌浆进程逐渐上升,达到峰值后又逐渐下降,呈单峰曲线变化,抽穗后25 d达到峰值,硝态氮含量高的品种日积累量显著大于含量低的品种,铵态氮含量高的品种灌浆前期积累量少于含量低的品种,而灌浆后期的积累量高于含量低的品种;籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性与硝态氮和铵态氮含量及硝态氮日积累量间均呈显著或极显著正相关。     

水氮交互对弱筋小麦蔗糖含量和籽粒淀粉积累及品质的影响

为了解弱筋小麦产量和品质的水氮调控效应,于2003~2004年度在大田条件下研究了水氮因素及其交互作用对弱筋小麦旗叶蔗糖合成、籽粒淀粉积累、产量和品质性状的影响。结果表明,就弱筋小麦品种豫麦50而言,150kg/hm2的氮肥用量有利于促进旗叶蔗糖合成,增加籽粒淀粉积累量和籽粒产量,而氮肥施用量过多(270kg/hm2)或全生育期不施氮肥均不利于弱筋小麦产量和品质的形成;在试验条件下,灌拔节水 灌浆水(花后15d)有利于后期旗叶蔗糖合成和籽粒淀粉积累,其籽粒产量最高,品质性状最优;而灌拔节水(1水)或拔节水 灌浆水 麦黄水(3水)均不利于旗叶蔗糖合成和籽粒淀粉积累,导致籽粒产量和品质不同程度的下降。从水、氮的交互效应看,以全生育期施氮量150kg/hm2并保证拔节水和灌浆水是弱筋小麦较为理想的水氮运筹方式。     

施硫对小麦旗叶糖含量和籽粒淀粉积累的影响

为了研究硫对小麦糖类和淀粉积累的影响,以国审中筋高产小麦品种豫农949和兰考矮早8为供试材料,研究了施硫对小麦旗叶可溶性糖含量、蔗糖含量以及籽粒淀粉积累的影响.结果表明,与对照(S0)相比,施硫(S1)有利于提高小麦旗叶净光合速率,增加花后旗叶可溶性糖和蔗糖含量,提高"源"器官碳同化物的供应能力,尤其提高了灌浆前期籽粒中可溶性糖和蔗糖的含量,促进了籽粒可溶性糖、蔗糖的转化.加速了籽粒淀粉的积累.在本试验条件下,施硫显著提高了小麦籽粒产量和淀粉含量,豫农949和兰考矮早8分别增产12.74%和6.16%,籽粒淀粉含量分别增加4.66%和6.20%.     

小麦籽粒淀粉合成动态及其相关酶活性的研究

为了研究小麦籽粒淀粉形成机理与调控技术,选取2个小麦品种,对小麦胚乳发育期间籽粒中直、支链淀粉的积累动态及淀粉合成代谢的几个关键酶——ADPG焦磷酸化酶(ADPG-PPase)、UDPG焦磷酸化酶(UDPG-PPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(S-STS)、束缚态淀粉合成酶(B-STS)与淀粉分支酶(Q-酶)——的活性变化进行了分析。研究结果表明,在小麦籽粒灌浆过程中,直、支链淀粉几乎是同步积累的,不同品种的淀粉积累形成差异表现在两者的相对积累比率上。小麦籽粒发育过程中直链淀粉的含量变化呈“S”形曲线;支链淀粉的含量较直链淀粉含量上升略快。ADPG-PPase、UDPG-PPase、S-STS、B-STS、Q-酶的活性均与淀粉积累速率呈正相关。     

不同温光型专用小麦品种花后旗叶生理与籽粒淀粉积累特性

为探索不同温光型专用小麦籽粒淀粉的积累规律及其与植株生长状况的关系,在大田条件下,以2类温光型和3种筋型的小麦品种为材料,研究花后旗叶的生理特性和籽粒淀粉及组分积累情况。结果表明,旗叶中叶绿素含量在灌浆前期(0~21d)维持较高,后期迅速下降,但2个弱筋型品种下降速度缓慢;半冬性品种旗叶中可溶性蛋白含量均大于弱春性品种,而丙二醛(MDA)含量小于弱春性品种,差异均达极显著水平(P0.01)。不同筋型籽粒淀粉组分和总淀粉的积累动态以弱筋型品种最具优势,其直链淀粉含量均在花后14d进入快速增长期,支链淀粉和总淀粉含量在花后28d仍在持续增加,最终以半冬性弱筋品种的籽粒产量和淀粉产量最高(P0.01)。灌浆前期(0~21d),叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量与直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉含量呈显著和极显著的相关性(P0.01,P0.05);灌浆后期(21~28d),与直链淀粉的相关性不显著,而叶绿素含量与支链淀粉含量的相关性增大。由此可见,旗叶维持较高的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量,较低的丙二醛含量在灌浆前期有利于直链淀粉的积累,后期有利于支链淀粉的积累。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.