夏玉米子粒含水率和子粒灌浆的粒位差异及其关系研究

以不同自然脱水类型玉米品种为材料,分析其花后不同部位子粒含水率变化、粒重、体积、灌浆动态以及灌浆参数,明确子粒含水率变化与灌浆动态的关系。结果表明,灌浆后期两个时间节点子粒含水率差异较大,先玉335较蠡玉16子粒含水率分别低4.27和5.49个百分点。子粒含水率、体积和粒重均存在粒位效应,两个玉米品种子粒含水率均表现为下部子粒中部子粒上部子粒,子粒体积和粒重粒位效应表现为下部子粒中部子粒上部子粒。灌浆速率粒位效应存在基因型差异,蠡玉16表现为中部子粒下部子粒上部子粒,先玉335表现为下部子粒中部子粒上部子粒。灌浆启动势均表现为上部子粒下部和中部子粒,活跃灌浆期粒位差异较大,且品种间粒位效应趋势相反,先玉335活跃灌浆期上部子粒略大于下部子粒,蠡玉16下部子粒活跃灌浆期长于中部和上部子粒。灌浆峰值出现时间不同,两个品种最大灌浆速率出现时间相差4.77 d。     

玉米粒部性状对子粒脱水速率的影响

以8个自交系配制的56个玉米杂交组合为试验材料,对子粒脱水速率、子粒果皮厚度及子粒大小性状进行测定与分析。结果表明,子粒果皮厚度和子粒大小对子粒水分有一定影响,果皮厚度与子粒脱水速率呈负相关,与子粒含水量呈正相关;子粒的长、宽、厚均与子粒脱水速率呈正相关,且子粒长与子粒脱水速率的相关性显著。     

干旱胁迫对玉米产量和品质的影响研究

干旱胁迫不仅影响玉米生长发育和产量,而且影响了玉米的子粒品质。研究结果表明,干旱胁迫对玉米产量的危害顺序为开花期干旱＞孕穗期干旱＞灌浆期干旱。干旱胁迫虽降低了玉米子粒产量,但使子粒有效养分含量提高。灌浆期干旱胁迫使子粒蛋白质中的各种氨基酸含量提高,孕穗期干旱胁迫使子粒蛋白质中的必需氨基酸含量下降。干旱胁迫使子粒脂肪中不饱和脂肪酸含量下降,饱和脂肪酸含量提高。     

增密对湖北省春玉米与夏玉米产量与机收质量的影响

本研究选用不同品种，设置高、低两个种植密度，分析增密后春播与夏播玉米产量及机收质量的变化。结果表明，增密后春玉米和夏玉米的穗粒数与粒重均呈下降趋势，但穗数显著增加，进而均显著增产，产量平均分别提高10.5%、14.4%。增密均显著降低了春播与夏播玉米子粒破碎率与损失率，子粒破碎率分别下降了0.9%、1.1%，损失率分别下降了1.5%、1.2%；增密对含杂率影响不显著。子粒含水量、子粒压缩破碎力与子粒破碎率间呈显著线性相关关系，降低子粒含水量、提高子粒压缩破碎力可明显降低子粒破碎率；增密显著降低收获时子粒含水量、提高了子粒压缩破碎力。因此，建议湖北省春玉米与夏玉米均可适当增加种植密度。     

玉米子粒离体培养条件下适宜子粒穗轴比的筛选

采用离体培养的方法比较不同子粒穗轴比(1/9、2/9、3/9)对玉米子粒发育的影响,并对其体积、干重、鲜重进行测定。结果表明,离体培养后10 d,子粒生长均比较缓慢,子粒穗轴比对子粒生长的影响不大。10 d后子粒体积、鲜重和干重均明显增加,且不同子粒穗轴比之间差异显著。当子粒穗轴比为1/9时,单个子粒的干重、鲜重和体积均最大,且与田间自然充实子粒发育动态相似;子粒穗轴比为2/9的则次之;3/9的子粒穗轴长势最差。由此认为,子粒穗轴比为1/9的培养方式最利于子粒的正常发育。     

正常生长条件下推迟授粉对玉米子粒生长的影响

通过对先后吐出苞叶的花丝进行特定时间的授粉,研究正常生长条件下推迟授粉对玉米子粒生长的影响。结果表明,推迟授粉对先授粉子粒的生长影响较小,先授粉子粒粒重无显著差异,但显著减低了后授粉子粒的粒重,先玉335及登海605两个品种表现一致。进一步研究发现,后授粉子粒的生长动态即干物质积累动态与正常授粉子粒并不存在显著差异,先玉335、登海605、郑单958和大成168这4个品种表现一致,说明无胁迫条件下,推迟授粉仅仅相对推迟了后授粉子粒的生长发育时期,生长时间缩短,从而影响了子粒粒重形成。因此,正常生长条件下推迟授粉事件并未影响子粒生长,胁迫条件下的其他因素可能是造成子粒败育的根本原因。     

不同温度处理对离体培养玉米子粒发育的影响研究

以玉米杂交种农单5号和农大108为材料,采用玉米子粒离体培养的方法研究了不同温度处理对子粒发育的影响,并对子粒败育率、粒重、可溶性糖和淀粉含量进行了测定。结果表明,2个品种对温度影响表现出相同的趋势:与18℃、38℃相比,28℃下子粒发育最好,子粒败育率低、粒重高。在18℃和38℃下,子粒的可溶性糖含量高而淀粉含量低。28℃条件下较适合子粒的发育。     

多胺、乙烯对玉米子粒发育早期的影响

本文对子粒败育与乙烯、多胺的关系进行了探讨.采用两类不同基因型(典型的顶端败育类型和正常类型)玉米杂交种为材料,对子粒发育前期乙烯的代谢变化,以及果穗中下部正常子粒上部败育子粒内原精胺(Spm)、亚精胺(SPd)和腐胺(Put)的含量进行了研究,结果表明:败育子粒在受粉后8～12天阶段中多胺含量明显低于正常子粒,子粒的乙烯释放量在授粉后的0～8天也出现.研究认为,乙烯的释放量,及果穗顶部子粒较低的多胺含量都与子粒败育密切相关,同期败育类型玉米子粒的乙烯释放量显著高于正常类型,同一类型中又表现为顶部高于中部。     

普通玉米3个子粒性状的基因效应分析

为了研究与产量和商品品质有关的子粒性状的遗传机制,利用子粒性状差异明显的6个自交系在加性-显性模型下对子粒长度、子粒容重、HKWI3个子粒性状进行了遗传分析。结果表明,3个子粒性状在多数组合中不符合加性-显性模型,存在上位性效应,其加性效应和显性效应均显著存在,加性效应除子粒长度在多数组合中表现为减效,其余性状为增效;3个子粒性状的显性效应均为增效,且显性效应大于加性效应;上位性效应因材料而异。根据3个子粒性状的遗传特性,通过自交系的选育对其进行选择应该是有效的,一般应在较高世代进行单株选择,同时还应重视亲本间的组配。     

不同发育时期玉米种子蛋白质组分分析

利用蛋白质电泳对两个玉米自交系和两个杂交种不同发育时期的子粒蛋白质组分进行了分析.结果表明:子粒发育10～35 d过程中干物质积累与发育天数成正比.随子粒发育各蛋白质组分开始合成,授粉15 d的种子中具备了成熟种子中的所有蛋白质组分.子粒发育后期蛋白质量随子粒干重的积累而增加,但百分含量无明显变化。     

Maize kernel growth and kernel water relations as affected by nitrogen supply

Improving maize (Zea mays L.) growing conditions near flowering by applying nitrogen (N) could affect both kernel number per unit area (KN) and potential kernel weight (KW). Potential kernel weight can be estimated with maximum kernel water content (MKWC), as final kernel weight and kernel water relations are strongly associated in maize. At the crop level, the product of KN per unit area and MKWC could provide an appropriate index of potential sink capacity. The main objective of this study was to determine if the decrease in potential sink capacity (i.e. the product of MKWC and KN), under N deficit and with a late planting date, is due to MKWC or KN reductions. Additionally, we evaluated sink growth rate per unit area (i.e. the product of KN and kernel growth rate) during grain fill period as related to potential sink capacity. Three N rates under optimal and late planting dates and two hybrids were evaluated in experiments carried out at Paraná, Argentina (31°50′S; 60°31′W) during 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 growing seasons (seasons 1 and 2, respectively). Except for the late planting date during season 1, there was a significant positive response on grain yield, KN, KW, and MKWC to N supply. Experiments explored a broad range of KN, from 1645 to 5066 kernel m⁻². MKWC and KN were positively correlated for DK682. Nitrogen increased the potential sink capacity and sink growth rate only as KN increases from a particular threshold in both hybrids. The sink growth rate was largely related to potential sink capacity, as MKWC was highly correlated with KGR across all treatments. Our analytical approach, considering potential sink capacity as a product of KN and MKWC, is integrative of sink demand both for individual kernel and crop levels. This work highlights the role of early establishment of potential sink capacity on yield determination under a wide range of N conditions.     

Yielding Performance of “Kita-aoba”, High-yielding Rice Variety for Hokkaido Region,Northern Japan

Abstract

The yielding performance of the first high-yielding rice variety for Hokkaido, Kita-aoba, after application of various amounts of nitrogen (9.0 to 23.7 g m-² in 2008 and 10.5 to 16.5 g m-² in 2010) and under various planting densities (13.2 to 33.2 hills m-² in 2008 and 17.5 to 36.8 hills m-² in 2010) was examined in comparison with that of the common variety, Kirara397. Kita-aoba had higher grain yield than Kirara397 owing to its large sink capacity through larger sink capacity per unit biomass at heading. Kita-aoba had a high yield potential (the maximum grain yield of 1081 g m-²), and achieved a high grain yield even in Hokkaido where the rice-growing season is short. Kita-aoba had a large sink size, but, judging from the relationship between sink capacity and percentage of sink filled, further increase of sink size might not result in increase of grain yield. Kita-aoba showed a great increase in shoot dry matter from heading to maturity, but it was not enough to fill its large sink.     

超大穗型小麦源、流与库相关效应的试验研究

以超大穗型小麦为材料，以一般穗型小麦为对照，通过剪穗，剪小穗留茎，叶，保“源”，“流”控“库”和分期收获处理，研究源，流对库的关系与影响。认为源，流输出总量，取决于单个籽粒库的数目，与单个籽粒库数目成正比。源，流因素对单个籽粒库容量大小不起显著影响。源，流输出受籽粒单库数目的制约会出现形式上的滞后性，籽粒单库在自身营造方面会出现工作状态上的自然惰性现象。要克服滞后性和自然惰性现象的影响，提高对光能的利用率，实现高产，最有效的途径是在增加粒重的基础上，主要是增加籽粒数，小麦穗是籽粒的载体，也是光合产物的主要集中地，以多花，大粒组建多粒小穗，以增加小穗数架构超大穗，提高对光合产物的措施，是超大穗小麦育种所要实现的主要目标。超大穗型小麦与一般穗型小麦在源，流，库相关效应方面基本上没有差异。     

双季超级稻强源活库优米栽培技术研究Ⅲ. 超级杂交稻不同密度配置条件下的源库特性与产量

以培杂泰丰和华优86为材料,研究了超级杂交稻源库及产量随移栽密度的变化规律.结果表明:两个超级杂交稻组合的产量均有随移栽密度提高而增加的趋势,有效穗数增加是增产的主要原因;提高移栽密度对超级杂交稻抽穗至成熟期的叶面积、叶片叶绿素含量和叶片衰老速度均无不良影响,但显著提高了茎鞘干物质输出率和转换率;超级杂交稻单位面积的颖花数和库容量均有随移栽密度提高而增加的趋势,提高移栽密度虽然增加了粒叶比,但同时增加了鞘粒比,因此库容有效充实度在各种密度处理之间无显著差异;超级杂交稻产量与茎鞘重、鞘粒比呈显著正相关,而与齐穗期的叶面积和粒叶比相关不显著.     

Agronomic performance of late-season rice in South China

Improving rice yields is critical for global food security. China is a major rice-producing country having two rice cropping systems, i.e. single-season rice cropping system and a double-season system with both early- and late-season rice. There have been reports on the sink-source traits contributing to high grain yield for single- and early-season rice, but such information is limited for late-season rice. In this study, field experiments were conducted at the research farm of Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China in the late rice-growing season. Grain yield and sink-source traits were compared among five cultivars (Guiliangyou 2, Teyou 838, Y-liangyou 087, Teyou 582, and Yuxiangyouzhan) in 2012 and then three cultivars (Guiliangyou 2, Teyou 838, and Y-liangyou 087) in 2013. Y-liangyou 087 produced 6–26% higher grain yield than did the other cultivars. This higher grain yield was driven by improvements in sink-source capacity. Sink capacity was 8–31% higher in Y-liangyou 087 than in the other cultivars. Well-balanced relations between spikelets m^?2 and grain weight was responsible for the higher sink capacity in Y-liangyou 087. The result was that Y-liangyou 087 produced 11–17% greater biomass (source capacity) than did the other cultivars. The greater source capacity in Y-liangyou 087 was mainly attributed to higher radiation use efficiency (RUE). Our study suggests that enhancing sink capacity through balanced relations between number of spikelets per unit land area and grain size, while improving source capacity through increasing RUE is a feasible way to achieve higher grain yield of late-season rice in South China.     

Characteristics of growth and quality,and factors contributing to high yield in newly developed rice variety ‘Akidawara’

The newly developed rice variety ‘Akidawara’ (AKI) combines the traits of high yield and highly palatability, and its cultivation is expected to spread. We examined characteristics of growth and quality, and factors contributing to high yield in AKI by comparing with ‘Nipponbare’ (NIP). Grain yield for AKI were 703 g m^?2 (9% more than NIP) and 781 g m^?2 (14% more than NIP) under the standard and heavy fertilizer regimes. It was also suggested that increase in the sink capacity was the key contributors to the high yield in AKI resulting from a conspicuous increase in the number of spikelets, which is likely due to introgression of the high-yielding variety allele. Furthermore, AKI achieved the similar degree of sink filling in spite of its larger sink capacity. In this point, panicle dry weight increase during ripening (ΔP) was significantly higher for AKI than for NIP despite the fact that no differences in shoot dry weight increase were observed between varieties. The greater ΔP in AKI might be derived from its larger sink capacity and the difference between varieties involves the translocation of nonstructural carbohydrate. In the grain quality, the reduction in perfect grain ratio was negligible and regarded as a small trade-off for AKI’s 14% increase in yield, and grain protein content increased to a lesser degree in AKI at the same yield level. These results suggest that over 700 g m^?2 high yield can be achieved with relative high grain quality and lower protein content in AKI.     

穗重型小麦的源库特征研究

穗重型小麦新品种选育一直是超高产小麦育种的主攻方向之一。为了更好地选育和利用穗重型小麦,明确其大库容与源流的关系,对不同穗型小麦源、库特征进行了比较研究。结果表明,孕穗期穗重型小麦群体矫正光合势(APP)、群体生长率及叶绿素含量均显著地低于多穗型品种(对照);每穗粒数、群体平均单穗粒重、总库容量等显著高于多穗品种;籽粒充实指数、灌浆速率显著低于对照;粒叶比过大或过小。说明群体源不足,源、库关系不协调,是影响穗重型小麦实现高产潜力的根本原因。     

新疆春玉米源库性状的群体调节作用

本试验研究了玉米在不同密度下单株及群体的源库性状的调节能力.结果表明,玉米源性状的调节能力较弱,且随生育进程的发展和群体压力的逐渐增加,叶面积的调节能力逐渐增强.种植密度对主要群体中后期的光合面积、光合时间等因素的影响,从而影响群体的光合速率和干物质积累.种植密度增加对库性状的影响主要是削弱了库器官的建成(结实粒数)和充实(粒重)。     

杂交水稻高产栽培研究进展

高产栽培理论与技术对于提高杂交水稻产量有着重要意义。优化杂交水稻群体质量,扩大杂交水稻库容量,提高光合叶面积指数和光能利用率,增强杂交水稻根系活力,延缓根系和叶片衰老,提高杂交水稻库容的有效充实度,可实现杂交水稻高产。杂交水稻高产栽培实践中形成了以精确定量栽培、强化栽培、三定栽培为代表的等高产栽培技术体系。杂交水稻高产栽培也存在栽培技术与我国农村发展不适应,以及与农业生态环境保护不很好协调的矛盾。精准化栽培、生态化栽培和轻简栽培将是我国今后水稻生产发展急需技术。     

A quantitative approach to characterize sink–source relationships during grain filling in contrasting wheat genotypes

We present a simple generic framework to quantify source–sink relationships during grain filling, by using a determinate growth function which has a unique property, namely being able of explicitly describing the time for the end of a growth process. This model framework was applied to analyze these relationships in plants of six wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes grown in pots in climate-controlled greenhouses under two temperature regimes (day/night: 20/15 and 25/20 °C). The function accurately described the sigmoid pattern of grain growth (sink activity), as its modified form did for the reversed sigmoid shape of flag-leaf area (source capacity), during grain filling. The six genotypes differed significantly in grain number as well as in grain yield, ranging from 54 to 81 grains and from 2.67 to 4.52 g DM per culm, respectively, when grown at 20/15 °C. Biomass and grain yield were significantly reduced by a rise of 5 °C. Grain nitrogen contents raised from 2.1 to 2.6% as a consequence of less carbon accumulation resulting in lower grain weights at the high temperature. On average, a rise of 5 °C in temperature reduced the duration of grain growth by 12 days (>30%), and increased the growth rate from 1.32 to 1.67 mg grain⁻¹ d⁻¹ (20%). Genotypic differences in grain-filling duration were also larger than in rate of grain growth. The genetic variation in the flag-leaf area duration (a proxy for the capacity for intercepting radiation and photosynthesis) was positively associated with sink size. Model analysis showed that whether or not the timing for the cessation of grain filling and for the end of post-anthesis source activity was synchronized depended on temperature. The quantitative approach yielded parameters that characterize genotypic differences of post-anthesis source and sink capacity in responding to environmental variables.