甘蔗新品种桂糖51号的选育

桂糖51号(试验代号:桂糖06-1023)是广西壮族自治区农业科学院甘蔗研究所以ROC20为母本、崖城71-374为父本进行有性杂交,采用"五圃制"常规育种技术选育而成的甘蔗新品种。多年试验结果表明,该品种出苗好、宿根发株多、分蘖力强,有效茎数多,中大茎,具有早熟、高糖、高产稳产、宿根性好、易脱叶、抗倒性强、适应性广等诸多优良特性。在2014—2015年广西区域试验中,桂糖51号2年新植1年宿根平均蔗茎产量(102.66 t/hm2)比对照ROC22增产2.49%,平均蔗糖产量(14.46 t/hm2)比对照增产5.17%;其中宿根蔗优势明显,蔗茎产量(108.74 t/hm2)比对照增产12.25%,蔗糖产量(15.59 t/hm2)比对照增产17.67%;平均蔗糖分(14.09%)比对照高0.36%(绝对值)。桂糖51号适宜在土壤疏松,中等以上肥力的蔗区种植。     

高糖高产甘蔗新品种桂糖38号的选育

为在广西推广应用高产高糖甘蔗新品种,解决生产上品种结构过于单一的问题,以桂糖73-167为母本,CP84-1198为父本进行甘蔗有性杂交育种,采用"五圃制"选育程序,经过区域试验和生产试验育成了目标品种桂糖38号。广西区试结果表明,桂糖38号平均产蔗量96.3t/hm2,较对照新台糖22增产4.3%,其中宿根平均产蔗量为100.9t/hm2,比新台糖22号增产11.5%;11—2月份平均蔗糖分为14.95%,比新台糖22高0.93个百分点,其中11月和12月的平均蔗糖分分别为13.76%和15.14%,比新台糖22分别高0.84和1.21个百分点;新宿平均含糖量为14.4t/hm2,比新台糖22增11.6%,其中宿根平均含糖量为15.1t/hm2,较新台糖22增17.1%。桂糖38号为早熟、高糖、高产、宿根性好、适应性广的优良甘蔗品种,可在广西中等以上肥力的旱地和水田推广种植。     

闽糖02205在国家甘蔗品种第十轮区试中的表现

在2014—2015年国家甘蔗品种第十轮区域试验中,闽糖02205(原代号闽糖02-205)表现为植株高度中等,中至中大茎,有效茎数较多,宿根性强。区域试验2年新植1年宿根平均蔗茎产量105.54t/hm2,比对照新台糖22号略减产0.41%;平均蔗糖产量15.79t/hm2,比对照ROC22增产5.13%;平均甘蔗蔗糖分14.83%,比对照新台糖22号增加0.84个百分点。中抗黑穗病和花叶病。     

宿根性特强甘蔗新品种桂糖29号的选育

桂糖29号(原编号桂糖02-761)是广西甘蔗研究所从崖城94-46X新台糖22号杂交组合后代中选育的最新甘蔗优良品种.该品种表现为萌芽好,分蘖力强,植株较直立紧凑,中茎,有效茎数多,早熟高糖,丰产,宿根性特强.广西区试试验结果,平均蔗茎产量95.7t/h㎡,比CK2(ROC16)增产12.1%,与CK1(ROC22)相近,其中,宿根蔗产蔗量94.0t/h㎡,比CK1和CK2增产10.5%和19.4%;平均蔗糖分15.62%,比CK1和CK2高0.60和0.64个百分点;平均含糖量15.0t/h㎡,比CK1和CK2增产4.2%和17.2%.该品种适应性广,抗寒性明显优于ROC22.该品种于2010年5月通过广西农作物品种审定委员会审定正式命名为桂糖29号.     

甘蔗优良新品种桂糖41号选育与特性研究

桂糖41号(原名:桂糖03-2309)是广西农科院甘蔗研究所经过11年的试验研究选育出来的甘蔗新品种。多年试验结果表明,桂糖41号蔗茎产量和含糖量分别为102.62t/hm2和14.42t/hm2,比ROC22增产10.26%、增糖10.17%;11月至次年2月新植蔗蔗糖分分别为13.19%、14.55%、14.58%、14.86%,高于对照种ROC22;该品种适应性广,蔗茎粗大,增产增糖效果明显。     

甘蔗新品种云蔗94—375的选育

云蔗94-375系从Cp72-1210x崖城73-512的杂交后代中选育的优良甘蔗新品种.其表现为生势强、茎径粗壮、直立紧凑、丰产中熟高糖、适应性广.产量(102.6t/hm2)比对照新台糖10号(P.OC10)增产18.8%,比对照桂糖11号增产10.9%;平均甘蔗含糖分(14.45%)比ROC10高0.10个百分点,比桂糖11号高0.15个百分点;平均含糖量(14.7 t/hm2)比ROC10增产17.7%,比桂糖11号增产13.1%.该品种免疫花叶病,抗黑穗病,抗旱性好,适宜于中等肥力的旱坡地、水浇地及水田种植.可作为糖料或糖能兼用甘蔗新品种推广应用.     

甘蔗新品种桂糖33号的选育

桂糖33号(原编号桂糖02-770)是广西甘蔗研究所从桂糖69-156×新台糖22号杂交组合后代中选育的最新甘蔗优良品种。该品种表现为中熟、高糖、丰产、易剥叶等优良特性。2008—2009年广西区试结果显示,平均蔗茎产量114.83 t/hm2,分别比对照种CK1(ROC22)和CK2(ROC16)增产13.01%和22.90%,平均含糖量为15.81t/hm2,分别比CK1与CK2增产9.64%和17.02%。其中,新植蔗产蔗量为118.92 t/hm2,分别比CK1和CK2增产16.47%和26.19%;平均含糖量为16.42 t/hm2,分别比CK1与CK2增产14.58%和21.63%。该品种适应性广,蔗茎粗大且生长均匀,增产幅度大。该品种于2011年5月通过广西农作物品种审定委员会审定正式命名为桂糖33号。     

甘蔗品种桂糖57号的选育及种性分析

桂糖57号(品系名:桂糖08-1180)是广西壮族自治区农业科学院甘蔗研究所采用杂交育种方法选育出的甘蔗新品种。其母本为ROC26,父本为ROC22,于2008年播种实生苗,2015~2017年参加全国甘蔗品种第十一轮联合区域试验,2020年完成甘蔗品种登记。桂糖57号在全国区试的广西和广东2省(区)7个区域试验点的1年新植和2年宿根结果表明,桂糖57号平均蔗茎产量为103.8t/hm^(2),比对照ROC22增产2.14%。桂糖57号平均全期甘蔗蔗糖分为14.85%,比对照ROC22高0.47个百分点(绝对值)。桂糖57号平均含糖量为15.3t/hm^(2),比对照ROC22增产5.50%。桂糖57号种性表现为中大茎种、植株高度中等、有效茎数多、早熟高糖、高产、抗倒伏性强。桂糖57号在广西甘蔗主产区的崇左、来宾以及河池蔗区表现出较强的适应性。     

甘蔗新品种桂糖34号的选育

桂糖34号是按"五圃制"常规杂交育种方法经过9年选育而成的甘蔗新品种,比较适合广西旱坡地种植。该品种高产稳产,在广西区域试验中,平均蔗茎产量为112.80 t/hm2,比对照种新台糖16号、新台糖22号分别增产20.82%、11.00%;宿根性好,宿根蔗发株率达196.64%,比新台糖16号高47.66个百分点,比新台糖22号高53.27个百分点;耐旱性较强,在没有灌溉条件的旱地种植,产量最高达107.84t/hm2,比新台糖16号和新台糖22号增产,增幅最高达44.7%。     

甘蔗新品种Q124的引进与选育

Q124是云南省农业科学院甘蔗研究所2000年从澳大利亚引进,经过引种疫情检测、繁殖观察、试验筛选和全省甘蔗品种区试及生产示范选择而成的优良甘蔗新品种。该品种为中茎种,早中熟高糖高产种。各试验阶段表明:平均公顷产蔗81.97t,与对照ROC22相当,比对照桂糖11号增产16.26%;甘蔗平均含糖分15.59%,比对照ROC22高0.52个百分点,比桂糖11号高0.68个百分点:平均公顷含糖12.78t,比对照ROC22增糖1.88%,比桂糖11号增糖21.63%。该品种经抗旱鉴定为抗旱品种,经过黑穗病人工接种鉴定为2级抗病。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

玉米产量性状配合力遗传分析

通过对8个中晚熟玉米自交系产量性状进行双列杂交分析，表明各个自交系产量性状的一般配合力与特殊配合力存在显著差异，玉米杂交种F₁的产量构成受到一般配合力与特殊配合力的共同作用，用特殊配合力对F₁的作用大于一般配合力。特殊配合力高低与一般配合力无明显相关关系。因此在玉米杂交种组配与自交系改良工作中，既要兼顾双亲的一般配合力与特殊配合力，又要保持杂交优势利用模式与选系模式的种质关系。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

几个粳稻不育系、恢复系产量性状配合力研究

新粳型不育系和恢复系是通过籼粳交或粳粳交的方式培育而成的中间型稳定品系,杂交组合的育性正常或接近正常。粳型不育系和恢复系配组,杂种F1的产量性状差异显著或极显著。组合9512A/R364、73A/R55、150A/R198、9512A/R2690、150A/R55,具有产量的正向超亲、超标优势,另一些组合呈显著或极显著的负向优势;本研究产量性状一般配合力好的不育系是中14A、辽150A、73A、9512A、9214A,恢复系是R198-2、R238、R46、C418、R364和花38;亲本的产量性状一般配合力和特殊配合力在不同性状的作用没有交叉。杂种优势的表现与双亲亲和力高低、配合力高低有明显的相关性。辽150A、9512A的超亲优势明显,R198、R55、R2690、R364、C204等恢复系具有较强的杂交优势。不育系对产量性状的作用显著大于恢复系。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

马铃薯黑痣病菌生物学特性测定

马铃薯黑痣病是土传真菌性病害,在定西市马铃薯种植区均有发生,目前已成为影响马铃薯产量和品质的主要因素之一。本研究对马铃薯黑痣病菌从温度、光照、碳源、氮源以及p H方面进行了生物学特性的测定。结果表明:该病原菌菌丝在无光25℃条件下生长最快,在无光35℃条件下生长最慢;室温条件下培养1 d后用紫外线照射处理2 h,然后室温持续光照培养4 d的菌丝生长速率最大,持续黑暗培养4 d的菌丝生长速率最慢;不同碳氮源对该菌菌丝生长均有影响,碳源为淀粉的培养基上菌丝生长最快、氮源为尿素的培养基上菌丝生长最快;培养基p H中性时菌丝生长速率最大。     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。