低能氮离子束对不同倍性水稻的诱变效应

对二倍体水稻和同源四倍体水稻进行了低能氮离子束注入处理并对其生物学效应进行了鉴定.结果表明,低能氮离子束注入处理后对同源四倍体水稻产生的生物学效应比对二倍体水稻的生物学效应更明显,前者比后者对低能氮离子束注入更敏感;6份同源四倍体水稻的平均变异频率为21.2%,而6份相应的二倍体水稻的平均变异频率为2.6%;通过对实验材料的鉴定和筛选,获得了一些具有一定特点的突变体(高结实率的同源四倍体水稻、具有双胚苗特性的同源四倍体水稻、具有红心米性状的二倍体水稻等).由此认为,利用低能离子束注入技术对同源四倍体水稻进行遗传改良的效果值得肯定.     

棉花种间杂交胚珠内胚离体培养及幼苗发育

用陆地棉中棉所7号(以下简称中_7)作母本与亚洲棉石系亚1号(以下简称石_1)作父本进行杂交,以中棉所7号自交作对照。将授粉后二天和三天的杂交和自交胚珠进行无菌离体培养,获得成熟的胚和幼苗。将培养70天左右的杂交和自交胚珠解剖观察胚胎发育情况及统计有胚的百分数,所得结果,种间杂交授粉(?)二天的有胚数为32.1％(每100个胚珠中有胚的胚珠数),三天的为42.1％;陆地棉自父授粉后二天的为22.7％,三天的为23.8％。从培养70天左右长成的杂交和自交“种子”中剖出的胚,转培于适宜生根的培养基,获得100多株幼苗。     

同源四倍体水稻与狼尾草杂交结实的胚胎学证据

在以6份同源四倍体水稻为杂交母本与狼尾草进行属间杂交中发现,其结实率达到0.84%～2.06%,而在以二倍体水稻为母本的属间杂交中却没有获得结实种子.利用激光扫描共聚焦显微技术对属间杂交结籽的特殊生殖现象进行了观察研究,试图寻找其杂交结实的胚胎学证据.结果表明,狼尾草的花粉粒不能在二倍体水稻的柱头上萌发,说明二倍体水稻与狼尾草的生殖隔离很严格,两者很难杂交.然而,狼尾草的花粉粒在同源四倍体水稻的柱头上能萌发,花粉管能在花柱中伸长并能将雄配子送入胚囊内与雌配子融合成受精卵.同源四倍体水稻与狼尾草的受精作用比较特殊,包括精细胞与卵细胞的单受精作用、精细胞与次生极核的单受精作用和正常的双受精作用,总受精率和总成胚率分别为6.36%～11.68%和4.11%～9.44%.试验结果为解释同源四倍体水稻与狼尾草杂交结籽的特殊生殖现象提供了有力的胚胎学证据.     

浅谈甜菜四倍体雄性不育系的选育方法

在甜菜育种史上,自从发现秋水仙素有独特作用以后,甜菜育种工作者便开始了诱变二倍体甜菜为四倍体甜菜来培育多倍体甜菜品种。据国内外试验证明,以普通四倍体甜菜为母本的杂交多倍体品种,杂交率仅在60％左右,产糖量一般超过系选品种的15～20％。如果将四倍体甜菜选育成雄性不育系,杂交率可达到100％,那么单位面积产糖量就会提高到另一个新水平.然而,选育四倍体不育系比选育二倍体不育系有着较多的困难。四倍体甜菜本身存在着结实率低的弊病,选育不育系其父本需要多代自交,甜菜是异花授粉自交不亲合性很强的作物,四倍体甜菜强制自交以后,结实率有明显的下降,种子发芽率有明显的降低,而且连续多代自交其不亲合现象就越发严重,     

离子束诱变双胚苗水稻的谷粒性状及相关分析

为了挖掘无融合生殖种质并提供参考资料给一系法杂交水稻的选育,以离子束诱变所得同源四倍体双胚苗突变水稻品系、近亲系和介导后代为研究材料,对其农艺性状、谷粒性状、谷粒性状间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,与四倍体双胚苗品系相比,二倍体双胚苗品系的株型小、主穗颖花数多、谷粒小、谷粒容重高、谷粒容重对单粒重贡献最大;披碱草介导品系的株型大、主穗颖花数多、谷粒大、谷粒容重高、单粒质量高、谷粒体积对单粒重贡献最大;原始亲本在各项指标参数中都差异不明显。     

药用万寿菊多倍体的诱导与特征分析

为获得四倍体药用万寿菊材料,采用秋水仙素对药用万寿菊‘内蒙1号’的种子进行多倍体诱导研究。以0.15%浓度的秋水仙素处理露白的万寿菊种子24 h,幼苗变异率较佳,可达到56%。幼苗定植于田间,初步筛选并标记形态变异植株,自花授粉后采收种子播种并观测子代形态指标,对形态变异明显的植株进行流式细胞仪检测,确定获得15株纯合四倍体。通过将四倍体与二倍体进行比较,四倍体植株茎粗、栅栏组织厚度、栅栏组织与海绵组织的比例和单朵花重量显著高于二倍体植株,四倍体植株总叶量、叶宽、叶长、叶长宽比、叶片气孔密度和单株花朵数量显著低于二倍体植株。获得的四倍体万寿菊植株单株花总重量比二倍体显著增加。     

用Stock6杂交诱导的单倍体鉴定方法初探

试验以Stock6杂交诱导种子为材料,对单倍体鉴定方法进行初步研究。结果表明,表型性状如子粒Navajo标记、紫色植株标记、株高都可用于鉴定单倍体,综合应用这些方法时株高鉴定最准确。子粒Navajo标记和紫色植株标记鉴定可淘汰掉大量杂交二倍体;在无紫色植株标记的绿色植株中,株高相对较矮的是单倍体,生长发育正常的植株可能是纯合二倍体或杂交二倍体,需进一步通过单倍体子代果穗子粒Navajo标记鉴定,所获子粒均无子粒Navajo标记的是纯合二倍体,有子粒Navajo标记的是杂交二倍体;细胞学鉴定直接验证了其它表型鉴别方法的鉴定准确性。总之,这些单倍体鉴定方法各有优缺点,综合应用它们可以提高单倍体鉴定效率,加快单倍体育种技术在玉米遗传育种中的应用。     

二倍体杂种优势马铃薯育种的展望

马铃薯育种进程缓慢主要是由马铃薯四倍体遗传特性决定的。高度杂合的四倍体马铃薯中隐性基因表现频率低,使得很多有害的等位基因被隐藏在四倍体中,而有利等位基因很难重组到一个四倍体品种中,这是造成马铃薯杂交育种周期长的一个重要原因。马铃薯无性繁殖有利于保持原品种的优良性,生育期短;但储运成本高、容易退化。实生籽利用的优点是储运简便、基本不传播病虫害,且有利于知识产权保护。与四倍体实生种相比,二倍体F1育种可以通过不断自交将有害基因剔除掉,从而获得优良自交系用于F1实生籽生产。随着马铃薯研究的不断发展和马铃薯全基因组测序的基本完成,近几年二倍体F1实生籽育种成为了国际马铃薯研究的热点。然而,要实现二倍体实生籽生产,自交不亲和及其自交衰退是培育自交系的绊脚石。我们正在克隆自交不亲和抑制基因Sli,并且通过杂交将该基因整合到优良栽培品种中,为下一步培育出优良二倍体自交系奠定基础。同时我们也正在全基因组水平上挖掘马铃薯自交衰退相关基因区域,希望能进一步了解自交衰退的遗传机理,探索一条快速克服自交衰退的分子育种路径。这些工作将有助于建立马铃薯二倍体F1育种体系,带动马铃薯产业进入新的"绿色革命"。     

野生二倍体鸭茅染色体加倍及杂交利用研究

对滇中朗目山野生二倍体鸭茅用秋水仙素处理萌动种子，获得了混倍体鸭茅(同一植株根尖中二倍体细胞和四倍体细胞混存)，混倍体鸭茅的形态学特征及生长发育均与二倍体无明显差异；从混倍体鸭茅自然传粉后代中，获得了纯合同源四倍体鸭茅。同源四倍体鸭茅的气孔和种子均较二倍体大，但形态、发育与二倍体差异较小。以诱导所得混倍体为母本，与四倍体栽培种杂交，杂交F1代为四倍体，其形态学特征及物候发育均介于野生二倍体和四倍体栽培种之间，早期生长与四倍体栽培种相当，优于野生二倍体，繁殖性能与野生二倍体相当，强于四倍体栽培种，分蘖、再生性及干物质产量均强于二倍体，但明显不如四倍体栽培种。以鸭茅野生二倍体为母本，与四倍体栽培种进行杂交，获得的杂交三倍体高度不孕，但早期生长、分蘖、再生等明显优于母本二倍体，杂交三倍体开放传粉后代倍性复杂，混倍体、四倍体和五倍体都有。     

航天诱变甜菜单胚新品种航甜单0919的选育

利用航天育种卫星搭载的甜菜单胚雄性不育系和二倍体品系,从材料中找到优良的变异株,利用变异株配制了8个杂交组合,从中筛选出优良杂交组合甜航单0919。甜航单0919是我国首个利用航天诱变技术研制的二倍体单胚杂交种,杂种优势强,丰产性好,含糖率高,较抗褐斑病和根腐病,克服了单胚品种含糖低、抗性差的缺点。     

Comparisons of tetraploid progenies of potato dihaploids,their chromosome-doubled derivatives and second generation dihaploids

Summary Comparisons were made between tetraploid progenies obtained by crossing dihaploid and chromosome doubled dihaploid potatoes with tetraploids. Dihaploids obtained from a doubled dihaploid produced some progenies from 2xx4x crosses which were as high yielding and had as good tuber characteristics as control progenies produced by intercrossing heterozygous tetraploids. It was found that there was a slight reduction in tuber yield associated with inbreeding but selection could be made among highly inbred material for useful parents. Other characters were little affected by inbreeding. It was concluded that haploidisation and chromosome doubling could be used to produce homozygous clones for use by breeders without greatly depressing the agronomic value of their offspring.     

Contribution of synthetic tetraploids (AAAA) and diploids (AA) to black Sigatoka resistance and bunch weight to their triploid progenies

The generation of banana triploids from tetraploid-diploid crosses requires knowledge on the influence of the parents on black Sigatoka resistance and agronomic traits to the triploid progenies. The objective of this investigation was to determine the influence of tetraploid and diploid parents on black Sigatoka resistance and agronomic traits in the triploid progenies generated from tetraploid-diploid crosses. The mating scheme was designed as a 4 × 5 North Carolina II mating design. Due to problems in seed set and germination, progenies from 2 male parents with 4 female parents were evaluated at two sites in Uganda. The results showed that the male-parent triploid progeny heritability estimate for the number of leaves at harvest was greater than the female parent estimate. The diploid parents had higher correlation coefficients for the total leaves at harvest with the triploid progenies than tetraploid parents with triploid progenies. Disease development over time took more days in diploid parents than in the tetraploid parents with the triploid progenies as intermediates. These results suggested that diploids transferred black Sigatoka resistance to the triploid progenies as measured by the number of standing leaves and disease development overtime. There was a positive correlation (P < 0.05) between tetraploid female parents and triploid progenies for plant height and bunch weight. The triploid progeny-tetraploid female parent heritability estimates for plant height (0.92) and bunch weight (0.72) were highly significant. These results indicated that the female synthetic tetraploids influenced plant height and bunch weight in the triploid progenies. Therefore, it is important to select the tetraploids with heavy bunches to effectively improve yield in triploid progenies generated by tetraploid-diploid crosses. The tetraploid-diploid progenies had a significant (P < 0.05) family-by-site interaction for bunch weight indicating that new banana genotypes need to be tested across different environments to select stable genotypes to promote to end-users.     

Resistance to powdery scab of seedling progenies ofSolanum tuberosum

Summary Tubers from individual seedlings of nineteen progenies involving eleven parental cultivars were tested for resistance to powdery scab over 2 years in artificially infested soil beds. There was a significant correlation between the mean resistance of a progeny and the phenotypic resistance of its parents.     

Performances of true potato seed families derived from intermating tetraploid parental lines

Four different sets of true potato seed (TPS) families, representing a total of 262 hybrids derived from intermating tetraploid clones were evaluated in three different locations in Peru. Significant differences were observed among families in tuber yield, uniformity and transplant survival rate in the field. Several families produced an average tuber yield of more than 1.0 kg per plant, with a tuber uniformity of some families approaching that of standard varieties. Hybrid TPS families gave higher tuber yields and more uniform tubers than families from open-pollination. On the basis of an observed family-environment interaction for tuber yield, it is suggested that locally adapted cultivars or advanced selections should be used as parents to generate TPS progenies for specific areas.     

Bacterial wilt resistance in the progenies of the fusion hybrids between haploid of potato andSolanum commersonii

Bacterial wilt of potatoes, which used to be a widespread disease in tropics and subtropics, has become a threat to potato production in temperate region. The diploid species Solanum commersonii has several desirable characteristics including cold tolerance and resistance to several diseases. Selected somatic hybrids between S. tuberosum dihaploid and bacterial-wilt-resistant S. commersonii clones were cross pollinated with S. tuberosum cultivars for further selection of bacterial wilt resistance. The chromosome numbers of the fusion parents were confirmed as 24, and the three fusion hybrids crossed were all tetraploids. The chromosome number of 11 backcross 1 progenies (BC1) was 48 and that of the other six was close to the tetraploid number. Backcross 2 progenies (BC2) were obtained from only three of the 44 BC1 clones crossed. The S. commersonii parent clone, LZ3.2, was the most resistant to bacterial wilt among wild species clones tested. The first sexual progenies segregated for resistance, with one clone highly susceptible and four clones highly resistant. Three highly resistant BC1 clones, CT02-4, CT08-4, and CT10b-4, were backcrossed to cultivars. Two cross combinations produced mostly susceptible BC2 progenies; however seven clones were resistant or highly resistant for both race 1 and race 3. The highly resistant three clones, CT204-3, CT206-9 and CT206-10, were selected for the further testing as cultivars or breeding materials.     

Assessing progenies of potato for resistance to early blight

Summary Progenies from crosses between cultivars varying widely in resistance to early blight (Alternaria solani Sor.), were assessed for resistance as true seedlings in a glasshouse in Scotland. The resistance of a representative sample of surviving genotypes from each progeny was compared with samples of the same progenies not previously exposed to the fungus, both in the glasshouse in Scotland and in the field in Israel. The exposed population was more resistant. Resistance was identified more effectively in adult plants from tubers in the glasshouse than in true seedlings and agreement between glasshouse and field assessment was better when progenies were compared rather than individual genotypes. The mid parent and progeny mean scores of the unexposed population were correlated at both sites, thus confirming that the resistance is heritable. Selecting resistant individuals at the seedling stage is suggested as a useful tool for resistance breeding, having first chosen the best parents for crossing.     

Assessing progenies of potato for resistance to skin spot (Polyscytalum pustulans) in the glasshouse

Summary Crosses were made between six parents differing in susceptibility to skin spot and glasshouse-grown tubers from true seedlings of the nine resulting progenies assessed for resistance to the disease. The assessment was evaluated by a two-year comparison with the behaviour of field-grown tubers of the progenies and their parents. The correlations between progenies in the glasshouse and field were r=0.911 and 0.753 and those between the mid-parental values and the progeny means were high (r>0.864), indicating that parental differences were heritable. It is concluded that correlations were sufficient for glasshouse-grown tubers to be used for assessing large numbers of progenies in genetical studies and for eliminating highly susceptible progenies at an early stage in a breeding programme. R.L. Wastie died 16.01.96.     

A root inoculation technique to screen potato seedlings for resistance toPseudomonas solanacearum

A seedling inoculation technique for screening potato progenies for resistance toPseudomonas solanacearum was devised, and the effect of certain treatment variables on efficiency of the technique was determined. Concentration of inoculum and age of seedlings were critical factors; with very young seedlings (16 days old) or low concentration of inoculum (10⁵ cells/ml for isolate K-60) many seedlings escaped infection. With older seedlings (25 days old) and high concentrations of inoculum (10⁹ cells/ml), very few or none of the seedlings survived. Inocula containing mixtures of the most virulent isolates, such as S-207, S-213, and S-123, even at relatively low populations (ca. 10⁵ cells/ml), killed most of the susceptible seedlings. In the standard procedure, true seed was sown in rows 3.2 cm apart in 50 x 35 cm flats and seedlings were grown for 20 days in a growth room at 22 C and a 14-hr photoperiod. For inoculation, 5 liters of a cell suspension of two pathogenic isolates ofP. solanacearum (S-207 and S-213, or S-207 and S-123) were added to each flat, and roots were cut immediately with a knife run between and across the rows of seedlings. Inoculated seedlings were incubated in a growth room at 28 C for 2 weeks, and survivors then were moved to the greenhouse for propagation. Stem inoculation of 20 clones derived from plants that survived the standard procedures showed that 16 of them had clear-cut resistance to the bacterium. Tests with 39 hybrid families from crosses of resistant clones with susceptible Mexican and Colombian cultivars showed a relatively high survival rate in progeny from crosses involving three specific resistant parents.     

Inheritance patterns of reducing sugars in potato tubers after storage at 12 C and 4 C followed by reconditioning

Progenies from crosses of ND860-2, a low reducing sugar clone, with two potato cultivars (Trent and Onaway), differing in reducing sugar content, as well as the progenies of the parents selfed, were examined for reducing sugar content. Tubers were assessed after storage at 12 C for 10 weeks (regular storage) and 4 C for 10 weeks followed by reconditioning at 20 C for two weeks (reconditioning). After regular storage, all seedling progenies had relatively high frequencies of low reducing sugar segregates (i.e., equal or less than those of ND860-2 clone). After reconditioning, a high frequency of seedlings with low reducing sugars was observed in the progeny from ND860-2/Trent (46.7%), however, they were also found in the progeny from ND860-2/Onaway (6.7%). Results of this study suggested that progenies from crosses involving ND860-2 would segregate for low reducing sugar content regardless the reducing sugar level of the other parent.