机插秧同步侧深施肥技术对水稻产量及肥料利用率的影响

以N两优1998和中籼优质杂交稻万象优华占为材料,研究水稻机插秧同步侧深施肥技术对水稻产量和肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明,机插秧同步侧深施肥能够提高水稻茎蘖数,增加产量,提高肥料利用率,以机插秧在减基蘖肥20%内配合侧深施肥的处理效果较好。与风送方式相比,螺旋式侧深施肥效果更好。     

水稻机插秧同步侧深施肥技术集成示范活动在黑龙江建三江举办

正2018年5月8日,农业农村部在黑龙江建三江举办水稻机插秧同步侧深施肥技术集成示范活动,展示示范水稻机插秧同步侧深施肥技术应用成果,加快技术推广应用,促进农业绿色发展。16种带有侧深施肥功能的32台插秧机分别进行陆地施肥效果展示和水田插秧作业演示,这是国内首次较大规模的水稻侧深施肥技术     

中国农业科学院茶叶研究所承担国家重点研发计划 化肥农药减施增效 助推茶产业绿色发展

正本刊讯日前,由中国农业科学院茶叶研究所承担,阮建云研究员主持的"茶园化肥农药减施增效技术集成研究与示范"获得2016年国家重点研发计划"化学肥料和农药减施增效综合技术研发"专项支持,计划在5年内通过技术集成创新,构建出一系列的茶园化肥农药减施技术模式,为广大茶农提供明白易懂的操作规程,以大幅削减我国茶园化肥农药的用量,从而实现茶叶的绿色、安全生产,进一步推     

“茶园化肥农药减施增效技术集成研究与示范”项目专题

【编者按】茶树是典型的叶用植物,对养分元素需求较大,同时茶叶生长在暖温带和亚热带地区,病虫害多发。为了提高茶叶产量与品质,茶园中过量施肥和化学农药的不合理使用现象比较突出。化肥农药过量施用不仅增加生产成本和危及生态环境安全,由此导致的茶叶质量安全问题受社会高度关注,也是我国茶叶出口中遇到的一个瓶颈问题。因此,大力发展茶园化肥农药替代技术及相关产品研发,促进茶园养分高效利用、传统化学防治向现代绿色防控的转变迫在眉睫。由中国农业科学院茶叶研究所牵头,联合多个国家级科研院所、高等院校以及省级农技推广部门实施的"茶园化肥农药减施增效技术集成研究与     

关于推进江苏水稻机插侧深施肥的思考

阐述了江苏省水稻施肥现状,分析了水稻机插侧深施肥的技术要点和优越性,并提出对策建议,以期为江苏水稻生产绿色发展和化肥减量增效提供参考。     

呼伦贝尔市春小麦“二改三减两覆盖”节本提质增效技术集成与应用

介绍了呼伦贝尔市春小麦“二改三减两覆盖”节本提质增效技术要点,提出了改良小麦品种,提高市场竞争力;改善群体结构,构建安全高效群体;推广免耕播种,减少翻耕作业次数;推广轮作、绿色防控技术,减少农药用量;推广秸秆还田、增施有机肥技术,实现化肥减量增效;编制春小麦地方标准,实现标准化生产全覆盖;引进大型综合性作业机械,实现全程机械化覆盖等技术内容,以推动呼伦贝尔市小麦产业的发展。     

肥药减施技术集成对长江中下游地区单季稻产量及病虫害防治的效应

在保障水稻稳产的条件下,集成了长江中下游地区单季稻区水稻化肥和农药减施技术。通过田间试验,研究了施用硅肥、减施氮肥、施用微生物菌肥以及不同病虫害防治技术的配合对长江中下游地区单季稻产量及病虫害防控效果的影响。结果表明,当施氮量由现有农民习惯施氮量(纯N)300 kg/hm~2减量至240 kg/hm~2时,对水稻产量影响不大,且产量在与其他几种不同技术配合下表现也最为稳定。在施氮量为180 kg/hm~2或240 kg/hm~2条件下,通过配施硅肥和"三防两控"技术配套,均可达到与农民习惯氮肥施用量(300 kg/hm~2)和病虫害常规防治方式下的产量水平。此外,氮肥减施配施硅肥结合"三防两控"的技术集成,可以在产量不降低的条件下,减少1次用药、52.8%固体剂型农药用量和61.0%液体剂型农药用量,同时达到与常规施肥和防治措施下的同等防控效果。说明该技术适宜在长江中下游地区单季稻区推广应用,是实现产量提升和肥药减施的有效途径之一。     

茶园化肥减施的认识误区及实施建议

茶园化肥减施是不是茶园不让施化肥了,是不是不施肥的茶叶品质更好？茶园化肥减施,茶叶还能长好吗？针对化肥减施行动实施以来,部分茶叶生产者的认识误区,讨论了茶园施肥的必要性、化肥减施的紧迫性,以及合理的化肥减施措施及成效。茶园施肥不足会影响茶树的正常生长,茶叶减产降质明显;施肥过量则会使土壤质量恶化,同样对茶树生长不利。只有通过合理施肥,并配套增效技术,才能促进茶树正常生长。茶园化肥减施要根据不同生产茶园具体情况进行,基本原则为总氮控制、磷钾基准养分合理配比,有机肥替代（以纯N计）比例25%～40%。     

省肥省工增产 吉林省推广水稻机插秧同步侧深施肥技术

正"水稻机插秧同步侧深施肥技术,是在水稻机插秧的同时,将肥料呈条带状定量施用于水稻根系侧3厘米纵5厘米的土壤中,实现了水稻施肥精确定量、靶向施用,能够较大程度提高肥料利用效率,稳定地为水稻秧苗提供养分。"吉林省农业科学院副研究员刘亮站在插秧机上一边讲解,一边为新型经营主体带头人和种植大户演示施肥插秧效果。     

广东单丛茶区化肥减施增效技术模式研究

通过田间试验,研究了控释肥、配方肥、有机替代和蚯蚓生物培肥4种化肥减施增效复合技术模式对广东单丛茶区茶园土壤肥力、茶叶产量和品质的影响,并比较了不同模式的肥料农学效率和综合经济效益。结果表明,4种技术模式可减少化肥养分投入量20%~30%（总养分投入量减少17%~0）,产量增加4.9%~12.3%,且品质均有不同程度提升,年经济效益每公顷增加1.51~3.26万元。其中,控释肥模式的肥料农学效率和综合经济效益最高,分别比习惯施肥增加58.0%和10.9%;有机替代模式品质提升最显著,氨基酸增加10.2%,可溶性糖增加9.6%,酚氨比下降13.4%。控释肥和有机替代两种化肥减施增效技术模式在广东单丛茶区具有较好的应用前景。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

云南省"双高"甘蔗生产与发展

从自然生产条件、龙头企业状况和产业经济效益3方面论述了云南省“双高”甘蔗发展的优势条件.分析了现阶段“双高”甘蔗发展中存在的主要问题,即甘蔗产业科技落后、蔗园建设投入不足、加工企业规模较小,产品单一.从“双高”甘蔗优势产业带建设,甘蔗种子工程体系,“双高”甘蔗科技、甘蔗产业化经营发展与科技培训等方面提出了“双高”甘蔗发展的建议和措施.