土壤基础肥力和肥水运筹对春小麦产量和品质及植株氮素状况的影响

本试验采用裂区设计，主区设施基肥(F)和不施基肥(O)处理，副区为追肥灌水处理，供试小麦品种为宁春4号，播种量均为750万有效粒数/hm^2，同一试验方案分别在地段Ⅰ和地段Ⅱ同时连续进行三年。通过试验探讨了在不同地力条件下，不同基肥水平结合不同追肥灌水处理对春小麦产量和品质及植株氮素运转的影响。试验结果表明，培肥地力与较低地力时增施基肥是小麦高产优质的基础；增施基肥以及小麦孕穗至开花期追施氮肥通过增加叶氮量与植株NRA活性进而提高了籽粒蛋白质含量。籽粒产量和蛋白质含量之间的负相关关系可以通过培肥地力及合理肥水运筹加以协调。氮肥和灌水对提高产量具有共同作用，但对小麦品质的影响不同。对同一优质品种，氮肥能增加籽粒蛋白质和干面筋含量，却降低了面粉加工品质；水分会降低蛋白质和干面筋含量，却提高了面粉加工品质。当水肥密切配合时，能使小麦产量大幅度提高而对小麦品质没有明显影响。小麦高产优质高效栽培的技术关键是以优质品种为前提，在较高地力基础上肥水合理运用。     

高有机质土壤条件下施氮对强筋小麦产量及品质的影响

为研究高有机质含量土壤条件下施用氮肥对强筋小麦产量及品质的影响，选择土壤有机质含量为3．09％的地块，通过播前底施和拔节期追施等量氮肥（225kg／ha），对两个强筋小麦品种（8901-11和济麦20）的产量和部分生理及品质指标进行了研究。结果表明，增施氮肥有利于提高叶片叶绿素含量、氮素含量以及旗叶硝酸还原酶活性；施用氮肥可显著提高籽粒产量、籽粒蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量、沉淀值、谷蛋白大聚合体及谷蛋白含量，且追施效果优于底施；追施氮肥可以更好地调节籽粒蛋白的组成及含量，从而改善籽粒营养及加工品质。对于清蛋白、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白等三种蛋白质组分的含量，不同小麦品种的施氮反应不尽相同。本试验中，施氮处理对8901-11的影响大于对济麦20的影响。     

安徽省小麦产业体系展示品种HMW-GS组分及GMP的研究

为了解安徽省淮北及黄淮麦区的小麦加工品质,以52个安徽省小麦产业体系展示品种为材料,分析了供试小麦品种HMW-GS的组成和分布、谷蛋白聚合体(GMP)含量、小麦蛋白质含量、Zeleny沉降值及湿面筋含量。结果表明,52个供试小麦品种的HMW-GS变异类型众多,共发现13种变异类型,包含6种优质亚基类型;共出现了21种HMW-GS组合。按照GMP、蛋白质、湿面筋含量及Zeleny沉降值可将52个供试品种分为4类。供试品种的品质评分介于4~10分之间,平均7.4分。基因位点Glu-A1含有1亚基的品种,GMP含量高于含有Null亚基的品种。     

施氮模式对强筋小麦氮素积累和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

为探索冀东平原强筋小麦适宜的氮肥施用模式,选用2个强筋小麦品种（津农7号和中麦998）,在总施氮量为210 kg·hm_-2的前提下设置4种施氮模式（CK：底肥50%+拔节肥50%;N1：底肥30%+起身肥20%+拔节肥50%;N2：底肥50%+拔节肥30%+孕穗肥20%;N3：底肥30%+拔节肥50%+孕穗肥20%）,研究了不同施氮模式对强筋小麦氮素积累、转运、籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,N2和N3处理提高了强筋小麦干物质积累量,显著增加植株花前氮素积累量及其转运量。花前氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率因品种和处理而异,津农7号花前氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率以CK最高,中麦998花前氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率以N2处理最高。与CK相比,N2和N3处理显著增加小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量,提高醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量;2个强筋小麦品种籽粒产量均以N2处理较高。综上所述,本试验条件下,总施氮量的20%后移至孕穗期可提高强筋小麦植株干物质积累量,促进花前积累氮素向籽粒转移,提高籽粒蛋白质含量;N2处理可使津农7号获得最高的籽粒产量和蛋白质含量;中麦998在N2处理下籽粒产量最高,N3处理下蛋白质含量最高。     

小麦谷蛋白聚合体含量和粒度相对分布及其与品质性状的关系

为了给小麦早代品质筛选提供科学有效的生化指标,以黄淮麦区57个小麦品种为材料,对其籽粒品质性状、谷蛋白总聚合体(TGP)含量、大聚合体(GMP)含量及谷蛋白聚合体粒度相对分布(GMP/TGP)等进行了分析.结果表明:(1)供试品种的籽粒硬度、全麦粉蛋白质含量变化幅度较小,SDS-沉淀值变化幅度较大,按这三个品质指标可将57个品种聚为三大美;(2)供试品种的TGP和GMP含量变异较大,其变化幅度分别为3.63%～8.38%和0.95%～3.63%,变异系数分别为19.68%和26.94%,且多数强筋粉小麦品种的TGP和GMP含量都大于弱筋粉小麦品种;(3)对品质性状与生化性状的相关和回归分析结果表明,全麦粉GMP含量(X3)、蛋白质含量(X1)是影响其SDS-沉淀值(Y1)的关键生化性状,其回归方程为:Y1=6.396X1 6.430X3-47.276;全麦粉TGP含量(X2)是影响小麦籽粒硬度(Y2)的主要生化性状,其回归方程为:Y2=2.050X2 42.947.这些研究结果可为黄准麦区小麦品质育种的亲本选配及后代材料品质筛选提供一些重要信息.     

施氮量对冬小麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量和比例的影响

为研究高有机质土壤条件下施氮量对不同品质类型冬小麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量和比例的影响，以强筋小麦品种临优145和郑麦9023及弱筋小麦品种宁麦9号和宝丰949为材料进行了不同施氮量的试验。结果表明，增施氮肥可以提高籽粒蛋白质及其各组分的含量。总蛋白质、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量均随着施氮量的增加显著提高，N2处理较NO处理分别提高0．78、0．12、0．31和0．35个百分点；清蛋白含量也随施氮量的增加而提高，但不同施氮处理间差异不显著。强筋小麦和弱筋小麦贮藏蛋白含量差异显著，但可溶性蛋白含量差异不显著。随着施氮量的增加，品种间可溶性蛋白含量差异加大，但贮藏蛋白含量差异减小。氮肥施用量对小麦籽粒各蛋白组分在总蛋白中所占的比例影响不大．不同品种籽粒中各蛋白组分在总蛋白中所占比例受施氮量的影响也不同。     

氮肥运筹对小麦籽粒GMP含量及大颗粒比例的影响

为给小麦优质栽培中氮肥的合理运筹提供参考，以烟农19为材料，设置了2个施氮水平（施纯氮120和240 kg·hm^-2）和3个不同氮肥基追比（2∶1、1∶1、1∶2），研究了氮肥运筹对小麦籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体（GMP）含量及其颗粒粒径分布的影响。结果表明，小麦籽粒GMP颗粒体积总体呈双峰分布，数目呈单峰分布。增施氮肥能显著提高小麦籽粒GMP含量；在同一施氮水平下，较高的追氮比例能显著增加籽粒GMP含量及其>80 μm颗粒体积百分比，降低<80 μm GMP颗粒体积百分比。与120 kg·hm^-2施氮水平相比，240 kg·hm^-2水平下籽粒>80 μm的GMP颗粒所占体积显著增高。小麦籽粒中，<10 μm与>10 μm的GMP颗粒数目百分比在不同处理间无显著差异。由此可见，增施氮肥和氮肥后移有利于小麦籽粒GMP含量及大颗粒比例的提高。     

不同施氮水平和基追比对弱筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

为确立弱筋小麦优质高产生产的氮肥管理策略,以2个弱筋小麦品种扬麦9号和宁麦9号为材料,研究了不同施氮水平及基追比对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,小麦籽粒产量与施氮量呈二次曲线关系,增加施氮量及提高后期追氮比例提高了弱筋小麦蛋白质含量及籽粒容重、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、吸水率和稳定时间,但降低了总淀粉含量和弱化度。面团形成时间随施氮量的增加而增加,但随追氮比例的增加而降低。施氮量对籽粒蛋白质组分含量均有提高作用,依次为球蛋白>谷蛋白>醇溶蛋白>清蛋白,而追氮比例处理对醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量具有显著的提高效应,清蛋白和球蛋白含量因追氮比例而异。增加施氮量及提高后期追氮比例显著提高了直链淀粉含量和直/支比,但降低了支链淀粉含量。同比例追肥,两次追施比一次施用籽粒产量和蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量增加,但湿面筋含量降低;直链淀粉含量和直/支比增加而总淀粉和支链淀粉含量降低。综合产量和品质分析表明,在本试验条件下,弱筋小麦在施氮量180 kg.ha-1、基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥为7∶2∶1时可以实现高产与优质的协调。     

小麦籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体粒度分布特征及对氮素的响应

为了给小麦品质改良提供依据,以强筋小麦品种藁城8901和弱筋小麦品种山农1391为材料,设置不同氮素水平,研究了籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体(GMP)颗粒粒径分布特征及对氮素水平的响应.结果表明,小麦籽粒GMP颗粒粒径范围为0.375～200 μm.GMP颗粒体积分布总体上呈双峰曲线变化,＜12 μm的GMP颗粒体积百分比为11.2％～45％,＞12 μm的GMP颗粒体积百分比为55.0％～88.8％.与弱筋小麦山农1391相比,强筋小麦藁城8901有较高比例的＞12 μm颗粒.GMP颗粒数目分布表现为单峰分布,＜4 μm和＜12 μm的颗粒数目百分比分别为97.5％～98.0％和99.9％,表明小麦GMP颗粒中绝大多数为＜4 μm的小颗粒.在施氮0～240 kg·hm-2范围内,随着施氮量的增加,＜12 μm颗粒体积百分比显著降低,12～90 μm、＞90 μm颗粒体积百分比增加,说明适量施氮能够显著提高GMP大、中颗粒比例.过量氮素不利于小麦籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体的形成.     

从小麦谷蛋白大聚合体与HMW GS的关系

为了探索小麦谷蛋白大聚合体对小麦品质的影响，采用SDSPAGE方法，分析了166个来自不同地区的小麦品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMWGS）的组成，并对不同亚基与小麦谷蛋白大聚合体（GMP）的关系进行了分析。结果表明，所用小麦材料HMWGS的变异类型丰富，但亚基组合仍以N/7+9/2+12为主。HMWGS对面粉GMP含量有显著影响，GluA1位点亚基1>N，GluB1位点亚基13+16>7+9或7+8或14+15或17+18，GluD1位点亚基5+10>2+12，其他亚基差异不显著。说明含亚基1、13+16和5+10的品种能形成较多的GMP。HMWGS评分与面粉GMP含量的相关系数为0.288，达到极显著水平。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding

Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding.     

Role of Benzoxazinones in Cereals

Summary

Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems.     

Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds

The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant.     

Biological factors influencing the transmission of potato leafroll virus by different aphid species

Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.