谷子种质资源品质性状的鉴定与评价

对"十五"期间存入国家种质库的154份谷子种质资源3个主要品质性状进行了鉴定评价.结果表明,粗蛋白、粗脂肪和赖氨酸平均含量分别为13.97%、4.26%、0.26%,3个主要品质含量的频率分布均为近似正态分布.不同品质性状变异程度不同,其中粗蛋白含量变异最大.不同来源的种质品质性状比较结果表明,地方种质资源的粗蛋白和赖氨酸含量明显优于选育种质资源.通过鉴定,筛选出一批多项、双项或单项品质优良的谷子种质资源.     

黔南山区谷子品种资源的调查研究

通过对黔南山区谷子种质资源的考察，以及对所收集的２３０份地方品种材料的整理和种植鉴定，本文阐述了谷子在黔南山区的分布，生态环境及生产现状，并对２３０份材料的基本性状进行了分析。     

安徽省棉花种质资源创新研究70年（1953-2022年）

种质资源是培育棉花新品种的基础材料。安徽省植棉历史悠久，生产上种植的棉花品种经历了从引进到自主选育的漫长过程。贯穿安徽省棉花新品种选育全过程的种质资源创新研究从艰难起步到繁荣发展，经历了7个不同的发展阶段，种质创新的目标也不断发展变化。品种引进时期，种质资源创新研究的主要目标是引进和筛选适合当地种植、综合性状优良的种质资源，丰富棉花种质资源的遗传基础。自主选育品种时期，种质资源创新研究主要针对育种目标，创制具有丰产、抗病、抗虫、优质、高配合力等优良性状的新种质，满足本省棉花生产不同发展阶段对新品种的需求。种质创新技术方法的不断改进与应用，促进了种质创新水平逐渐提升。对安徽省近70年（1953―2022年）棉花种质资源创新研究进行了回顾分析，并对未来发展方向进行了分析与展望。     

引进燕麦种质资源饲草产量与饲用营养价值评价

为了有效利用引进的燕麦种质资源,促进黑龙江西部农牧交错区燕麦品种的高效利用与新品种选育,比较了66份引进燕麦种质资源的饲草产量、营养指标及其饲喂价值评估指标,以相对牧草质量和粗饲料分级指数3综合评定了饲草营养价值,并利用聚类分析对各品种饲草产量和营养价值进行了综合评价。结果表明,66个燕麦种质资源中,T07和坝莜12号饲草产量最高,为最适宜黑龙江西部地区种植、推广的高产草量燕麦品种;Heacharrelyngby营养价值最高,其次是都3、T19、三分三、74-N-29和白燕2号,为最适宜黑龙江西部地区种植、推广的高品质燕麦品种;通过聚类分析将供试种质分为5类,以种质群Ⅱ饲草产量最高、营养价值最低,种质群Ⅲ饲草产量最低、营养价值最高。     

蒙东地区耐盐碱水稻种质资源筛选与评价

为筛选出适合内蒙古兴安盟地区种植的耐盐碱水稻种质资源,以内蒙古推广及引进的102份水稻种质资源为材料,在水稻栽培过程中进行盐碱胁迫处理,通过分析死叶百分率、耐盐碱指数、农艺性状及产量来综合评价供试材料的耐盐碱性强弱。结果表明,长白9号、绥粳26、乌兰105、吉农大538、松辽5号和松辽186等品种表现出很好的耐盐碱能力及良好的丰产性,可以作为耐盐碱资源加以利用。     

越南椰子资源在海南的生态适应性及其评价指标研究

资源收集、评价是现代育种研究的基础,开展从越南引进的椰子种质资源形态评价研究对于进行我国椰子新品种培育具有重要参考价值。本试验根据椰子种质资源描述规范要求,对引进的越南椰子种质资源进行相关指标的测试。数据分析结果表明:茎围、叶柄颜色、树干长势可作为区分高种和矮种资源类型的重要指标;花序颜色、雌花量可以作为资源形态评价的关键指标;根据椰果颜色,把资源初步区分为红色类(YHY)、棕色类(YZY)和乳白色类(YRY);根据椰果的风味和可溶性固形物含量的不同,把资源分为香水类(YXS)、甜水类(YTS)。     

中国水稻国外引种概况及效益分析

建国以来,我国通过各种途径引进了各类国外水稻种质,其中9963份已被国家种质库正式编目。通过检疫、隔离种植和多年评价,一批优异种质被直接或间接利用于水稻育种和生产。在我国水稻生产中,连续几年年种植面积超过6.67万hm2(100万亩)和在6670～66700hm2(10万～100万亩)的国外常规品种分别为22个和81个;具有国外胞质雄性不育和/或国外强恢复系(亲本/血缘)、年种植面积超过40万hm2(600万亩)的杂交水稻组合33个;一大批国外引进种质已成为不同时期我国高产、优质和多抗水稻育种的骨干亲本,近60年来衍生了2000余个新品种。据不完全统计,60年来,因直接和间接利用国外引入水稻种质而增产的稻谷超过773亿kg,产生了巨大的经济效益和社会效益。因此,加强国外水稻种质资源的引入,对于丰富我国稻种资源宝库,增加遗传多样性,防止遗传脆弱性,保证我国粮食安全意义重大。     

可拉种质资源研究进展

可拉是非洲的一种重要经济作物,主要用于饮料及制药。非洲可拉种质资源丰富,种间性状差异较大。文章综述了国内外可拉种质的分布、特征特性、性状评价、保存及选育种研究进展。对下一步中国开展可拉种质引进、利用具有参考价值。     

定西市马铃薯种质资源引进与利用

为了明确从国内外引进的马铃薯种质资源在定西旱作区的表现,分早熟、中熟、晚熟,采用对比法对45份马铃薯种质资源的形态学特征、生物学特性进行了鉴定分析和评价。试验结果表明:在引进的45份材料中,晚熟材料有23份,田间抗病性强的材料有10份,抗旱性强的材料有23份,商品薯率在80%以上的材料有8份。对种质资源进行育种利用,通过配置优良组合,进一步挖掘资源潜力,筛选出‘冀张薯8号’等优良亲本材料。同时提出加强种质资源的深入鉴定,进行以拓宽遗传基础为主要目的的种质创新,丰富其遗传多样性,为以后针对不同用途利用这些资源提供有价值的参考依据。     

定西市马铃薯种质资源引进与利用

为了明确从国内外引进的马铃薯种质资源在定西旱作区的表现,分早熟、中熟、晚熟,采用对比法对45份马铃薯种质资源的形态学特征、生物学特性进行了鉴定分析和评价。试验结果表明：在引进的45份材料中,晚熟材料有23份,田间抗病性强的材料有10份,抗旱性强的材料有23份,商品薯率在80％以上的材料有8份。对种质资源进行育种利用,通过配置优良组合,进一步挖掘资源潜力,筛选出‘冀张薯8号’等优良亲本材料。同时提出加强种质资源的深入鉴定,进行以拓宽遗传基础为主要目的的种质创新,丰富其遗传多样性,为以后针对不同用途利用这些资源提供有价值的参考依据。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.