玉米子粒败育过程的早期特征及物质动态

通过对不同类型玉米子粒发育动态比较研究发现,败育粒在授粉前期其子房长度及重量就明显低于正常子粒。随授粉后天数的增加,其差距日渐扩大,约在授粉后8～12d(8－12DAA)停止发育转向衰退。子粒败育过程可区分为两个阶段：0－8DAA为败育诱导期,8－16DAA为表观衰败期。在子粒败育诱导期,糖分及蛋白质浓度并不低。研究认为,顶端子粒的败育可能与其库活性较低有关。     

玉米子粒败育的综合调控模式研究

本文从源库调节、内源激素变化动态等方面综述了前人在玉米子粒败育研究方面的进展,尤其对乙烯与玉米子粒败育关系进行探讨。本文提出了导致玉米子粒败育的结合调控模型。     

不同温度处理对离体培养玉米子粒发育的影响研究

以玉米杂交种农单5号和农大108为材料,采用玉米子粒离体培养的方法研究了不同温度处理对子粒发育的影响,并对子粒败育率、粒重、可溶性糖和淀粉含量进行了测定。结果表明,2个品种对温度影响表现出相同的趋势:与18℃、38℃相比,28℃下子粒发育最好,子粒败育率低、粒重高。在18℃和38℃下,子粒的可溶性糖含量高而淀粉含量低。28℃条件下较适合子粒的发育。     

对玉米子粒败育原因的再认识

玉米子粒败育是造成穗粒数降低进而使玉米产量品质降低的重要原因.前人就此问题进行了大量的研究,取得了许多有益进展.文章综述了前人的研究成果,并对玉米子粒败育的原因进行了探讨.     

乙烯利对离体培养的玉米子粒发育及酸性蔗糖酶的影响

采用玉米子粒离体培养的方法,研究不同浓度乙烯利处理对子粒的生长发育及酸性蔗糖酶(SAI)的影响。结果表明,玉米子粒败育率随乙烯利浓度的提高呈上升趋势,乙烯利浓度在50～1 200mg/L时,子粒的鲜粒重、干物重高于对照;乙烯利浓度小于50mg/L时,对SAI活性起抑制作用;浓度在100～1 200mg/L时,SAI活性远高于对照;浓度为400mg/L时,子粒的鲜粒重、干物重和SAI活性分别达最高值。在玉米子粒发育中期,用适当浓度(400mg/L)乙烯利处理有利提高产量。     

玉米果穗不同部位子粒水分动态差异研究

为明确玉米果穗不同部位子粒含水率和脱水速率的动态变化差异,在春玉米区宁夏银川和夏玉米区河南新乡采用8个不同熟期和脱水速率的品种,将玉米果穗垂直等分为5个部位,定期测定不同部位子粒含水率,计算子粒脱水速率。结果表明,玉米生长中后期,果穗上部子粒含水率低于中下部子粒含水率,生理成熟前各部位子粒含水率的差值低于生理成熟后。参试品种生理成熟前20 d时不同部位子粒含水率极差低于3%,成熟期的极差值变幅为0.6%～5.2%,生理成熟后极差最大值可达6.2%。同一果穗自上而下子粒的脱水速率逐渐降低,品种之间有明显差异,先玉335、迪卡517和迪卡519果穗不同部位子粒脱水速率差异较大。果穗中部子粒脱水速率和平均脱水速率与不同部位子粒含水率的极差值呈负相关。     

不同生育期高温对玉米子粒品质及淀粉糊化特性的影响

以玉米杂交种隆平206与秦龙14为试材,分别在开花期和子粒灌浆期进行高温处理,研究不同生育期高温对玉米穗部性状、子粒品质与淀粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明,开花期与子粒灌浆期高温处理均显著降低秦龙14的子粒行数、行粒数,其中,开花期秦龙14高温处理败育;对隆平206无显著影响,说明隆平206子粒形成过程中耐高温较强。与对照相比,高温显著增加两个品种玉米子粒蛋白质含量,降低子粒脂肪与淀粉含量;品种间比较,高温对秦龙14品质的影响较隆平206大。隆平206不同生育期高温处理比较,灌浆期高温对子粒脂肪含量影响较大,蛋白质含量次之,淀粉含量相对较小,两个高温处理子粒淀粉峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度与糊化温度显著高于对照;灌浆期高温处理糊化参数的升幅较开花期高温处理大。玉米生育后期高温对玉米子粒品质及糊化特性有显著影响,灌浆期高温较开花期高温对玉米子粒品质的影响较大。开花期高温对玉米子粒育性影响较大,灌浆期高温主要影响玉米子粒品质。     

玉米空秆秃顶和缺粒产生的原因及防止措施

空秆是指玉米植株不结果穗或有果穗不能结实长大的现象。秃顶是指果穗顶部不结实,当雌穗顶部花丝抽出时,雄穗已散粉完毕,或者是不良气候影响,导致花粉败育,因而得不到花粉授粉受精。缺粒有两种,一是果穗的一面有若干行由基部到顶部都不结实,即缺行；一种是满天星缺粒，即果穗上只结少数子粒。     

‘金煌’杧胚正常与胚败育果实内源多胺的变化

通过对果实中自由态多胺（PAs）含量与胚胎败育关系研究发现：腐胺（Put）是杧果PAs的主要组成部分。败育胚胎的腐胺、亚精胺（Spd）、精胺（Spm）的含量以及（Spd+Spm）/Put、Spm/PAs的比值均小于胚胎发育正常果实，且差异显著。在胚胎败育的关键时期，胚胎正常果肉中Put、Spd的含量升高的幅度大于胚胎败育的，但是 （Spd+Spm）/Put、Spm/PAs与胚胎败育果实果肉相比下降，这些因素与胚胎败育有关；果肉中Put含量维持在高水平的时间较长，Spm含量及其Spm/PAs比值在40 d 后急剧升高为胚胎正常发育的果实在体积上超过败育的起到重要的作用。     

生态因素对玉米子粒发育影响及调控的研究

通过播期、覆膜调控，研究了不同生态条件下不同类型品种的生长发育，重点研究生态因素对玉米花后子粒发育的影响。试验主要结果如下：高温少光条件影响子粒灌浆，表现在灌浆期持续时间短、灌浆速率相对较低。晚熟品种灌浆期长而灌浆速率相对较低，早熟品种灌浆期短而灌浆速率相对较高，是正常年份两类品种都能取得高产的原因。子粒体积变化与干重变化趋势一致。适宜生态条件下，玉米穗粒性状变异系数小，果穗发育整齐一致。掖单13穗长较大，易于形成大果穗，高产潜力大，但高温少光条件下，穗粒性状变异系数大，果穗不整齐，产量低。高温少光条件下，子粒呼吸速率明显降低，高值持续时间短；同时CTK含量较低。ABA含量变化规律性不强，子粒生长受多种内源物质协调调控。     

Grain yield components in maize: II. Postsilking growth and kernel weight

Maize kernel weight (KW) results from kernel growth during two stages of grain filling, the lag phase (formative period) and the effective grain-filling phase. Environmental conditions may affect kernel biomass accumulation in each phase. This work analyzed: (1) changes in duration and rate of kernel growth on a thermal time (°C day) basis; and (2) KW response to postsilking biomass production kernel⁻¹ (source:sink ratio). Sowing date, plant population, and nitrogen fertilization experiments were conducted in France and Argentina to induce changes in assimilate availability per kernel. Hybrids of different KW were tested. Hybrids differed in the duration of the lag phase, which determined kernel growth rate during the effective grain-filling period for hybrids with similar grain-filling duration (ca. 745°C day). Environments with low air temperature (<19°C) and less incident solar radiation led to a smaller final KW due to reductions in photoassimilate production and its partition to the grains. A value of 240 to 270 mg kernel⁻¹ during grain filling was determined as a threshold to have mobilization or storage of reserves. Small-kernel hybrids (KW<300 mg), with large kernel number (3500 to 5500 kernels m⁻²), depended more on reserve mobilization than large-kernel hybrids (KW>300 mg) with reduced kernel number (2800 to 4000 kernels m⁻²). For the former, grain yield increments should not be based on increased kernel number but on increased biomass production.     

Coconut kernel protein modifies the effect of coconut oil on serum lipids.

Feeding coconut kernel along with coconut oil in human volunteers has been found to reduce serum total and LDL cholesterol when compared to feeding coconut oil alone. This effect of the kernel was also observed in rats. Since many plant proteins have been reported to exert a cholesterol lowering effect, a study was carried out on the effect of isolated kernel protein in rats. Feeding kernel protein resulted in lower levels of cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides in the serum and most tissues when compared to casein fed animals. Rats fed kernel protein had (1) increased hepatic degradation of cholesterol to bile acids, (2) increased hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis, and (3) decreased esterification of free cholesterol. In the intestine, however, cholesterogenesis was decreased. The kernel protein also caused decreased lipogenesis in the liver and intestine. This beneficial effect of the kernel protein is attributed to its very low lysine/arginine ratio 2.13% lysine and 24.5% arginine.     

Coconut kernel protein modifies the effect of coconut oil on serum lipids

Feeding coconut kernel along with coconut oil in human volunteers has been found to reduce serum total and LDL cholesterol when compared to feeding coconut oil alone. This effect of the kernel was also observed in rats. Since many plant proteins have been reported to exert a cholesterol lowering effect, a study was carried out on the effect of isolated kernel protein in rats. Feeding kernel protein resulted in lower levels of cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides in the serum and most tissues when compared to casein fed animals. Rats fed kernel protein had (1) increased hepatic degradation of cholesterol to bile acids, (2) increased hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis, and (3) decreased esterification of free cholesterol. In the intestine, however, cholesterogenesis was decreased. The kernel protein also caused decreased lipogenesis in the liver and intestine. This beneficial effect of the kernel protein is attributed to its very low lysine/arginine ratio 2.13% lysine and 24.5% arginine.     

Microstructure of hard and soft kernels of barley

Kernel hardness, an important quality trait of cereal grains, is known to influence pearling properties and malting quality of barley. To understand the endosperm micro-structural features of kernels and their relationship to kernel hardness, endosperms of three hard and three soft hulled spring barley lines based on single kernel characterization system hardness index were observed under light (LM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy. Under LM, endosperm cell wall of the three hard kernel lines was significantly thicker than that of the three soft kernel lines. Hard and soft lines showed differences in the degree of starch-protein association and continuity of protein matrix under the SEM. Hard kernel lines with a continuous protein matrix exhibited greater starch-protein adhesion than the soft kernel lines, suggesting that starch-protein binding may be one of the factors influencing barley kernel hardness. SEM of flour particles of soft kernel lines showed numerous well defined individual A and B-type starch granules, while, flour of hard kernel lines mostly showed small flour aggregates with few individual starch granules.     

冬小麦不同品种旗叶汁液组分与产量结构的关系

为了给小麦的生产和育种提供一定的理论依据,在大田条件下,对11个小麦品种旗叶汁液可溶性物质含量、pH值、K 含量和产量结构进行了测定。结果表明,小麦旗叶可溶性物质含量、pH值、K 含量、产量结构间相关显著,其中可溶性物质含量与穗粒数达极显著负相关,与穗粒重达显著负相关,与千粒重的正相关不显著;pH值与穗粒数达极显著负相关,与千粒重达显著正相关,与穗粒重达显著负相关;K 含量与穗粒数和穗粒重达极显著正相关,与千粒重的负相关不显著。在可溶性物质含量、pH值、K 含量三者之间也存在显著相关,其中,可溶性物质含量和K 含量、pH值和K 含量都达极显著负相关,而可溶性物质含量和pH值之间达极显著正相关。     

玉米子粒性状和子粒赖氨酸含量的相关及通径分析

以28份玉米自交系为材料,对9个子粒性状与子粒赖氨酸含量进行了相关和通径分析。结果表明,油分、胚重、胚比(胚重与胚乳重的比值)、胚乳硬度等级与赖氨酸含量呈显著或极显著正相关;淀粉含量、密度(粒重与体积之比)、胚乳重与赖氨酸含量呈显著或极显著负相关;百粒重和粗蛋白含量与赖氨酸含量相关不显著。各子粒性状对赖氨酸含量的直接影响力大小依次为胚比>胚重>胚乳重>胚乳硬度等级>密度>油分>淀粉含量>粗蛋白含量>百粒重。其中,胚比对子粒赖氨酸含量起关键作用。     

种植密度对不同粒型玉米品种子粒灌浆进程、产量及品质的影响

以鲁单981(大粒型)、泉星2101(小粒型)两个不同粒型玉米品种为材料,研究了3种种植密度对玉米子粒灌浆进程、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,增加种植密度可提高单位面积玉米产量,促进大粒型品种LD981灌浆前期单粒重的提高,但均不利于大粒型和小粒型品种在灌浆后期维持较高的粒重。种植密度对玉米单粒重的影响主要是缓增持续期、快增期灌浆速率、缓增期灌浆速率和灌浆持续期所致,而平均灌浆速率对其影响较小。随着密度的增加,可溶性总糖含量逐渐升高,直链淀粉含量先升高后降低,但支链淀粉、总淀粉、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量表现为先降低后略有升高。     

小麦单籽粒性状与品质的关系

目前测定小麦单籽粒品质的方法有单籽粒谷物品质测定法和谷蛋白溶涨指数法(SIG)。为了揭示单籽粒品质检测的作用,选用16个小麦品种(系)进行单籽粒性状的研究,结果表明,品种内单籽粒硬度、籽粒直径、单籽粒重量及SIG的变异较大,水分含量变异不大。单籽粒品质指标硬度、粒重、粒径及SIG与磨粉品质、面团流变学特性、蛋白质品质、籽粒品质部分指标呈显著或极显著相关,这些指标对于预测磨粉品质、早代株系品质筛选及食品品质具有快速、方法简单及预测能力强的优点。将单籽粒谷物品质测定参数及SIG相结合,可以有效地进行小麦育种后代筛选及品质预测。     

Development of a calibration to predict maize seed composition using single kernel near infrared spectroscopy

The relative composition of protein, oil, and starch in the maize kernel has a large genetic component. Predictions of kernel composition based on single-kernel near infrared spectroscopy would enable rapid selection of individual seed with desired traits. To determine if single-kernel near infrared spectroscopy can be used to accurately predict internal kernel composition, near infrared reflectance (NIR) and near infrared transmittance (NIT) spectra were collected from 2160 maize kernels of different genotypes grown in several environments. A validation set of an additional 480 kernels was analyzed in parallel. Constituents were determined analytically by pooling kernels of the same genotype grown in the same environment. The NIT spectra had high levels of noise and were not suitable for predicting kernel composition. Partial least squares regression was used to develop predictive models from the NIR spectra for the composition results. Calibrations developed from the absolute amount of each constituent on a per kernel basis gave good predictive power, while models based on the percent composition of constituents in the meal gave poor predictions. These data suggest that single kernel NIR spectra are reporting an absolute amount of each component in the kernel.