4个黄瓜品种比较试验

对新津研4号、揭阳翠绿、绿冠胡瓜、津春4号等4个黄瓜品种进行品种比较试验。结果表明：揭阳翠绿大吊瓜茎粗、蔓长、叶面积、叶绿素都优于对照津春4号；但单瓜重、单株产量以绿冠胡瓜较大，揭阳翠绿大吊瓜较小；绿冠胡瓜可溶性固溶物少，含水量高，硬度较小，揭阳翠绿大吊瓜可溶性固溶物多，含水量低，总酸度、硬度大。     

马铃薯无性一代植株性状相关及通径分析

本文对马铃薯３０个杂交组合无性一代的１４个性状与单株产量的相关关系作了估算，其中无效生育期，播后７４天和９２天冠层覆盖度，平均冠层覆盖度，最高冠层覆盖度，有效生育期，单株块茎数，单块重８个性状与单株产量的相关性达显著或极显著水平。进而对影响单株产量的平均冠层覆盖度，有效生育期，单株块茎数，单个块茎重进行通径分析。结果表明，该４个性状决定单株产量变异的９４．６１％，说明这４个性状是影响单株产量的决定     

11个瓠瓜品种主要农艺性状的相关与通径分析

对11个瓠瓜品种的14个农艺性状进行相关与通径分析。结果表明，小区前期产量与雌花开花期、子房柱宽为极显著相关，相关系数依次为-0.83、0.73；小区产量与单瓜重、小区采瓜数、小区前期产量为显著相关，相关系数依次为0.76、0.85、0.65；通径与回归分析的结果表明，子房柱形指数对前期产量形成的贡献最大，直接作用系数为1.401 5，单瓜重对产量形成的贡献最大，直接作用系数为0.789 0。因此，在瓠瓜早熟性育种实践中，应注重选择雌花期早、子房粗短、瓜形比较短的类型；在丰产性育种实践中，应着重选择单瓜重、结瓜数多的类型。     

马铃薯无性一代植株性状相关及通径分析

本文对马铃薯30个杂交组合无性一代的14个性状与单株产量的相关关系作了估算,其中无效生育期、播后74天和92天冠层覆盖度、平均冠层覆盖度、最高冠层覆盖度、有效生育期、单株块茎数、单块重8个性状与单株产量的相关性达显著或极显著水平。进而对影响单株产量(y)的平均冠层覆盖度(x_1),有效生育期(x_2)、单株块茎数(x_3)、单个块茎重(x_4)进行通径分析。结果表明,该4个性状决定单株产量变异的94.61％,说明这4个性状是影响单株产量的决定因素。     

玉米新品种生态适应性研究

2005～2006年在新宁开展了玉米新品种生态适应性试验，结果表明：科玉2号、蠡玉23比对照临奥1号增产幅度较大，其农艺、经济性状较优，适宜该地作春玉米栽培品种推广；洛玉1号产量较高，生育期短，日产量高，其农艺、经济性状较好，适宜该地特别是干旱地区作春玉米栽培；东单57和渝单7号产量优势明显，但应注意中、后期的病害防治。     

2011―2020年国家审定黄河流域春棉品种产量及相关性状分析

研究棉花品种产量与相关性状的关系及演变规律，为棉花育种和生产提供借鉴。统计了2011―2020年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定的50个黄河流域春棉品种在区域试验中的产量及其相关性状表现，并对其演变情况和相关性进行了分析。结果表明，棉花品种株高、籽指和平均籽棉单产呈逐年上升趋势，年均分别增长0.13 cm、0.12 g和63.17 kg·hm^-2。相关分析表明，衣分、株高、第一果枝节位、单株结铃数、铃重、生育期和籽指均与籽棉单产呈正相关，其中单株结铃数、铃重和籽指与籽棉单产相关性达极显著水平。衣分、单株结铃数、铃重和籽指对籽棉单产均具有直接的正向效应，对籽棉单产的直接贡献表现为单株结铃数>籽指>衣分>铃重，衣分和铃重的直接作用系数较小；生育期通过株高对籽棉单产产生的间接负向效应最大。综合分析认为，此阶段黄河流域春棉品种籽棉单产提高的关键因素是籽指，单株结铃数的提高是棉花品种改良的重要方向。针对棉花的生育习性和黄河流域棉区环境条件，选育衣分40%左右、株高100 cm左右、第一果枝节位7左右、单株结铃18个左右、铃重6 g左右、生育期119 d左右...     

大豆品种鼓粒期田间抗旱鉴定

大豆鼓粒期缺水是制约大豆产量形成的重要因素之一。在鼓粒期对大豆品种进行抗旱性鉴定,可为大豆抗旱育种和抗旱节水栽培提供依据。选取不同地区育成的代表性品种（品系）46份,在鼓粒期田间干旱与灌水条件下,分析其产量、产量性状、生育期与形态性状、籽粒品质性状等指标,并且对其进行抗旱性鉴定。结果表明,干旱区46份材料平均产量1 759.6 kg/hm²,灌水对照区平均产量2 223.1 kg/hm²,46个品种平均耗水系数1.079 t/kg。干旱对三粒荚影响显著,对单株荚数、单株粒数、生物产量、单株粒重、百粒重影响极显著。干旱区的平均蛋白质含量极显著高于灌水区,比对照区提高幅度4.47 %;平均脂肪含量极显著低于灌水区,比正常灌水区降低幅度4.19 %。干旱条件下品种百粒重下降,生育期提早均属于品种抗旱性的适应反映,与抗旱性无关。适于呼伦贝尔的品种推荐为北豆14、黑河50、黑河43、华疆3、登科1号、蒙豆15、北豆37、黑河36、北豆38等。     

山区旱地玉米新品种(系)穗粒性状与干物质累积特性研究

以宁夏南部山区审定的具有代表性的3个玉米品种(系)为参试材料,长城706为对照,对参试品种(系)农艺性状、穗部性状、产量、植株干物质累积量及灌浆速率进行了比较分析。结果表明:富农821和宁单20号9月20日成熟,且熟期相同,较对照长城706(生育期140 d)早熟6 d;宁单20号的百粒质量最高,参试的各个品种(系)之间产量达极显著差异(P0.01),其中华金5号产量极显著高于其他3个品种,且其他3个品种之间产量也达到极显著差异水平(P0.01)。     

2010—2011年度黄淮冬麦区旱肥地中间试验

以黄淮冬麦区旱肥组参试品系为材料，对不同品系的生育期、茎蘖动态、抗逆性状、产量性状等指标进行了研究比较。结果表明衡06-6632产量最高，每667m^2达452．17kg；中山1号产量为433kg，居第2位；长5581产量为432．33kg，居第3位。这3个品系比对照增产显著，综合抗性较好，产量结构合理，建议升入生产试验或进行第二年的区试。     

密度对不同品种玉米产量及其农艺性状的影响

以富民985、泽玉501、泽玉8911、翔玉211、翔玉198、登海618、MC278、天和2号为种植材料,以品种为主区,以3个种植密度6万、7万、8万株/hm~2为副区进行裂区实验,对8个不同品种在3个不同密度下其主要农艺性状以及产量的差异性进行研究。结果表明,在合适的密度下翔玉211、翔玉198、登海618产量相对较高。综合因素分析,富民985、登海618两个品种呈现低密度且高产的趋势。试验数据得出,翔玉211在80 000株/hm~2处理下的产量最高,富民985在70 000株/hm~2处理下的产量次之,第3位的是登海618在80 000株/hm~2处理下的产量。试验结果表明,不同品种玉米在不同种植密度下产量不同,品种密度互作影响产量具有极显著差异。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Cytoplasmic substitution inSolanum. II. Tuber characteristics of reciprocal backcross progeny

Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC₂ and BC₃ substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC₂ and BC₂ substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than cytoplasmic factors. Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station.