稻米食味品质形成及其响应氮素调控作用的研究进展

稻米食味品质是消费者评价稻米优劣的关键品质,决定了大米的档次与市场定位。本文阐述了直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、淀粉晶体结构、淀粉颗粒粒径分布、支链淀粉链长分布、淀粉溶解及膨胀特性、热力学特性、糊化特性及回生特性等稻米食味品质评价体系,从稻米淀粉合成相关酶（AGPase）、颗粒结合淀粉合成酶（GBSS）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、淀粉分支酶（SBE）、淀粉脱分支酶（DBE）及蛋白组分概述了稻米食味品质的遗传调控。着重综述影响蛋白质含量的重要栽培因素——氮肥施用量、施用时期及氮肥形态对稻米食味品质形成的调控途径,对水稻食味品质的遗传研究及栽培调优进行了探讨与展望,可为水稻优良品种选育与生产、稻米在市场中的竞争力提升提供参考。     

稻米淀粉RVA谱在水稻优质米育种上的应用

水稻优质米育种应用的指标上,利用粘度速测仪测定稻米淀粉粘度特性成为评价稻米食用品质的一个很重要指标。相比于目前公认的直链淀粉、蛋白质及胶稠度等食味性主要影响指标,稻米淀粉粘度特性测定更加准确、迅速。本文综述了稻米淀粉RVA谱测定方法、特征特性、与其它营养食味品质的关系及其基因定位研究,分析了稻米淀粉RVA谱在优质米育种上的应用,为稻米淀粉RVA谱的进一步推广应用奠定了良好的基础。     

水稻可溶性淀粉合成酶基因SSⅡa和SSⅢa的功能、等位变异及其互作研究进展

水稻淀粉合成对稻米品质的影响研究一直备受关注,是水稻基础科学研究的热点和难点之一。淀粉合成途径受众多酶催化调控,可溶性淀粉合成酶(soluble starch synthase, SSS)是其中较重要的一种,极大地影响稻米食味品质的形成。可溶性淀粉合成酶基因SSⅡa和SSⅢa是控制稻米糊化温度和胚乳支链淀粉生物合成途径中的两个关键基因。本文重点回顾并归纳了国内外关于SSⅡa和SSⅢa基因的功能、等位变异及其互作对稻米蒸煮食味品质影响的最新研究进展,同时对SSⅡa和SSⅢa基因的育种利用前景进行了展望,以期为稻米品质分子改良和育种提供参考依据。     

胚乳蛋白质对稻米品质影响的研究进展

蛋白质是稻米胚乳中仅次于淀粉的第二大贮藏物质，蛋白质含量、组分、形态以及分布特征对稻米品质均具有重要影响。本文梳理了胚乳蛋白质与稻米外观品质、加工品质、营养品质和蒸煮食味品质关系的研究进展，并对未来研究方向提出了展望。结果可为进一步解析胚乳蛋白质在稻米品质形成中的作用和稻米品质改良提供参考。     

早籼稻品质分析及其遗传初探

本文按照国家规定的优质食用稻米的标准和测定方法,分析了11个早籼稻品种(品系)的稻米外观品质、蒸煮品质和营养品质。结果表明,本组培育的乌珍1号、乌珍5号的多数品质性状和711、713的全部品质性状都达到了农牧渔业部优质食用稻米标准。在性状遗传方面胶稠度可能受一对主基因控制,硬对软为显性。粒长、粒型、直链淀粉、蛋白质含量受多基因控制属于数量性状遗传,并与环境互作。高、低直链淀粉含量的品种间杂交,可以得到中等直链淀粉的后代。     

稻米淀粉影响食味品质机理的研究进展

稻米食味品质是决定消费者选择和市场流通最重要的因素之一。稻米食味品质主要是由淀粉（少量蛋白质和脂肪）在水和温度共同作用下经过一段时间物理和化学变化形成独特的质构和滋味。本文介绍了稻米食味品质评价的发展历程，综述了淀粉组成结构、淀粉与其他成分互作、淀粉生物合成与分解对食味品质的影响，以及利用分子生物学手段对稻米食味品质改良的研究进展，以期为稻米食味品质提升、水稻品质育种提供参考。     

稻米食味品质对结实期温度的响应研究进展

综述了稻米食味品质对结实期温度的响应特征及稻米食味品质与直链淀粉、支链淀粉和蛋白质含量的关系,并从籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉与蛋白质合成代谢角度阐明了水稻食味品质对结实期温度响应的生理基础,最后展望了结实期温度胁迫对稻米食味品质影响的研究方向。     

水稻弱势籽粒淀粉形成对稻米品质影响研究进展

随着社会的发展和经济水平的提高，人们的消费习惯和消费结构发生了巨大变化，人们对优质稻米的需求越来越高，有关稻米品质的研究也越发得到重视。本文综述了影响水稻弱势籽粒淀粉品质形成的机理与相应调控途径，基于此，提出了通过调控水稻弱势籽粒淀粉形成来提高稻米整体营养品质的新思路。     

生物菌肥对丹东地区水稻产量性状和品质的影响

以丹粳17、丹粳21、中丹4号为试验材料,研究了不同氮肥水平条件下生物菌肥对丹东地区水稻品质的影响。结果表明,不同氮肥水平下,施用生物菌肥能够提高稻米籽粒的长宽比,显著降低垩白粒率和垩白度,增加稻米的胶稠度、粗脂肪含量和直链淀粉含量,提高了稻米的食味值,改善了稻米的食用品质。     

头季稻与再生稻稻米品质比较试验

对南平市建阳区9个水稻主栽品种头季稻与再生稻的稻米碾磨品质、稻米外观品质、蒸煮食用品质进行系统分析。结果表明:再生稻的糙米率、精米率、整精米率均高于头季稻;再生稻的垩白粒率、垩白度均低于头季稻;头季稻与再生稻的碱消值、直链淀粉含量存在一定差异;总体表现出再生稻的稻米品质优于头季稻。     

Effects of Low Light on Agronomic and Physiological Characteristics of Rice Including Grain Yield and Quality

Light intensity is one of the most important environmental factors that determine the basic characteristics of rice development. However, continuously cloudy weather or rainfall, especially during the grain-filling stage, induces a significant loss in yield and results in poor grain quality. Stress caused by low light often creates severe meteorological disasters in some rice-growing regions worldwide. This review was based on our previous research and related research regarding the effects of low light on rice growth, yield and quality as well as the formation of grain, and mainly reviewed the physiological metabolism of rice plants, including characteristics of photosynthesis, activities of antioxidant enzymes in rice leaves and key enzymes involved in starch synthesis in grains, as well as the translocations of carbohydrate and nitrogen. These characteristics include various grain yield and rice quality components （milling and appearance as well as cooking, eating and nutritional qualities） under different rates of shading imposed at the vegetative or reproductive stages of rice plants. Furthermore, we discussed why grain yield and quality are reduced under the low light environment. Next, we summarized the need for future research that emphasizes methods can effectively improve rice grain yield and quality under low light stress. These research findings can provide a beneficial reference for rice cultivation management and breeding program in low light environments.     

多胺与乙烯对水稻籽粒灌浆、粒重和品质的调控作用

研究水稻产量与品质特性对水稻优质高产育种和栽培具有重要意义。多胺与乙烯作为两类重要的内源植物生长调节物质,对水稻籽粒灌浆充实、粒重和品质形成具有重要的调控作用。本文分别介绍了水稻籽粒多胺与乙烯、灌浆充实、粒重和品质特性,简述了灌浆与粒重和品质形成的关系,重点综述了水稻灌浆期籽粒多胺与乙烯对灌浆充实、粒重和品质(稻米加工、外观和营养品质及籽粒淀粉品质)的调控作用及其生理机制,讨论了存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

Rapid prediction of head rice yield and grain shape for genome-wide association study in indica rice

Rice milling and appearance qualities are the main determinants of market price of the milled rice, so great breeding efforts have been directed to improve the milling and appearance quality. The success of breeding efforts depends on the accurate and rapid phenotyping of the quality traits in early generations. This study was conducted to first validate the effectiveness of the PaddyCheck to measure head rice yield (HRY) and paddy grain length of 40 indica rice cultivars. The results indicated that the PaddyCheck data had positively correlated with the lab methods of HRY (r = 0.81**) and grain length (r = 0.97**). An association panel including 281 indica rice accessions was phenotyped with the PaddyCheck and the data were used for genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify quantitative trait locus (QTL) for milling and appearance quality. A total of nine QTLs were identified, among which the major genes GS3 and qSW5 were identified for grain length and width, respectively. Furthermore, a novel QTL on short arm of chromosome 6 was identified for HRY. Our study indicated that PaddyCheck measurement was accurate and effective, and could be applied in rice breeding for improvement of grain shape and milling quality. The nine QTLs identified in indica rice could be used in marker assisted selection in rice breeding programs.     

水稻亚种间优质米组合的选育初报

对籼粳交组合及其亲本的稻米品质进行了分析，结果表明：在选育水稻亚种间优质米组合时，亲本中必须有１个优质米亲本，另一个为高产中等米质亲本；配制偏粳组合时，最好选用粳型不育系作母本；反之，配制偏籼组合时，应选用籼型不育系作母本；双亲垩白度都高的亲本不宜选用；另外，在选配偏粳组合时，不宜选用直链淀粉含量高（２４％以上）的籼稻作父本，最好直链淀粉含量在２０％以下。     

稻米品质性状遗传及性状间相关性的研究综述

稻米品质已成为影响我国稻米市场发展的决定因素.综述了稻米主要品质性状的遗传以及品质性状间相关性的研究进展,指出了目前研究中有关的问题,提出了今后稻米品质改良的研究方向.     

Contribution and Prospect of Erect Panicle Type to japonica Super Rice

Over the past 30 years, super rice played an important role in boosting rice yield. The phenotype of erect panicle(EP) architecture controlled by dense and erect panicle 1(dep1) is the typical characteristic of super rice, and the phenotype has been used in rice breeding for nearly a century. In this review, the molecular genetic basis of EP phenotype, and mechanism of how dep1 affects rice carbon, nitrogen metabolism and grain quality(grain shape and taste quality) were discussed. In addition, we discussed the possible improvement strategies of rice yield and quality. This review provides a quick overview of the whole process for rice quality formation, as well as suggestions and ideas for future research on rice quality improvement.     

谷粒形状与稻米品质相关性研究

通过对安徽省农科院水稻所选育的17个水稻品种（组合）进行粒形分类，并对谷粒形状与稻米品质的相关性进行分析。结果表明，供试品种（组合）的粒长多属短粒形，长宽比多为短圆形。谷粒形状（粒长、粒度、长宽比）与加工品质（糙米率、精米率、整精米率）呈显著或极显著相关，与蒸煮品质中的碱消值呈显著相关；千粒重对各稻米品质性状的影响均未达显著水平。并提出水稻品质育种只有做到粒长、粒重兼顾，才有可能在提高产量的同时达到改良米质的目的。     

中国近25年来育成杂交籼稻组合的米质分析

为了解我国近25年来育成的杂交籼稻组合的米质状况和未来品质改良重点,分析了我国自1984年以来育成的4495份杂交籼稻组合的10项米质指标及其优质达标率。结果表明,检测的4495份杂交籼稻材料10项米质性状的优质达标率为34.2%～98.1%,平均78.5%。5项主要米质指标（整精米率、垩白度、透明度、直链淀粉含量和质量指数）全部达到优质标准的材料占29.9%。20世纪80年代、90年代和2001-2008年3个不同时期育成的杂交籼稻组合10项米质性状的平均优质达标率分别为64.2%、71.1%和81.4%,质量指数优质达标率分别为84.5%、86.4%和88.5%。2001-2008年期间育成的杂交籼稻材料5项主要米质指标全部达到优质标准的占32.9%,比20世纪80年代和90年代的分别高18.0和11.9个百分点,表明2001-2008年育成的杂交籼稻组合的米质总体优于20世纪80年代和90年代育成的组合。博优、中优和培优系列组合的米质较好。分析同时指出,我国杂交籼稻组合的垩白粒率和垩白度的优质达标率较低,仅34.2%和55.1%,是未来杂交籼稻米质改良的重点。     

Differences in Grain Yield and Quality in Main and Ratoon Rice in Southern Henan Province

【Objective】 The combination of mid-season rice+ratoon rice is a new pattern of rice planting in southern Henan Province. However, the changes in grain yield and quality between the main and ratoon seasons remain unclear. Clarifying the changing law of grain yield and rice quality can lay a theoretical and practical basis for the screening of ratoon rice varieties with higher grain yield and better rice quality in southern Henan Province. 【Method】 In this study, 12 hybrid indica rice combinations suitable for single-cropping rice were used as materials under local high-yield cultivation conditions. The tested combinations were divided into four types according to their yields in main and ratoon seasons: BH, both high grain yields in main and ratoon season; HL, high grain yield in main season and low grain yield in ratoon season; LH, low grain yield in main season and high yield in ratoon season; BL, both low grain yields in main and ratoon seasons. The difference in rice quality was also analyzed. 【Result】 1) The processing quality and appearance quality in ratoon season were significantly improved, however, the protein contents decreased, and the eating quality of rice was improved to different extents as compared with those in main season; 2) Except for BL type (only one combination, Shenliangyou 11), the processing quality of BH and HL was better, and HL has better appearance quality and cooking and eating quality. There was no significant difference in protein contents among different yield types in main season, while in ratoon season, the protein contents in BH were 10.7 % higher than those in HL, and 1.75% lower than those in LH. 3) The effect of daily average temperature after full heading on grain quality was far greater than the sunshine hours, and the relatively low average daily temperature after full heading in ratoon season was the main reason for its better grain quality. 【Conclusion】 Based on higher grain yield and better rice quality, Liangyou 6326, Tianliangyou 616, Guangliangyou 476 and Fengliangyouxiang 1 were suitable varieties for ratoon cultivation in southern Henan Province.