灰色系统理论在大豆品种综合评价中的应用

本文应用灰色系统理论关联度分析的原理和方法，对参加河南省夏大豆新品种区域试验的１１个品种（系）进行了综合评价，结果与品种的实际表现相一致。该方法克服了以往只对品种单一性状评价的弊端和不足，为科学评价和合理利用品种提供了科学依据和方法。     

攀枝花市成龄芒果园土壤肥力评价

为明确攀枝花市成龄芒果园土壤养分状况,科学指导施肥,本研究对43个芒果园土壤（0~40 cm）进行采样,测定分析了土壤pH、有机质、速效养分和微量养分的含量。结果表明：研究区内13种肥力指标变异系数在0.13~0.75之间,均属于中等变异强度。经取样数合理性统计分析,评价芒果园土壤肥力的43个样本数能够满足90%置信水平下20%相对误差的精度需求。采用主成分分析法和隶属度函数法结合雷达图评价单因素肥力指标在土壤中的状况,结果表明,pH、碱解氮、速效磷、有效铁和有效锌是影响土壤肥力水平的限制性因子。研究区土壤肥力综合指数（IFI）范围为0.25~0.93,平均值为0.55,果园之间IFI的差异较大。     

茶叶梗茎剪切特性与嫩度关系的试验研究

剪切特性指标可以用来评价茶叶的嫩度,本文通过剪切试验获得了茶叶剪切特性的力学指标(硬度、破坏能、破坏力及破坏应力等),同时针对茶叶梗直径尺寸较小,运用图像分析的方法,获得茶叶梗外形尺寸及其他参数,综合分析建立了不同品种茶叶嫩度和剪切力学指标之间的数学模型,为客观评价茶叶的等级提供新的手段和研究方法。     

运用灰色系统理论和模糊数学对芝麻区试品种的分析评价

运用灰色系统理论和模糊数学，对2005年全国（江淮片）芝麻区试品种进行了多因素综合评价和分析，结果表明：驻03J-3评价指标是0.7095，综合表现最优；其次是00-51013，其综合评价指标是0.6753；02-2319评价指标是0.1902，综合表现最差。此结果与试验地实际表现相一致。     

棉花品种的稳定性分析及综合评价

以湖北省部分棉花品种（系）的区试资料为实例，对棉花品种（系）进行了稳定性分析，并进一步从丰产性、稳定性、抗病性及纤维品质四个方面指标对棉花品种进行了综合评价     

龙眼果实低温贮藏性能常规指标评价体系的构建

以6个品种的龙眼果实为试验材料，监测了低温[（4±0.5）℃]贮藏期间25个常规指标，运用相关分析、因子分析和逐步回归分析方法对果实的贮藏性能进行综合评估。结果表明：（1）分别得到了与褐变指数、自溶指数、衰老度和失重率等显著相关的指标公因子组成及其解释指标，并构建了相应的数学预测模型；（2）通过逐步回归分析，得到了不同贮藏效果的有效评价指标，其中，褐变指数包括失重率、皮电导率、皮果糖和皮还原糖，自溶指数为肉还原糖，失重率包括肉还原糖和皮蔗糖，衰老度包括皮果糖、皮电导率和失重率； （3）6个品种中，石硖贮藏性能最好，其次为储良、立冬本、水眼、东壁，后壁埔最差，评价指标中，皮电导率作用最大，其次是失重率、皮果糖和皮还原糖，肉还原糖作用最小； （4）本研究得到的4个预测模型中，除自溶指数外，其它3个均具有较好的解释作用。     

模糊综合评判法和模糊评分法在苎麻品种综合评价中的应用

１９９１￣１９９３年对原产于贵州的１３份苎麻地方品种进行品比试验，主要鉴定其株高、茎粗、鲜皮厚等六个经济性状和单纤维支数。用模糊综合评判法和模糊评分法进行分析比较，并按综合评价值的大小排序，其结果是新铺青麻的综合评价值最大，排第一名，桐梓空秆麻的综合评价值稍次，排第二名，其余参试品种的综合评价值都小于对照品种黑皮蔸，排名均在黑皮蔸之后。这两种方法评价结果与实际情况和方差分析结果基本相符。     

作物间混作产量优势评价方法的探讨

本文从相对产量、绝对产量和双变量分析三个方面论述了各种间混作产量优势评价的方法，指出了每种方法所存在的问题，并在此基础上组合形成了一种较为全面的综合分析方法，从而使间混作产量优势的评价方法得到改进和提高，进而为间作试验研究的深入进行奠定了基础。     

品种优势综合评价方法研究及其应用

本文通过利用欧氏距离和指标效应模型，确定了指标权重和评分标准，克服了传统的技术经济学综合评分法中指标权重确定的主观性和评分标准的差异，从而能够准确客观地对作物品种各指标性状进行综合评价。初步应用结果表明，改进的综合评分法具有以下优点：（1）充分利用数据信息资料；（2）整个评价过程由计算机完成，不借助专家就可评价；（3）评价结果具有客观性、稳定性和综合性；（4）具有一定的通用性。     

豫北和豫中地区小麦新品种筛选与利用研究

为筛选适宜于河南省北部和中部地区种植的小麦新品种,运用灰色多维综合隶属度方法对2007-2008年度河南省小麦高肥水地冬水Ⅱ组区域试验资料进行了分析。结果表明：周麦18号、04中70、豫农416、洛麦22号和豫教0502综合性状表现较好,适于在河南省中、北部种植。同时表明,与传统的方差分析方法相比较,灰色多维综合隶属度分析方法更科学、合理,可作为小麦新品种评价的实用方法。     

小麦育种目标性状几种权重确定方法的比较

为筛选出适合于小麦育种性状综合评价的最佳权重确定方法,以安阳工学院生物与食品工程学院2011-2012年度小麦3个杂交组合F2代20个单株试验数据为基础,分别采用专家确定法、灰色关联度法、层次分析(AHP)法、离差最大化法和信息熵法对株高、单株穗数、单株产量、饱满度、穗粒数、千粒重、单穗重等7个小麦育种目标性状的权重进行了分析。结果表明,灰色关联度法用于小麦育种目标性状的权重确定时,不仅具有专家确定法权威可靠的优点,而且具有动态性、可调性和灵活性,可以在一定程度上代替专家确定法。     

杂交组合灰色接近度评估方法及其在小麦育种中的应用

为提高作物杂交组合定量评估效率,提升育种水平,参照时间序列灰色接近度概念,在杂交组合灰色综合评估基础上,提出基于空间序列灰色接近度的杂交组合评估方法。该方法包括杂交组合试验数据整理、育种目标性状值(理想值)确定、试验数据无量纲变换、性状权重确定、杂交组合各性状与育种目标性状灰色接近度计算、杂交组合等级评定等步骤。实例检验结果表明,这种方法较时间序列灰色接近度方法省去了"零化"处理和最大、最小差寻求步骤,使用更加简便易行。     

中国杂交粳稻的米质及优质达标率研究

根据NY/T 593-2002《食用稻品种品质》标准,分析了中国近8 a(1998—2005)育成的267份杂交粳稻的米质及其达标率。结果表明,杂交粳稻的米质整体较优,各项米质指标的平均值,除垩白米率接近优质3级外,其它全部达到或超过优质3级标准。优质达标率在75%以上的米质指标有糙米率、精米率、透明度、糊化温度、胶稠度、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量、整精米率等8项,其中前6项的优质达标率在90%以上。全部10项米质指标均达到优质的组合数占测定总组合数的45.4%。在地域上,北方稻区杂交粳稻的垩白粒率、垩白度的平均值低于南方稻区杂交粳稻。与常规粳稻比较,杂交粳稻各项米质指标的平均值除垩白米率高7个百分点外,其它9项米质指标基本相同。改良垩白性状仍然是杂交粳稻育种的主要目标之一。     

Grain weight,radiation interception and use efficiency as affected by sink-strength in Mediterranean wheats released from 1940 to 2005

Bread wheat has been frequently characterised as sink-limited during grain filling but the degree of sink-limitation could vary with the contribution of breeding in increasing the number of grains per unit land area. This hypothetical change in the level of sink-limitation due to breeding has been insufficiently documented. Two source–sink manipulation experiments under field conditions with three released cultivars and an advanced breeding line representing important steps in wheat breeding in the Mediterranean area of Spain were conducted in order to quantify whether genetic improvement of grain yield in Mediterranean wheat modified the source–sink balance during grain filling, and how it affected grain weight and post-anthesis photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by the crop (IPAR) and radiation use efficiency (RUE). Average grain weight of control and trimmed spikes during grain filling was not significantly affected by halving the number of growing grains in the two oldest cultivars, but it was significantly increased in the most modern line, and had an intermediate response in the intermediate cultivar. In those cases in which a certain degree of source-limitation during grain growth occurred the magnitude of the response reflected a co-rather than a source-limitation. Considering grains from different positions within the spikes the smaller (distal) grains responded more markedly than the larger (proximal) grains. No differences in post-anthesis IPAR were found between the trimmed and control sub-plots for any of the genotypes. However, trimming the spikes reduced post-anthesis RUE, a fact corroborated by a simultaneous reduction in leaf net photosynthetic rate at noon. It seems that bread wheat breeding has tended to reduce the strength of the sink-limitation during post-anthesis even under Mediterranean conditions, and consequently the most modern line presented a sort of co-limitation.     

盐胁迫对水稻发芽和出苗的影响

对123个不同水稻品种分别在纯水、100 mmol/L NaCl和150mmol/LNaCl水溶液中的萌发情况进行试验,研究盐对发芽率和出苗率的影响,以及不同品种对盐胁迫的不同反应,结果表明:水稻各品种在处理2、处理3的条件下的萌发都比处理1要晚,处理1、2、3的发芽率分别为94.24%、95.08%、85.91%,出苗率分别为90.21%、95.08%、0;盐胁迫对不同品种的发芽率和出苗率影响程度不同,品种之间的基因型差异是耐盐水稻筛选的基础。     

盐碱地区水稻食味值及其与品质性状的关系

以辽宁省盐碱地利用研究所提供的65个水稻品系为试材,分析了这些水稻品系食味值的总体表现,及食味值与各品质性状的关系。结果表明,各参试品系品质普遍较好,但品系间各品质性状有一定差异;各参试品系食味值在60.44~84.00之间,品系间差异显著,并接近正态分布;食味值与垩白粒率、垩白度呈极显著正相关,与精米率、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关,与长宽比呈显著负相关。因此,在品种选育过程中,应选择直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量相对较低,籽粒长宽比较小的品种,这样可以提高食味值。但是,食味值的提高会增加稻米的垩白粒率和垩白度。     

Changing allele frequencies associated with specific resistance genes to leaf blast in backcross introgression lines of Khao Dawk Mali 105 developed from a conventional selection program

Key genomic regions associated with blast resistance against a broad spectrum of isolates could be identified in backcross introgression lines developed by conventional breeding program. In this article, eighty three BC₃F₂ backcross introgression lines (BILs) derived from a cross between IR68835-98-2-B-2-1-1 (a broad spectrum blast resistance variety) and KDML105 (a susceptible variety) were developed by phenotypic selection against a mixture of six virulent blast isolates (MXL) that are widely spread out in the rainfed lowland of the North and Northeast of Thailand. The resistance spectrum of the BILs was assessed by inoculating with 12 different Magnaporthe oryzae isolates that showed differential responses on the parental cultivars and the MXL that was used for phenotypic selection. All BILs showed highly resistant reactions (low disease score) to the MXL and to two blast isolates THL48 and THL149. Four markers, i.e., RM246, RM241, RM303 and RM164 completely favoring the IR68835 allele (shifting of allele frequencies from KDML105 to IR68835) were identified on chromosomes 1, 4 and 5, respectively. Therefore, these markers could be linked to the resistance genes functioning against the MXL, THL48 and THL149. Furthermore, significant shifting of alleles was identified at six markers located on chromosomes 2, 4, 8, 9 and 12. Seven DNA markers linked to specific resistance genes were identified, in which allele from IR68835 at 6 markers, i.e., RM6, RM205, RM211, RM252, RM273 and RM342 reduced disease score (DS), against blast isolates THL16, THL329, THL458, THL831, THL868 and THL96036 while allele from KDML105 at RM208 (Pi-kd on chromosomes 2) reduce DS against THL84, THL191, THL557 and THL1108. In this study, the use of DNA markers enabled the identification of specific resistance genes in the backcross breeding materials developed from routine rice breeding program through the conventional phenotypic selection. In this experiment, the usefulness of breeding materials from conventional breeding program in identifying genes corresponding to the selection was illustrated. Linked markers and their genomic location provide necessary information for further use of marker-assisted selection to improve blast resistance in rice breeding program.     

彩花油菜的创建及遗传育种进展

油菜既是重要的油料作物,也是极具观赏价值的大田作物,成片的油菜花每年吸引大量游客。近年来,随着农业旅游项目的不断研发,油菜花成为越来越重要的特色旅游资源,而且以黄色为主的菜花正在被白色、红色、紫色等彩色菜花所丰富,花色油菜种质的创制也被越来越多的育种家所突破。本文主要介绍了通过远缘杂交、原生质体融合、人工诱变、基因工程等方法获得的不同花色油菜新种质,概述了有关油菜花色的遗传机理、进化与选择等的研究进展,综述了彩花油菜育种的最新进展,并就未来发展趋势做了展望和建议。     

Analysis of Blast Resistance Genes and Neck Blast Resistance of japonica Rice Varieties/Lines Recently Developed in Jiangsu Province

【Objective】Evaluating the breeding potential of the known blast resistance (R) genes harbored in rice varieties is one of prerequisites for developing rice blast resistant varieties and R genes-based control of the disease epidemic.【Method】A total of 195 new japonica varieties/lines from Jiangsu Province were genotyped using functional markers corresponding to 14 rice blast R gene loci. In order to identify gene or gene combination with breeding potential against neck-blast, 158 japonica rice varieties were then artificially inoculated with blast strains as well as 17 advanced backcrossing lines containing Pigm gene in two different genetic backgrounds at booting stage. 【Result】Most varieties carried 2 to 5 R genes, and none of new varieties contained Pigm; the distribution frequencies of Pib, Pita and Pikh were relatively high and all exceeded 45%, the rest 10 genes were under 30%; Pid3, Pid2, Pia and Pb1 had apparently higher frequency in lines from regional tests than that in authorized and released varieties. Three genes with effects ordered as Pia > Pi3/5/i > Pita significantly contributed to neck-blast resistance, and significantly positive interaction effects were found between Pia and Pita, and between Pi3/5/i and Pita. Combination effect of Pia+Pita was significantly higher than that of Pi3/5/i+Pita, and the varieties harboring Pia+Pita reached resistant or highly resistant levels. The resistance of 17 advanced backcrossing lines carrying Pigm was all significantly improved as compared with corresponding controls, and all reached resistant level or even higher. 【Conclusion】 The results suggested that Pigm and the combination of Pia+Pita have critically important breeding potential in japonica rice breeding against neck blast in Jiangsu Province.     

从稻米品质评价标准的变化看我国水稻品质育种的发展

对我国水稻生产中应用最为广泛的两个稻米品质标准<优质食用稻米>(NY 122-86)和<优质稻谷>(GB/T 17891-1999)作了比较分析,认为NY 122-86指标数过多,部分指标过于严格,脱离了育种实际,而GB/T 17891-1999则具有重点突出、紧密结合实际、可操作性强等优点.以这两个标准的颁布为转折点,可将我国水稻品质育种历程分为3个阶段:即起步阶段、全面改良和提高阶段、重点攻关阶段.根据当前育种实际,论述了我国水稻品质育种的主要发展趋势.