玉米幼胚培养及植株再生的研究

以不同玉米自交系幼胚为外植体,研究不同2,4-D浓度对愈伤组织诱导、6-BA浓度对愈伤组织分化和6-BA与NAA配合使用对试管苗生根的影响。结果表明:不同2,4-D浓度对愈伤组织诱导率影响差异不明显,但对胚性率诱导有明显影响,其诱导最佳培养基为MS+2,4-D 2 mg/L+水解酪蛋白500 mg/L+脯氨酸500 mg/L;愈伤组织分化的最佳培养基是MS+6-BA0.5 mg/L+水解酪蛋白500 mg/L+谷氨酰胺200 mg/L+PP₃₃₃ 2 mg/L;试管苗生根的最佳培养基是1/2 MS+6-BA0.5 mg/L+NAA2.0 mg/L+PP₃₃₃ 2.0 mg/L+活性炭0.2%。     

甜叶薰衣草愈伤组织培养初步研究

以甜叶薰衣草的叶与茎段为材料,研究不同外源激素配比对甜叶薰衣草愈伤组织诱导及继代培养的影响。结果表明:同等条件下,叶愈伤组织的诱导率高于茎段,适宜叶愈伤组织诱导的培养基为MS+6-BA3.0mg/L+2,4-D 0.1mg/L;适宜茎段愈伤组织诱导的培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+2,4-D 0.1mg/L;适宜愈伤组织继代培养的培养基为MS+6-BA 3.0mg/L+NAA 0.5mg/L,以15-18 d为继代的最佳时间。     

紫茉莉愈伤组织诱导的激素优化研究

[目的]该研究以紫茉莉（Mirabilis jalapaL.）为供试植物,建立愈伤组织诱导及继代培养体系,为后期的细胞悬浮培养奠定基础。[方法]以MS为基础培养基,加入不同浓度的6-BA、2,4-D、NAA、KT,设计L16（44）正交试验。[结果]得出最佳愈伤组织诱导组合为：6-BA 0 mg/L＋2,4-D 1 mg/L＋NAA 1 mg/L＋KT 1.5 mg/L,以附加2,4-D 1 mg/L＋KT 0.5 mg/L的继代培养基上生长的愈伤组织适合细胞悬浮培养。[结论]筛选出适合紫茉莉愈伤组织培养的激素条件,可为紫茉莉组培相关研究奠定基础。     

甘蔗新品系桂南亚08-212的组培快繁技术

以广西南亚热带农业科学研究所自育甘蔗新品系桂南亚08-212的幼嫩叶片作为外植体,采用不同2,4-D浓度对幼嫩叶片的切片进行愈伤诱导,以不同6-BA浓度对甘蔗愈伤进行分化诱导和增殖培养,以不同NAA浓度诱导甘蔗组培苗生根。结果表明:适宜甘蔗幼嫩叶片愈伤诱导的培养基为改良MS+2,4-D 2.0 mg/L,诱导分化培养以改良MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L为宜,增殖培养以改良MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L为宜,适宜的生根培养基为改良MS+NAA 5.0 mg/L。     

平贝母愈伤组织和不定芽诱导研究

目的应用组织培养技术对平贝母进行离体培养,从而得到愈伤组织和不定芽。方法以鳞茎为材料诱导愈伤组织与不定芽,采用正交实验设计确定最佳的激素种类与浓度。结果适当的激素组合及配比可诱导出愈伤组织和不定芽,最高的诱导率可分别达到14%以上、86.7%。结论愈伤组织最佳诱导培养基为MS+2,4-D 1.0mg/L+6-BA 0.9mg/L+NAA 0.5mg/L;最佳继代培养基为MS+2,4-D0.5mg/L+6-BA 0.3mg/L;不定芽最佳诱导培养基为MS+KT 0.8mg/L+NAA 0.3mg/L。     

甘蔗近缘属斑茅组织培养高频再生体系的建立

以甘蔗近缘属植物斑茅的幼嫩叶片为材料,研究MS、SH、B5三种基本培养基和不同激素(2,4-D、NAA、6-BA)配比对斑茅愈伤组织诱导及继代培养的影响,并筛选出斑茅细胞高频再生体系的最优培养基配方。研究结果表明,斑茅幼嫩叶片愈伤组织诱导培养基以MS+2,4-D 3.0 mg/L+6-BA 0.4 mg/L为最适,愈伤组织继代培养基以MS+2,4-D 3.0 mg/L为最适。在此条件下诱导的愈伤组织质地疏松,具有较强的分化能力。目的是建立斑茅组织培养的高频再生体系,为斑茅材料的细胞悬浮培养、染色体加倍和细胞融合等研究提供一定参考。     

橡胶草根部离体培养诱导植株的研究

以橡胶草的根部作为外植体进行组织培养和快速繁殖研究。结果表明:橡胶草根部外植体防止褐化的最佳方法为MS+500 mg/L AC预培养3 d;根部愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基为MS+0.6 mg/L 6-BA+0.3 mg/L 2,4-D,平均诱导率为90%;分化培养基为MS+0.8 mg/L 6-BA+0.3 mg/L NAA;生根培养基为1/2MS+0.2 mg/L NAA。     

四季桂不同花器官组织培养初步研究

以四季桂的花梗和花瓣为材料,研究不同外源激素配比对四季桂愈伤组织诱导及继代培养的影响。结果表明:同等条件下,花梗愈伤组织的诱导率高于花瓣,适宜花梗愈伤组织诱导的培养基为MS+6-BA1.5 mg/L+2,4-D 0.1mg/L;适宜花瓣愈伤组织继代培养的培养基为MS+6-BA1.5mg/L+NAA0.3mg/L,以10-12 d为继代的最佳时间。     

玉竹组织培养技术研究

以玉竹的叶片、根状茎为外植体,采用不同种类、不同浓度的植物生长调剂进行组织培养。结果表明:玉竹的根状茎用0.2%升汞消毒15min最为合适,根状茎诱导愈伤组织最适培养基为MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+2.0mg/L 2,4-D,诱导率为81%。MS+3.0mg/L 6-BA+0.5mg/L NAA的培养基上诱导不定芽最高,达到87%。MS+2.0mg/L6-BA+0.2mg/LNAA的培养基上诱导不定根最高,达到95%。     

玉米成熟胚离体培养体系的建立

以玉米品种豫玉32和安玉12的成熟胚为外植体,利用正交实验研究蔗糖、2,4-D、AgNO3这3个因素及组合对玉米成熟胚胚性愈伤组织诱导的影响。结果表明,对安玉12诱导胚性愈伤组织的最佳培养基是MS+20g/L蔗糖+2.0 mg/L2,4-D+5.0 mg/LAgNO3,豫玉32诱导胚性愈伤组织的最佳培养基是MS+20 g/L蔗糖+4.0 mg/L2,4-D+10.0 mg/L AgNO3。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

---

Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.