抑制大豆胞囊线虫的异黄酮种类研究

为明确外源异黄酮类物质对大豆胞囊线虫的毒性,选取黄豆苷元(daidzein)、黄豆苷(daidzin)、染料木素(genistein)、染料木苷(genistin)、黄豆黄苷(glycitin)和黄豆黄素(glycitein)6种大豆异黄酮,采用贝氏皿法离体测定其对大豆胞囊线虫的卵孵化抑制率和对二龄幼虫(J2)的致死率及其田间防效,以明确对线虫有效的异黄酮种类。结果表明:6种大豆异黄酮对胞囊线虫的卵孵化和J2活性均具有一定的抑制作用,其中100μg/m L染料木素效果最好,处理24h后,对J2校正死亡率可达到45.46%,对卵孵化抑制率为43.48%,且50μg/m L染料木素处理种子后的田间防效显示对胞囊抑制率亦达到49.47%。此外,染料木苷和黄豆苷元对J2和卵孵化也有较明显效果但田间防效较其他异黄酮差;黄豆黄苷和黄豆黄素对J2毒杀作用较弱但对卵孵化抑制作用较强;黄豆苷对J2和卵孵化作用效果最弱,但是其田间防效与染料木素无显著性差异。说明供试的6种异黄酮在不同浓度和条件下均对大豆胞囊线虫有抑制作用,以染料木素的综合效果最好。研究结果为解释大豆抗线虫侵染的机制及利用大豆异黄酮防治线虫病害奠定了理论基础。     

淡紫拟青霉防治南方根结线虫1号生理小种和花生北方根结线虫试验初报

在实验室内的凹玻片测试结果表明:接种淡紫拟青霉(Paecilomyces lilacinus)后,使南方根结线虫1号生理小种卵的孵化率明显降低,接种5天后的孵化率比对照降低一半,接种11天后卵寄生率达58.20％;温室盆栽试验结果表明:每40平方米1.5公斤、3.0公斤用量下,当季对花生北方根结线虫的卵寄生率达62.09％。53.99％;相同用量的大田试验结果表明;前期卵寄生率分别为18.72％—63.08％、22.92—32.76％,后期卵寄生率分别为19.42％,21.13％,防治效果分别为5.13％—22.45％,23.04％—25.50％,说明淡紫拟青霉对南方根结线虫1号生理种、花生北方根结线虫确有一定的防治效果。     

盆栽榕树基质线虫及根结线虫病的防治

研究不同药剂对盆栽榕树基质线虫和根结线虫病的防治效果。结果表明,2%阿维菌素和40%毒死蜱乳油对盆栽榕树基质线虫和根结线虫病具有良好的防治作用,100mg/kg的2%阿维菌素处理后15天基质线虫防治效果达到99.67%,处理后45天根结线虫病防治效果仍达到95.7%。使用100mg/kg的2%阿维菌素灌根防治根结线虫时对榕树安全、无副作用。     

甜菜夜蛾病毒杀虫剂防治花生甜菜夜蛾田间效果试验

为验证甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒生物杀虫剂对花生甜菜夜蛾的防治效果以及对瓢虫、草蛉、食蚜蝇、蜘蛛和土蜂5种天敌的安全性,通过田间试验对3×10~(10) PIB/g甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒水分散粒剂和对照药剂25g/L高效氟氯氰菊酯乳油对甜菜夜蛾的种群控制作用进行了评价。结果显示,3×10~(10) PIB/g甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒水分散粒剂对花生甜菜夜蛾表现出了较好的防治作用。施药后7d和10d,2500倍和1250倍两个处理药剂的防效均达到85%以上,显著优于对照药剂25g/L高效氟氯氰菊酯乳油。上述两处理药剂对花生田瓢虫、草蛉蜘蛛、食蚜蝇、和土蜂5种主要天敌昆虫无不良影响,对花生生长安全,可在花生生产上推广应用。     

出口盆栽榕树根结线虫病的发生与防控药剂选择

以出口盆栽榕树种植示范基地为观测点,剖析检测根结线虫病的病原种类、为害症状、发病规律和传播控制,选择测定阿维菌素、毒死蜱、益舒宝和克百威对基质和根系根结线虫的防控效果,评价根结线虫对这4种药剂的敏感性。结果表明:对出口盆栽榕树造成为害的主要是南方根结线虫。阿维菌素原浆、毒死蜱乳油对盆栽榕树基质和根系根结线虫的防控效果均较理想,极显著优于两颗粒剂益舒宝和克百威。基质根结线虫对阿维菌素和毒死蜱敏感,LD50分别为0.215 4 mg/L和0.215 5 mg/L,无明显差异。根系根结线虫对阿维菌素的LD50为8.64 80 mg/L,是毒死蜱的3.10倍;克百威的LD50为2.127 9 g/盆,是益舒宝的1.35倍;各处理抗性个体出现频率会有不同,要尽可能轮换或交替使用。     

拮抗线虫的花生根瘤内生细菌筛选及鉴定

用拮抗内生细菌控制根结线虫具有重要意义。于全国范围内选择不同生境的地块采集土样,室内诱集花生根瘤,获得了丰富的根瘤内生细菌种群。利用半根瘤法从花生根瘤中分离内生细菌,以北方根结线虫为靶标,筛选其中对根结线虫二龄幼虫具有高毒力的内生细菌菌株。在诱集获得的637个根瘤样本中,有19个处理二龄幼虫致死率达80%以上的高效根瘤样本,其中2个根瘤样本处理24h时致死率可达94%。通过对19个根瘤样本的内生菌进行分离纯化,获得123株内生菌,通过对其发酵液杀线虫活性进行研究获得活性较高的9个菌株,其中Sneb1706处理二龄幼虫24h致死率达到91.4%,Sneb1872对卵的孵化抑制率可达到59.4%,Sneb1773对植物表现出明显的促生作用。经16S RNA序列分析和生理生化鉴定,这9个高杀线虫活性的根瘤内生菌菌株属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、寡氧单胞属(Stenotrophomonas)和根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)。     

万强对花生根结线虫发育的影响及防治效果

万强对花生根结线虫发育的影响及防治效果廖金铃（华南农业大学线虫研究室），冯志新华南农业大学学报。－１９９５，１６（２）．－６０～６４１９９１～１９９４年利用室内培养和盆栽试验的方法，研究了１０％万强颗粒剂对花生根结线虫（Ｍｅｌｏｉｄｏｇｙｎｅａｒｅｎ...     

蟛蜞菊抽提物对花生蚜忌避及毒杀作用

用不同浓度蟛蜞菊甲醇抽提物对花生蚜选择性和非选择性忌避作用进行测定,并采用喷雾法进行蟛蜞菊抽提物对花生蚜的毒杀试验。结果表明:在选择性忌避试验中,蟛蜞菊抽提物对花生蚜具明显的忌避作用,最高忌避率达90.1％,而在非选择性忌避试验中忌避作用中等;2.5 g/L浓度蟛蜞菊抽提物喷雾处理花生蚜,第5天死亡率达93.7％,第1,3,5天致死中质量浓度(LC50)分别为1.4,1.2,0.9 g/L。蟛蜞菊抽提物有开发利用的价值。     

藤本豆根结线虫病的病原鉴定及其侵染特性的研究

在福建省发现豆科新品种多年生藤本豆（Lablab sp.）发生严重的根结线虫病,根部可产生巨大根结,根结内组织内可埋生数以百计的雌虫,卵囊产于根结内。通过形态特征及rDNA-ITS区序列扩增比对,藤本豆根结线虫鉴定为南方根结线虫（Meloidogyne incognita）。多年生藤本豆受根结线虫为害为首次记述, 也是南方根结线虫新寄主。接种实验结果表明,2龄幼虫主要侵染藤本豆根尖,也可侵染根其他部位,雌虫与卵囊埋生于根结内,卵可直接孵化并在根内直接侵染发育,根结大小发展快,根结坚硬,表面组织不易腐解,雄虫只能在后期根结腐败组织处发现。在环境温度（24~36 ℃）,生活史最短为24 d。田间重要杂草空心莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides）根结线虫病发生普遍,形态特征鉴定为南方根结线虫,田间调查及交叉接种实验表明其可能为田间藤本豆根结线虫病的主要侵染来源。     

七种药剂对两种花生叶螨的室内毒力和盆栽药效测定

为明确7种常用杀螨剂对花生上二斑叶螨和朱砂叶螨的毒力差异和防治效果,为不同优势种群的防治提供高效药剂,采用浸虫法测定了7种杀螨剂对两种叶螨雌成螨和卵的毒力。毒力测定结果表明,螺虫乙酯对二斑叶螨成螨的毒力最高LC₅₀为1.213mg/L;哒螨灵、联苯肼酯、阿维菌素的毒力次之。阿维菌素对朱砂叶螨成螨的毒力最高LC₅₀为0.044mg/L;螺虫乙酯、哒螨灵、虫螨腈、联苯肼酯的毒力也较高;螺螨酯对两种成螨的毒力均最低。螺虫乙酯对二斑叶螨和朱砂叶螨卵的毒力均最高,LC₅₀分别为0.037mg/L、0.005mg/L。阿维菌素对二斑叶螨和朱砂叶螨成螨的毒力倍数差异最大,达247.8倍;其次是螺虫乙酯、虫螨腈毒力倍数为24.8倍和16.1倍;螺螨酯和阿维菌素对两种叶螨卵的毒力差异较大,分别达12.1倍和11.8倍。在盆栽花生上,43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂、22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂、110g/L乙螨唑悬浮剂4000倍处理,对二斑叶螨的防效好,药后21d达83.75%～97.75%,显著高于其他药剂;7种药剂的4000倍液处理均对朱砂叶螨有很好的防效,药后21d达97.63%～100%。综上所述,除螺螨酯以外,6种供试药剂对朱砂叶螨成螨和卵的毒力均明显大于二斑叶螨,其中阿维菌素对两种成螨毒力差异最大。43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂4000倍液可有效同时防治两种叶螨,并有较好的速效性和持效性;其他6种药剂目前都是防治朱砂叶螨的高效药剂。本研究为防治叶螨合理用药提供了依据,对指导花生田叶螨的科学防治具有重要意义。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.