“粳不籼恢”杂交稻主要农艺性状的遗传参数分析

为探究“粳不籼恢”配组的杂交水稻遗传特性，挖掘优异的种质资源，选取4个BT型粳稻不育系和13个广亲和偏籼型恢复系，按照不完全双列杂交配制了52个杂交组合，分析了8个主要农艺性状的遗传参数。结果表明：1A/R12、ZJ7A/R3961、J14A/R86是综合农艺性状较好的苗头组合；产量与结实率、每穗实粒数和每穗总粒数呈极显著正相关，且在特殊配合力效应上，每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数发挥了重要作用；株高、穗长、有效穗数、千粒重主要受基因加性效应的影响，结实率主要受基因加性效应和非加性效应互作的共同影响，每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、产量主要受基因非加性效应影响；株高主要依赖不育系，而穗长、有效穗数、千粒重、结实率主要依赖于恢复系。因此，以BT型粳稻不育系与广亲和偏籼型恢复系配组时，应侧重于选育半矮秆型粳稻不育系，以及穗长、有效穗数、千粒重较高的恢复系，把大穗型、高结实率作为杂交组合选育的主要指标。     

三系杂交水稻骨干恢复系产量相关性状配合力分析

采用不完全双列杂交(NCⅡ)设计,以5个三系不育系和6个骨干恢复系杂交配组,杂种F1代分别种植于四川不同生态区的4个试验点(乐山、宜宾、达州、绵阳),对各组合的产量相关性状进行了配合力分析。结果表明,F1单株产量及其构成因素同时受加性效应和非加性效应影响,以加性效应为主,恢复系的加性效应对杂种单株产量、单株有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率和单穗重贡献率较大;恢复系单株产量一般配合力大小表现为乐恢188蜀恢527绵恢725CDR22辐恢838明恢63,乐恢188每穗总粒数、结实率和单穗重的一般配合力也较高,所配组合穗大粒多(平均200.88粒),结实率高(81.88%~86.35%),单穗重均在4.5 g以上,单株产量高,具有较大的应用价值。     

小麦温光敏雄性核不育系K78S及其衍生不育系的配合力分析

为了评价小麦温光敏核不育系的配合力,采用14×6不完全双列杂交对14个温光敏核不育系和6个恢复系的7个性状进行了配合力分析。结果表明,穗粒数、千粒重、穗长和小穗数的一般配合力(GCA)方差达极显著水平,这些性状以加性效应为主;单株产量、单株穗数和株高的GCA和特殊配合力(SCA)方差均达极显著水平,3个性状同时受加性和非加性效应的共同作用。GCA好的亲本一般都有较大的产量及产量构成因子GCA效应值以及较多的正效GCA产量构成因子,不育系S1、S6、S7、S9、S12、S13、m14均具有较好的GCA。10个单株产量最大组合的产量构成因素SCA效应值分析结果表明,强优势组合产量三要素的重要性依次为穗粒数、有效穗数和千粒重,不育系的小穗数和株高,恢复系的单株穗数、穗粒数、千粒重及株高的田间表型值与其GCA效应值呈极显著正相关,这些性状的表型值可直接用于指导亲本选配。     

功能型红米恢复系主要农艺性状的配合力和遗传力分析

选用6个三系不育系和8个红米恢复系,按6×8不完全双列杂交设计,配制48个杂交红米组合,分析与产量相关的9个主要农艺性状的配合力及遗传力。结果表明:除不育系单株产量外,其余性状一般配合力和特殊配合力方差均达显著或极显著水平,受基因加性和非加性效应共同影响;亲本一般配合力和组合特殊配合力无明显的相关性;千粒重、株高、糙米率、结实率、有效穗数的狭义遗传力较高,主要受基因加性效应作用,可在低世代选择有效;每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、穗长和单株产量的狭义遗传力较低,须在高世代进行选择。18Rr174在9个主要农艺性状上的一般配合力均达到正效应值,育种应用价值高;广8A×18Rr250、品红1A×18Rr175、荃9311A×18Rr175、品红1A×18Rr174和野香A×18Rr178的产量性状具有较好特殊配合力,具有较好的应用前景。     

北方杂交粳稻组合主要农艺性状的遗传效应分析

选取6个不育系和8个恢复系,按照NC Ⅱ设计配制48个杂交粳稻组合,分析了 8个主要农艺性状的配合力和遗传率.结果表明,各组合的主要农艺性状特殊配合力存在差异,产量特殊配合力效应值最高的组合是65A/R3.不育系对杂交组合有效穗数、穗长和每穗实粒数的遗传贡献较大,恢复系对杂交组合的结实率、千粒重和产量遗传贡献较大.杂交...     

籼型两用核不育系主要农艺性状的配合力分析

 选用5种不同来源的6个籼型两用核不育系与6个早、中籼及广亲和品种以不完全双列杂交方式组配成36个组台，此较分析了6个不育系的株高、穗长、每穗粒数、每穗实粒数、结实率、千粒重、单株穗数、单株产量及生育期9个主要农艺性状的一般配台 和特殊配合力效应以及F1优势表现。 结果表明，不育系之间的一般配台力差异很大，且与所配对应组合的F1竞争优势呈极显著相关，不 育系的一般配合力高，其 所配组合的优势也强。 一般配合力较差的不育系所配组合即使有较高的特殊配合力效应，也难有实际应用价值。3130S和衡农S-1具有较高的一般配合力效应值。作者认为不育系的配合力与其亲缘有关，采用粳籼交或栽野交可能是选育高配合力两用核不育系的有效途径。     

杂交稻新恢复系主要农艺性状的配合力分析

利用5个三系杂交稻不育系（金山2A、福伊A、京福5A、G201A、太香A）和5个杂交稻恢复系（22、制3、404、制6、明恢86）,通过不完全双列杂交配置了25个杂交稻组合,研究了这些新恢复系14个主要农艺性状的配合力。结果表明,14个主要农艺性状的一般配合力方差与特殊配合力方差均达显著或极显著差异水平,并且一般配合力方差明显大于特殊配合力方差,说明杂交稻主要农艺性状的遗传以加性效应为主。除有效穗和播始历期外,父本和母本对株高、穗长、穗颈长、剑叶长、剑叶宽、倒二叶、倒三叶、一次枝梗、二次枝梗、穗粒数、千粒重和结实率等12个农艺性状具有同等重要作用。杂交稻亲本的一般配合力和组合的特殊配合力是相互独立的,相同性状的亲本一般配合力和组合的特殊配合力效应不同,因此组合的特殊配合力是关键。制3、制6、404是一般配合力较好的恢复系,它们的杂种综合性状都比较好,是具有较好育种应用前景的恢复系。     

香型优质水稻三系不育系德香074A产量性状配合力分析

利用香型高配合力三系不育系德香074A及其他4个生产上应用面积较大的不育系(K22A、冈46A、Ⅱ-32A和K17A),按照NCⅡ设计的原理,分别与明恢63、成恢727、泸恢H103、泸恢8258和蜀恢527等5个恢复系杂交,构建双列杂交群体,分析了单株产量、单株有效穗数、单穗质量、每穗颖花数、每穗实粒数、结实率、千粒重等7个产量相关性状的遗传力及配合力。结果表明,德香074A共有6个性状一般配合力效应值为正值,分别是单株产量(9.04)、单株有效穗数(6.27)、单穗质量(3.29)、每穗实粒数(0.15)、结实率(1.40)和千粒重(2.40),是供试不育系中正值性状最多的不育系。7个性状中,千粒重的遗传力最强,广义和狭义遗传力分别为94.69%和80.69%,表明这一性状不易受环境的影响。     

几个籼型不育系和恢复系的配合力分析

通过对9个籼型不育系和9个籼型恢复系配成的81个组合的播始历期等5个性状的配合力分析，结果表明，各亲本一般配合力因性状而异。播始历期的一般配合力效应不育系以：K26A最小，恢复系以成恢448最小；株高一般配合力效应不育系以K22A最小，恢复系以成恢448最小；每穗总粒数的一般配合力效应不育系以丰8A最大，恢复系以成恢448最大；千粒重的一般配合力效应不育系以K18A最大，恢复系以镇恢241最大。单株产量的一般配合力效应不育系以K18A最大，恢复系以中413最大；单株产量的特殊配合力效应值最大的组合是K26M镇恢122、协青早A／OM004和98—12A／中413等。各组合的超亲优势以每穗总粒数最大，竞争优势以株高最大。用这些亲本配组约有三分之一的组合在单株产量上能超过汕优63。     

黑龙江杂交粳稻产量相关性状配合力及遗传参数分析

按照不完全双列杂交(NCII)设计,以6个恢复系为父本、3个不育系为母本共配制18个杂交粳稻组合,分析了产量相关性状的配合力及遗传参数.结果 表明,杂交组合的产量和结实率受母本的影响大于父本,每穗实粒数更多地依赖恢复系,穴穗数和千粒重则受双亲的共同影响.遗传分析表明,主要受基因加性效应影响的性状为穗实粒数,主要受非加性...     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.