90份油棕种质资源主要农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

为了对油棕种质资源进行深入、高效的利用,本研究对新引进的9个油棕品种,90份油棕种质资源的20个农艺性状进行田间观测和记录,分析其遗传多样性及亲缘关系。结果表明：90份材料果穗重的遗传多样性指数最高（3.26）,最小的为果实形状（0.865）。不同性状的变异系数不同,最大的为果穗重（43.99）,茎高的变异系数最小（10.41）。通过主成分分析提取了5个主要因子,分别为株高、果穗重、果实总重量、果肉含油率及种仁含油率,累计贡献率为70.272%。通过聚类分析,将供试材料分为4大类群,其中类群I的36份油棕材料总体表现为矮株、矮茎、产油量高、棕榈油品质较好的品种,是选育高含油量、高品质棕榈油的理想材料。     

油棕人工授粉与风媒授粉比较研究

中国目前没有专门的油棕授粉昆虫,油棕园主要靠风媒和人工授粉。为研究人工授粉对油棕产量的影响,分别在12个油棕品种上进行了试验,并与风媒授粉作了比较。结果表明,人工授粉:(1)显著提高了座果率,平均由62.25%提高至89.18%;(2)显著改善了产量性状指标,其中:平均果串重由6.18kg增加至12.40kg,增幅100.64%;果实占果穗平均比重由52.53%增加至66.02%,增幅13.49%;果穗含油率平均由21.71%增加至28.76%,增幅7.05%;核仁占鲜果串比重平均由7.70%增加至8.62%,增幅0.92%;(3)显著提高了鲜果产量,平均增加了61.1%,毛棕油产量提高了113.4%,经济收益增幅达103.23%。     

6个引进油棕品种农艺性状评价

油棕（Elaeis guineensis Jacq.）是世界上产油效率最高的热带木本油料作物之一,享有“世界油王”之称。缺少自主选育的优良品种是限制我国油棕产业发展的主要因素之一,为选育适应我国栽培的油棕品种并对优良育种材料提供参考,对6个引自哥斯达黎加的油棕品种的植株生长、果穗、果实、产油量等性状进行观测与综合分析。结果表明：种植4年后,6个品种植株的自然高度为3.45~4.78 m,冠幅为5.28~6.11 m,茎高为81.50~105.00 cm,叶片总数为32.50~41.50片/株,叶片长度为332.25~391.75 cm,新增叶数为18.00~22.50片/（株·年）,其中2号和5号品种的植株相对较矮小;6个品种均属于中小果且为薄壳类型,其中1号品种的幼果为绿色,且成熟果穗中有30%~75%的果实没有核果（无籽）,3号品种的幼果有绿色和黑色,其他品种的幼果均为黑色;6个品种的果穗数为8.48~13.31串/（株·年）,果肉/果实比重为73.65%~83.50%,果实/果穗比重为53.45%~59.21%、果肉出油率为47.92%~54.10%、果穗出油率为20.83%~24.93%,具有高产的潜力。主成分分析结果表明,6个品种间在第一主成分无明显分离,层次聚类和热图可视化了6个品种植株农艺性状指标的聚类情况。6个品种综合相关性分析表明,单株产油量与果穗性状、果实性状和果穗出油率呈极显著正相关,这些指标可作为产油量鉴定指标,为未来油棕高产选育提供基础。     

立冬本龙眼适宜留果量研究

以结果习性好、经济效益高的立冬本龙眼为试材,研究不同果穗留量对果实品质、营养枝质量及产量效益的影响。结果表明,每穗留果60～70粒,果穗数量以32%最为适宜,果实单果重13.07～13.33 g的优质果;营养枝粗度7.78～8.46 mm、长度23.78～26.35 cm、复叶数16.86～19.60个之间,次年枝梢成花率为71.04～77.13%,与对照树一样为优良结果母枝。其次果穗留量38%略为偏多,果穗留量28%略为偏少,果穗留量42%和48%容易出现大小年或隔年结果。     

国内外植物油价格波动的关联分析

本文基于中国、西北欧的主要植物油价格以及马来西亚棕油价格、库存、产量的月度数据,研究其波动关联性。研究结果表明,最近7年和20世纪80年代的价格波动较为剧烈,西北欧市场植物油价格在过去30多年中没有明显增长趋势;季节性变动呈变弱趋势,豆油的季节性变化相对小;在棕榈油市场,投机对价格波动的影响较弱,但最近7年开始加重;不同地区、不同产品的价格关联性强,但菜籽油在不同区域市场之间的关系相对弱一些。     

北五味子主要性状的遗传相关与产量的多元回归分析

本文以吉林省长白县五味子园圃内3年生五味子为实验材料,调查了主要性状的变异情况和相关关系,并对产量性状进行了多元回归分析。目的:在于明确北五味子群体中存在的主要变异及各主要生物性状对产量的作用关系。结果:群体中果穗数、产量、均果重变异较大;果穗数、果穗长、穗粒数三个性状对产量表现出显著和极显著相关性;多元分析表明,果穗长、果穗数、均穗重和粒直径这4个性状及其互作效应对生物产量总的决定系数为0.8948,从而成为影响长白地区北五味子产量的主要因素。     

玉米果穗烘干前去杂的必要性及去杂方法

目前，玉米果穗烘干主要是经由输送机、布料系统等相关设备，将湿果穗运送散布堆放在烘干仓内的带有筛孔的斜烘干床上；烘干过程中，经加热后的热风由鼓风机吹进进烘干室内，热风首先需要通过斜床上的筛孔，再通过堆放于其上的果穗堆中的果穗与果穗间的空隙与果穗进行接触，产生热量交换，把湿气带走排入空气中；经过一定时间的循环，达到将湿果穗烘干为符合要求的干果穗；烘干后的果穗要求干湿度基本均匀。     

基于库调节的温室番茄干物质生产与分配

研究了库调节对温室番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum Mill．）品种“Capita”干物质生产与分配的影响。结果表明，温室番茄干物质生产主要由LAI决定而与果穗座果数无直接关联，在果穗修剪为恒定的6（或3）个果实时，叶片修剪能显著降低LAI，从而导致植株总干物质生产的显著降低。增加果穗座果数与叶片修剪均能显著提高植株果实的累积干物质分配率。增加植株密度并不能提高植株果实干物质分配率，但可以提高LAI。高密度处理中单位面积植株果实干重的增加主要是由于总的干物质生产增加的缘故。     

玉米DUS测试性状在春播与夏播间的表达差异研究

对24个玉米品种进行春播与夏播两种方式种植,研究春播与夏播两种播种方式对玉米品种特异性、一致性和稳定性(DUS)测试有关性状表达的影响。结果表明,玉米的果穗形状、果穗子粒颜色数量、果穗子粒排列形式和叶鞘花青甙显色强度4个性状表达不受播种方式的影响;抽丝期、散粉期、叶片宽度和果穗长度等4个性状表达受播种方式的影响明显;叶片弯曲程度等8个性状表达受播种方式的一定影响;雄穗花药花青甙显色强度等8个性状表达基本不受播种方式的影响。播种方式对玉米品种DUS测试性状表达有一定的影响。     

高密度条件下不同生态区变换地选育优良玉米自交系的研究

在吉林省、北京和河南省3个生态环境中对同一来源于X系单交种的早代S₁、S₂和S₃等后代群体进行变换地选择,研究在90 000株/hm²的高密度种植条件下,各世代群体的非有利基因型植株的淘汰效果和入选优良植株的选择效果,并对不同生态区的变换选择途径进行评价。结果表明,在河南省生态环境下对影响产量潜力的子粒败育、果穗畸形植株淘汰效果较为突出。北京和吉林省生态环境对影响抗旱和耐低N等抗性性状的雌雄不协调植株淘汰效果突出;在S3代入选植株的平均粒重高达130 g/穗,显示出较高的单株产量潜力,其相关农艺性状和果穗产量性状得到进一步改善。在3个生态环境中,河南省环境胁迫性最强,入选果穗最少,入选果穗平均单穗粒重最低,对玉米植株与产量间接相关的抗性选择更有利;吉林省和北京则入选果穗多,入选果穗的平均粒重相对较高,对玉米产量直接性状选择更为有效。因此,在北京、吉林省和河南省不同生态区变换地选择育种可以选出产量潜力高、综合抗性理想的基因型。     

Oil Palm — Achievements and Potential

Abstract

Cultivation of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) has expanded tremendously in recent years such that it is now second only to soybean as a major source of the world supply of oils and fats. Presently, Southeast Asia is the dominant region of production with Malaysia being the leading producer and exporter of palm oil. This paper reviews the various factors that have led to oil palm occupying its present position, including biological, technical, managerial, environmental, and socio-political aspects. Biological features recognised as critical to the high productivity of the crop are examined. These include its perennial and evergreen nature (giving a continuous year-round canopy cover intercepting a high proportion of incoming radiation), the year-round production of fruit bunches and the high partition of total assimilates into harvested product. Scientific and managerial aspects contributing to the success of the crop include the significant genetic improvements and production of high quality planting materials, the development and application of finely-tuned agronomic practices, the appropriate scale and efficient organisation of oil palm plantations and the continuous R&D and good infra-structural support provided in the main producing countries. The programmes of crop improvement through the utilisation of traditional breeding and selection methods, the development and benefits of vegetative propagation techniques using tissue culture and ongoing efforts to apply molecular and genetic engineering techniques to improve and modify oil composition, are reviewed. Finally, the nutritional qualities of palm oil as a healthy component of diet are briefly described.     

Improvement of biogas production from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB)

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB), a waste lignocellulosic material, which is the main byproduct of vegetable oil production industries in Indonesia and Malaysia, was utilized as a source for biogas production. Pretreatments using NaOH as well as phosphoric acid were investigated to improve the biogas production. Clear positive effects of the pretreatments on the yield of methane were observed. The best improvement was achieved when 8% NaOH for 60 min was used for the pretreatment, which resulted in 100% improvement in the yield of methane production. In addition, treatment with phosphoric acid resulted in 40% improvement in the methane yield compared with that of the untreated material. The results showed that the carbohydrate content of OPEFB could be efficiently converted to methane under the anaerobic digestion process. 97% of the theoretical value of methane production was achieved after the pretreatment with NaOH for 60 min. Moreover, the initial rate of methane production was also increased by more than 85% after the treatment with NaOH compared with that of the untreated OPEFB.     

油棕Δ9硬脂酰-ACP脱氢酶EgSAD基因的克隆及表达分析

^Δ9硬脂酰-ACP脱氢酶（^Δ9 stearoyl-ACP dehydrogenase,SAD）是植物中重要的脂肪酸脱氢酶,在调控不饱和脂肪酸合成中发挥着重要作用。本研究以非洲油棕和杂交油棕为材料,在油棕果实油脂积累期,分别测定花后120、140、160 d 3个时期的脂肪酸组分;从油棕中克隆SAD基因,并对其理化性质、进化关系、启动子顺式作用元件进行生物信息学分析;利用实时荧光定量PCR检测SAD在2个油棕品种果实成熟期的表达特征。结果表明：非洲油棕中总不饱和脂肪酸（棕榈酸和硬脂酸）比例（55.76%~60.27%）显著高于杂交油棕（37.2%~45.43%）,杂交油棕中不饱和脂肪酸（油酸和亚油酸）比例（51.61%~56.92%）显著高于非洲油棕（35.54%~38.64%）;鉴定了7个基因命名为：EgSAD1~EgSAD4和OeSAD1~OeSAD3;EgSAD基因编码的肽链平均为413个氨基酸,分子量为43.41~45.92 kDa,等电点为5.99~7.13,蛋白不稳定指数为44.07~53.25,总平均亲水性为-0.496~-0.405。OeSAD基因编码的肽链平均为405个氨基酸,分子量为44.94~49.39 kDa,等电点为6.05~7.14,蛋白不稳定指数为43.44~44.61,总平均亲水性为-0.554~-0.489。多序列比对分析,油棕SAD基因氨基酸序列中存在典型SAD特征的保守组氨酸富集区：EENRHG和DEKRHE。在SAD的启动子上鉴定出植物激素响应、逆境胁迫响应、光响应和逆境响应顺式作用元件。EgSADs在油棕果实成熟过程中呈上调表达趋势,EgSAD1和EgSAD2在杂交油棕中表达量显著高于非洲油棕,OeSADs在杂交油棕果实花后140 d中表达量最高,在杂交油棕的3个时期中均呈现先升高后下降的趋势,且在花后120 d的表达量显著高于花后120 d和160 d。本研究结果为进一步研究SAD调控油棕不饱和脂肪酸合成的机制奠定基础。     

油棕脂肪酸外运蛋白基因FAX1的克隆及表达分析

油棕(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)原产非洲,是重要的热带木本油料作物,产油效率极高.目前油棕广泛种植在东南亚、非洲、中南美洲和我国的海南、云南、广东、广西等省(区),油棕果实压榨的棕榈油是重要的食用油和工业原料.脂肪酸在植物质体中合成,然后转运到内质网上进行加工和修饰.为了研究油棕脂肪酸的转运机制,...     

油棕花粉活力和贮藏性研究

棕榈油是由油棕树的棕榈果压榨而成,是重要的食用油及工业用油。自然状态下,油棕的产量受到授粉率的制约。将油棕花粉在适宜的条件下贮存并保持其活力,在适当时间对油棕人工授粉对于提高油棕的产量有实际的意义。本研究运用培养基萌发法研究干燥时间、保存温度、培养温度和培养基成分对油棕花粉活力的影响。结果表明：油棕花粉保存的最佳条件为在38℃干燥36 h后保存于-20℃;油棕花粉萌发的最佳培养温度为35℃;适宜浓度的蔗糖和硼酸能促进花粉萌发,高浓度则抑制;硝酸钾的浓度对油棕花粉萌发没有显著影响。     

棕榈油生物柴油加工技术研究进展

棕榈油是世界上最经济的植物油,与其他油料作物相比,油棕果及油的产量均最高,棕榈油作为生物质能源的原料越来越被重视,成为生产生物柴油最有竞争力的原料.目前.世界各国对棕榈油生物柴油的高效加工技术均展开了广泛的研究.本文介绍了国内外棕榈油生物柴油的加工技术,包括化学法、酶法、多相固体催化法及其他一些方法.     

Determination of oil palm fresh fruit bunch ripeness—Based on flavonoids and anthocyanin content

Non-destructive and real-time oil palm fresh fruit bunch (FFB) grading systems are of major exploratory concern for researchers in the oil palm industry. The objective is to reduce time, labour, costs, and most importantly, to increase the oil extraction rate, in order to achieve a good quality of palm oil at a more acceptable price. This research investigates the potential of flavonoids and anthocyanins as a predictor to classify the degree of oil palm FFB ripeness. This paper also discusses the relationship between these predictors and the ripeness categories period. One hundred and eighty oil palm FFB samples were collected from a private plantation in Malaysia, according to three maturity categories i.e., ripe, under-ripe, and over-ripe. Each sample was randomly scanned 10 times, both front and back using a hand-held Multiplex^®3 multi-parameter fluorescence sensor. The results show that flavonoid and anthocyanin content decreased from immature to over mature oil palm FFBs. Overall, the relationship using Pearson's correlation between flavonoids and anthocyanins was r² = 0.84 and the most outstanding relationship accuracy was at the over-ripe stage, at 90%. Statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and pair-wise testing proved that both predictors gave significance difference between under-ripe, ripe, and over-ripe maturity categories. This shows that both predictors can be good indicators to classify oil palm FFB. Classification analysis was performed by using both predictors together and separately through several methods. The highest overall classification accuracy was 87.7% using a Stochastic Gradient Boosting Trees model and with both predictors. The other classification methods used either independent or both predictors together and gave various results ranging from 50 to 85% accuracy. This research proves that flavonoids and anthocyanins can be used as predictors of oil palm maturity classification.