葡萄品系间果实花色苷的比较研究

利用高效液相色谱-质谱技术,分析3个酿酒葡萄品种(美乐、品丽珠、赤霞珠)不同品系及同一品系(赤霞珠338)不同定植地点葡萄果皮中的花色苷种类与含量。结果表明:同一品种不同品系之间花色苷种类相似,但花色苷含量有所差异,差异程度取决于葡萄品种;‘美乐348’总花色苷含量显著高于‘美乐181’,且其花翠素类花色苷含量明显高于其他3个品系,品系间大部分花色苷含量差异显著;尽管‘品丽珠’和‘赤霞珠’各品系在花色苷总量和花翠素类花色苷上没有明显差异,但这2个品种的品系之间有少数基本花色苷含量呈现显著性差异;同一品系不同定植地点,果实花色苷总量和组成比例都存在较大差异。结果说明果实中各种花色苷组成比例既依赖于品种,也受品系和产地的影响,且产地因素的影响大于品系。     

成熟期不同橄榄品种（系）果实代谢组及其差异

橄榄果实风味独特,富含多酚、黄酮、氨基酸等多种生理活性物质,这些物质与其风味品质关系密切。目前对橄榄果实代谢物进行系统研究的报道较少,为解析橄榄果实的主要代谢成分并对3个品质类型存在差异的品种（系）（‘长营’‘檀香’‘灵峰’）进行比较,以期为橄榄果实品质形成、优良品种选育等研究提供理论基础。采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）的广泛靶向代谢组技术,测定3个橄榄品种（系）成熟期果实代谢物,并结合多元统计分析方法及3个品种（系）果实总酚、总黄酮、木质素含量数据进行分析,结果表明：‘檀香’总酚、总黄酮含量最高;‘灵峰’总酚、总黄酮及木质素含量最低;‘长营’总木质素含量则很高,与其化渣差的特点相吻合。利用广泛靶向代谢组学技术共检测出黄酮、酚酸类、氨基酸及其衍生物、有机酸、脂质、核苷酸及其衍生物、鞣质、糖及醇类、木质素和香豆素等13类524种代谢物,其中黄酮类代谢物数量最多,主要为槲皮素类、木犀草素类和山奈酚类。各品种（系）代谢物差异显著,主要的差异代谢物为黄酮类、酚酸类和氨基酸及其衍生物。‘长营’相比‘檀香’存在161种差异代谢物（上调代谢物116种、下调代谢物45种）,‘檀香’相比‘灵峰’存在164种差异代谢物（上调代谢物51种、下调代谢物113种）;‘长营’相比‘灵峰’存在146种差异代谢物（上调代谢物51种、下调代谢物95种）。差异代谢物KEGG通路富集分析发现,3个品种（系）中,‘檀香’的黄酮代谢及氨基酸代谢最为活跃,积累更多的槲皮素类、木犀草素类、山奈酚类、丙氨酸、丝氨酸、组氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸等黄酮及氨基酸类物质;‘灵峰’较‘长营’的黄酮代谢相对较弱,黄酮类物质积累相对较少,这可能是造成‘檀香’橄榄风味更为浓厚,而‘灵峰’橄榄风味较为清甜的原因之一。     

橄榄发育过程中风味物质的变化规律

通过对‘长营’橄榄及其芽变品种‘清榄1号’果实发育过程中风味物质含量,包括可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、单宁、黄酮、多酚的测定,初步探讨橄榄果实风味形成机理。结果表明:(1)供试橄榄果形整齐,品种间糖、酸物质含量变化整体一致,酚类物质差异大。(2)花后50~110 d,橄榄果实体积增大,风味物质积累,其中,‘清榄1号’酚类物质在花后70~90 d出现小幅度降低;(3)花后110~170 d,橄榄果实可溶性固形物与糖含量积累,其他风味物质含量降低。(4)‘长营’花后110 d采收风味较佳,‘清榄1号’花后170 d采收风味佳。研究表明,橄榄果实风味形成与糖酸等物质关系不大,与酚类物质关系密切,花后110 d为研究橄榄风味形成的关键时期。     

不同类型芒果果肉类胡萝卜素、香气和糖酸品质分析

为研究果肉色泽存在明显差异的芒果果实品质特征，分析了4个浅黄色果肉品种（低类胡萝卜素含量）和4个深黄色果肉品种（高类胡萝卜素含量）的果肉类胡萝卜素、香气、糖和酸含量及组成特征。结果表明：不同品种间类胡萝卜素组分大致相同，其中β-胡萝卜素是各品种中含量最丰富的类胡萝卜素，约占总类胡萝卜素的33％～79％。高类胡萝卜素含量的品种糖含量高、酸含量低，果实香气物质均以单萜烯类为主；低类胡萝卜素含量的品种糖含量较低、酸含量较高，其中‘鹦鹉芒’和‘丰顺无核’果实香气物质分别以酯类和醛类为主，而‘大白玉’和‘白象牙’香气物质以单萜烯类为主。     

不同品种荔枝果皮酚类物质组成及其抗氧化活性比较

为比较不同品种荔枝果皮酚类物质含量、组成及其抗氧化活性差异,用80%甲醇分别提取6个品种荔枝果皮中的酚类物质,测定其总酚和总黄酮含量。采用铁离子还原能力（FRAP）和自由基离子清除能力（ABTS）等方法评价其抗氧化活性。通过高效液相色谱（HPLC）鉴定不同的单体酚并分析其在不同品种荔枝果皮之间的差异。结果表明,不同品种荔枝果皮的酚类物质含量为28.69~68.48 mg/g,不同品种荔枝果皮的酚类物质含量和抗氧化能力存在显著的差异（P<0.05）。酚类物质的含量、FRAP和ABTS抗氧化活性能力均以‘荔枝王’为最高,分别为68.48 mg/g_、546.31 μmol/g和511.25 μmol/g。液相色谱结果鉴定出‘糯米糍’中的8种单体酚,而含量相对较高的是A型原花青素三聚体和原花青素A2。研究结果可为荔枝加工废弃物荔枝果皮的开发利用提供理论依据。     

理化因子对‘芙蓉李’花色苷稳定性的影响

‘芙蓉李’是南方种植面积大、鲜食与加工兼用的优良李品种。本研究以‘芙蓉李’为材料,研究温度、pH、光照、金属离子、氧化还原剂等理化因子对‘芙蓉李’花色苷稳定性的影响。结果表明：‘芙蓉李’花色苷在60 ℃、2 h以内比较稳定;pH对花色苷的稳定性有显著影响,并在酸性条件下较为稳定,但光照能加速花色苷的降解;金属离子中K ⁺和Fe ³⁺可增强花色苷的稳定性,而Al ³⁺会使花色苷的稳定性下降;‘芙蓉李’花色苷耐氧化性、还原性差。     

多花水仙花期类胡萝卜素物质和类黄酮物质的含量变化

为了解多花水仙在开花过程中色素物质含量的变化,以多花水仙‘金盏银台’和‘黄花水仙2号’4个花期副冠和花被为材料,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定2种类胡萝卜素物质和11种类黄酮物质的含量.结果表明:多花水仙在花蕾期已经有大量色素物质积累;黄花水仙2号主要色素物质是芦丁和叶黄素,金盏银台的主要色素物质是芦丁、柚皮苷、阿魏酸和叶黄素;花期2个品种副冠和花被中芦丁、柚皮苷和阿魏酸的含量变化趋势基本一致,均表现为花蕾期含量最高,始花期、盛花期有所降低,衰败期又升高的趋势,而叶黄素含量变化不尽相同;经t测验分析,花期不同品种同一部位中芦丁、柚皮苷、阿魏酸和叶黄素的含量差异显著,同一品种不同部位中叶黄素和阿魏酸的含量差异显著,芦丁、柚皮苷的含量差异不显著.     

番石榴果实生长发育和营养品质变化规律分析

通过研究2个品种番石榴果实生长发育和营养品质的变化规律,为制定番石榴丰产优质栽培技术措施和品种推广提供参考依据。以福建省漳州市栽培的‘彩虹’和‘红宝石’2个品种的番石榴果实为试验材料。花谢后第1天,作为果实发育的起点,每7 d采样一次,直到果实成熟。测定果实单果质量、纵径、横径、果形指数、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、总糖和维生素C等指标。结果表明：‘彩虹’和‘红宝石’番石榴果实质量增长变化曲线十分相似,均表现为“快-慢-快”的双S型动态变化曲线,其质量增长过程可分为3个生长期：第1次膨大期、生长缓慢期和第2次膨大期;2个品种果实生长过程纵、横径的变化也分为3个生长时期,即2个生长高峰期和1个生长缓慢期,均表现为“快-慢-快”的双S型动态变化曲线,果实形状均由长椭圆形变为椭圆型;果实第2次膨大期（‘彩虹’为花后78~113 d,‘红宝石’为花后71~99 d)）,2个品种果实的可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、总糖和维生素C含量均随着时间延长而增加,但‘红宝石’果实的可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和维生素C含量在整个过程中显著高于‘彩虹’。     

荔枝花芽分化期间光合特性与碳氮物质变化

荔枝花芽分化分为诱导、发端和分化3个阶段。试验以早中熟品种‘妃子笑’和中熟品种‘桂味’为试材,对荔枝花芽分化不同物候阶段叶片净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素指数(SPAD)、荧光参数和碳氮物质等生理指标的变化规律进行研究。结果表明：‘妃子笑’的成花进程早于‘桂味’品种,但2个品种在整个花芽分化期间的相关生理指标均呈相似变化趋势,Pn和SPAD在诱导期和抽穗期水平较低,“白点”期和花蕾期有所增加,而荧光参数恰好相反;荔枝成花期间,其可溶性总糖含量在“白点”期阶段水平最低,而淀粉和总氮含量呈相反趋势,在“白点”期达到最高值。可见,不同荔枝品种的光合特性与碳氮物质变化受其花芽分化的阶段性影响更大,而“白点”期是荔枝碳氮物质变化较为关键的转折点。     

高RA苷甜菊新品种‘甜种1号’的选育

‘甜种1号’是由高RA苷含量品种‘中山3号’和高总苷含量品种‘中山4号’杂交F1代高RA苷含量的甜菊新品种。‘甜种1号’的平均株高为77.35cm,叶色翠绿,叶缘锯齿宽且深裂,呈柳叶形;分枝多,地上部分枝数平均6.74;在江苏地区干叶产量194~210kg/667m2。2015年省鉴定试验该品种RA苷含量为7.79%(干叶质量比),RA苷/总苷为61.58%,对照品种惠农4号RA苷/总苷为51.9%,比对照增加9.68%(绝对值)。     

Changes in the phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity in developmental maize kernels and expression profiles of phenolic biosynthesis-related genes

Phenolic compounds have various nutritional and functional properties, especially antioxidant activity. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between the phenolic compound accumulation, antioxidant property and gene expression during maize kernel development. In this study, we explored the effects of developmental stage on the accumulation of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activities. The expression levels of genes involved in phenolic biosynthesis were also studied. The results showed that the total phenolic content (TPC) and total anthocyanin content (TAC) were gradually increased from 15 to 48 days after pollination (DAP), whereas the total flavonoid content (TFC) decreased continuously. The antioxidant activity of maize kernels was increased gradually and positively associated with TPC. ZmCHSs in flavonoid biosynthetic pathway played important roles for total flavonoid accumulation at both early and later development stages. The expression pattern of ZmANS corresponded to the accumulation of total anthocyanin during kernel development. These results revealed that developmental stage affected the accumulation of different phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and related gene expression. The antioxidant activity of maize kernels was dependent on the total phenolic accumulation which was related to the expression profiles of the genes participated in phenolic synthesis.     

Effects of Roasting on Phenolic Composition and In vitro Antioxidant Capacity of Australian Grown Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)

Faba bean phenolic compounds encompassed phenolic acids, flavonols, proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins. Roasting faba beans for 120 min decreased the total phenolic, flavonoid and proanthocyanidin contents by 42, 42 and 30 %, respectively. Roasting beans for 120 min decreased the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, total equivalent antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power by 48, 15 and 8 %, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography-post column derivatisation revealed the generation of new phenolic compounds as a result of roasting. Antioxidant mechanism of bean less-polar phenolic compounds was largely based on free radical scavenging activity. The bean phenolic compounds with reducing capability were heat stable. Roasted faba bean extracts (70 % acetone, v/v) were fractionated into relatively polar and non-polar fractions; the latter contributed the majority of the antioxidant capacity. The extracts from beans with different seed coat colours differed in their phenolic compositions, which suggest different levels of potential benefits to health. Although roasting initially lowers the bean antioxidant capacity, prolonged roasting at 150 °C for 60 min and longer causes generation of new phenolic compounds and an increased antioxidant capacity. The findings encourage a wider ultilisation of faba beans for human foods particularly in baked/roasted products.     

Phenolic content,anthocyanins and antiradical capacity of diverse purple bran rice genotypes as compared to other bran colors

Anthocyanins are flavonoids, a subgroup of phenolic compounds in bran of purple rice that have shown health benefits in animal studies and human clinical trials. We studied the genetic diversity of the concentrations of total phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins, and, antiradical capacity in diverse purple rice brans. More than 13-, 12-, 25- and 8-fold variations were found for these respective traits. Cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside were the major anthocyanins identified. The color parameter b* of whole grain rice was correlated with anthocyanins and can be used as a non-destructive quick screening tool. Purple brans that accumulated both anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins had the highest total phenolics, total flavonoids, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity among all color brans. Purple brans had the widest genotypic diversity of these chemical traits, followed by red, brown, light brown, and white. In terms of antioxidant properties of total flavonoid compounds in the sample extracts, purple and red brans had similar reducing capacity per unit of total flavonoids; while purple bran had higher oxygen radical absorbance capacity per unit of total flavonoids. In conclusion, new rice cultivars with colored bran having specific amounts and types of phenolic compounds can be developed using traditional breeding.     

Characterizing the pigmented traditional rice cultivars grown in temperate regions of Kashmir (India) for free and bound phenolics compounds and in vitro antioxidant properties

The purpose of the research was to identify the phenolic and flavonoid compounds of seven different traditional pigmented whole rice cultivars grown in the temperate regions of Kashmir so as to study their relationship with in vitro antioxidant capacities. The completely pigmented rice cultivars were found to have higher phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin contents and exhibited higher antioxidant capacities than the light colored and sparely colored rice cultivars. A total of 40 compounds had been identified in the analyzed rice cultivars that were found to be distributed in 6 major categories with 6-phenolics, 6-flavonoids, 11-hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, 7-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, 3-anthocyanins and 7-flavonoid glucosides of different flavonoid compounds. Among the free and bound fractions for each cultivars the light and sparsely colored depicted higher content of phenolics and in vitro antioxidant properties in bound faction, while the completely pigmented cultivars showed higher antioxidant properties in free fractions. The anthocyanins quercetin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and pelargonidin-3-O-diglucoside had been identified by LC-MS existing in the free fractions of the analyzed rice cultivars whereas, the free fraction of acetone + H₂O possessed higher percentage of phenolic compounds as compared to methanolic extracts and bound fractions. The black colored cultivars possessed higher DPPH scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition.     

Biochemical Properties of Red Currant Varieties in Relation to Storage

Eleven red currant varieties (Ribes rubrum L.) cultured in Serbia were evaluated for some of their biochemical properties such as total phenolics, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, invert sugar, soluble solid content, and acidity. The average amount of ascorbic acid varied from 50.5–71.6 mg/100 g FW, while concentration of invert sugars ranged from 6.0%–9.0%. The highest amounts of total phenolics and anthocyanins were detected in variety Redpoll (153.4 mg GAE/100 g FW and 19.3 mg/100 g, respectively). Red currants were processed to juice, and the phenolic and anthocyanin contents changed as a result of processing. Berries and juices were long-term stored at −18 °C and changes in phytochemicals were monitored. In berries, storage caused the decrease of ascorbic acid content up to 49%, and a general reduction of total phenolics was also noticed. In juices, total phenolics content increased after one year of storage. In both berries and juices total anthocyanins increased during storage by up to 85% and 50%, respectively. This study demonstrates that certain varieties, namely Redpoll, Jonkheer and London Market are good source of phytochemicals, retaining the nutritional value during processing and storage.     

Characterization of Capsaicinoids and Antioxidants in Hot Peppers as Influenced by Hybrid and Harvesting Stage

Studies were conducted to investigate the accumulation pattern of capsaicinoids and antioxidants such as carotenoids, ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds in three hot pepper hybrids at five different harvesting stages: immature green, mature green, color break, red ripe and dried fruit. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin contents were maximum at mature green stage in both Sky Red (61.30 and 43.76 mg/100 g) and Wonder King (43.93 and 26.16 mg/100 g) hybrids, whereas Maha hybrid reached top values at color break stage (39.13 and 24.20 mg/100 g). The accumulation of total carotenoids showed an 8-fold increase from red ripe (12 mg/100 g) to dried fruit stage (96 mg/100 g), while a noticeable decline by 76 % was observed for ascorbic acid at same harvesting stages (150 vs. 36 mg/100 g, respectively). The three hot pepper hybrids showed great variations in the evolution of total phenolic contents during harvesting stages. Overall, the mature green stage was ideal to acquire maximum pungency due to capsaicinoids, while peppers at red ripe stage were best sources of ascorbic acid and dried fruits contained higher levels of total carotenoids.     

Bioactivity and chemical components of Thai rice in five stages of grain development

Tracking changes in the bioactive compounds of white (ML-W), red (ML-R) and black (RB) rice during the 5 stages of grain development were studied. Total anthocyanin (TAC) was found only in RB (stages 3–5) and proanthocyanidin (TPAC) contents were only found in ML-R (stages 2–5). Considerable amounts of total phenolic contents (TPC) were found in stages 2–4 of ML-R, while total flavonoid contents (TFC) were most detected in stages 4–5 of RB. The DPPH activity of ML-W and ML-R decreased from stages 1–5. The highest FRAP activity was found in ML-R (stages 2–3) indicating that it is highly related to the bioactive compound content. Cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside were found in RB at stages 3–5. The cyanidin of RB in stages 4–5 was related to the amount of TAC. The proanthocyanidin compound catechin was first found and reported in stages 2–3 of ML-R. Principal component analysis indicated that antioxidant activity and the bioactive components were highly related. The data from this study suggests that ML-R at stage 2 and RB at stage 4 are the most suitable stages for harvesting to achieve the highest level of bioactive compounds, which have many health benefits.     

Anthocyanin accumulation,biosynthesis and antioxidant capacity of black sweet corn (Zea mays L.) during kernel development over two growing seasons

In this study, the content changes of anthocyanins levels, antioxidant activities as well as related genes in their biosynthesis pathways of two seasons black sweet corn kernels were determined. Generally, three anthocyanins contents showed similar trend with peak at 10 days after pollination (DAP) in both seasons existing as free forms, and they gradually grew afterwards as kernel matured. Pelargonidin as the leading component was decreased significantly in autumn comparing to contents in summer which may be affected by lower photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and distinct gene expression levels. CF1, F3H and LAD as the essential genes in flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis had high expression levels indicating higher production of flavonoid and anthocyanin. Black sweet corn (BSC) exhibited good in vitro and cellular antioxidant abilities compared to many fruits and vegetables indicating that BSC could be developed as a substitute food with high anthocyanin profiles and antioxidant capacity.     

花青素分布、合成和降解综述

花青素是一类普遍分布于植物花瓣、果实、茎和叶等器官的水溶性类黄酮色素。阐述了花青素结构和基本性质，介绍了多种内含花青素的植物，归纳了花青素合成和分解进展，最后对花青素降解进行了展望。     

茶树花青素形成分子机理的研究进展

花青素是由类黄酮合成途径产生的次生代谢产物,含量高时会使茶树新梢呈现红色或紫色。同时,花青素相比儿茶素等具有更明显的抗氧化、预防肿瘤等药理保健作用。文章就茶树花青素合成途径、转录及转录后调控等方面进行综述,以期更好地为高花青素茶树的育种研究提供理论依据。