两种葡萄柚果实发育过程中金属营养元素变化及活性氧代谢差异

对两种葡萄柚(Citrus paradisi marcf)果实发育过程中K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe 7种金属营养元素的含量与分布、吸收规律及其与活性氧代谢相关性差异进行了初步研究.结果表明:(1)红宝石果实生长期(4～10月)较甜葡萄(4～12月)短,红宝石果实果重较大.果皮较厚.(2)两葡萄柚中7种营养元素大多以幼果期含量最高,并随着果实的发育总体呈递减规律.K、Zn、Fe以果肉中含量较多,Ca、Mg、Mn、Cu则主要分布于果皮,其中Ca在果皮果肉间含量的差异较大.K含量位居7元素之首.(3)葡萄柚对K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Mn的吸收集中于果肉迅速生长期,Cu和Fe在果实转色期出现另一吸收峰.(4)7种金属营养元素间和元素与活性氧代谢指标间的相关性显著率均为:甜葡萄高于红宝石,果肉高于果皮.其中与活性氧代谢指标间显著率最高的元素是Mg、Zn,最低的是Cu,相关性较好的活性氧代谢指标是O-2,SOD最差.     

2 种葡萄柚果实发育过程中金属营养元素变化及活性氧代谢差异

对两种葡萄柚（Citrus paradisi marcf）果实发育过程中 K、 Ca、 Mg、 Zn、 Cu、 Mn、 Fe 7 种金属营养元素的含量与分布、 吸收规律及其与活性氧代谢相关性差异进行了初步研究。 结果表明： （1）红宝石果实生长期（4～10月）较甜葡萄（4～12月）短, 红宝石果实果重较大, 果皮较厚。 （2）两葡萄柚中 7 种营养元素大多以幼果期含量最高,并随着果实的发育总体呈递减规律。 K、 Zn、 Fe 以果肉中含量较多, Ca、 Mg、 Mn、 Cu 则主要分布于果皮, 其中Ca 在果皮果肉间含量的差异较大。 K 含量位居 7 元素之首。 （3）葡萄柚对 K、 Ca、 Mg、 Zn、 Mn 的吸收集中于果肉迅速生长期, Cu 和 Fe 在果实转色期出现另一吸收峰。 （4）7 种金属营养元素间和元素与活性氧代谢指标间的相关性显著率均为： 甜葡萄高于红宝石, 果肉高于果皮。 其中与活性氧代谢指标间显著率最高的元素是 Mg、 Zn,最低的是 Cu, 相关性较好的活性氧代谢指标是 O2·- , SOD 最差。     

海南红毛丹栽培品系果实矿质元素和品质指标的测定与相关性分析

为明确红毛丹果实矿质元素含量和品质指标之间的相关性,以海南省保亭县南茂农场采集的13个代表性品系的果实为试材,分别测定了果肉、果皮和种子中矿质元素含量和品质性状。结果表明：13份红毛丹当地主栽品系果肉、果皮和种子中的K、Mg、P含量均较高,其次为Ca和Fe;各矿质元素间,Mg与Mn呈显著相关,与P呈极显著相关,Ca与Mn呈极显著相关,Cu与Fe呈显著相关;果肉中8种矿质元素含量与可溶性糖呈负相关,与Vc、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸均不存在显著的相关性;8种矿质元素与Vc、可滴定酸、可溶性糖、可溶性固形物之间不     

火龙果果实发育期间营养元素含量的变化

以红肉火龙果新品种‘紫红龙’为试验材料,研究果实发育期间鳞片、果皮、果肉中N（氮）、P（磷）、K（钾）、Ca（钙）、Mg（镁）、Fe（铁）、Zn（锌）、Mn（锰）、Cu（铜）、B（硼）营养元素含量的变化。结果表明：火龙果花后3 d鳞片和果肉K含量维持较高水平,之后呈下降趋势,果皮K含量在果实成熟时最高。在整个果实发育期间,K含量比其他营养元素的含量高。火龙果花后3 d果肉的Ca含量最高,在果实发育中,呈明显的下降趋势。从10种营养元素在鳞片、果皮和果肉生长发育中的变化规律来看,在幼果期,果实中多种元素的含量均处于最高水平,此后,随着幼果的快速增大,矿质元素含量逐渐下降。直至果实成熟期,各种矿质元素含量趋于稳定。     

粳稻“龙锦1号/香软米1578” F3家系群糙米矿质元素含量变异及相关性分析

 利用粳稻品种间杂交组合“龙锦1号/香软米1578”的196份F3家系,对糙米中Fe、Se、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na和P等10种矿质元素含量的变异及其相关性进行了分析。 10种矿质元素在F3家系间均有较大的变异,其中Na含量变异最大,Zn含量变异最小,变异系数分别为77.69％和12.04％。各矿质元素含量的变异系数大小顺序为Na>Se>Cu>Fe>Mg>Mn>Ca>P>K>Zn。不同矿质元素含量也有较大的差异,F3家系群各矿质元素含量平均值高低排序为P>K>Mg>Ca>Fe>Mn>Zn>Na>Cu>Se。糙米中10种矿质元素含量在F3家系群中均表现为正态分布,为由多基因控制的数量性状。Zn与Fe、Cu,Mn与Mg、Ca、K、P,Ca与Mg、K、Na、P,Mg与K、P,P与K、Na含量呈显著或极显著正相关,而Fe与Se、Mn与Na、Mg与Na含量呈显著或极显著负相关。Mn、Ca、Mg、K、P含量与其他矿质元素含量间的相关关系较Fe、Se、Cu、Zn含量与其他矿质元素含量间的相关关系更为密切。     

椰子果皮中营养元素的测定及其种间差异分析

采用原子吸收光谱法对不同品种椰子果皮中8种营养元素进行测定,并分析不同品种间果皮中营养元素含量的差异。对果皮中大量元素的测定结果表明,所选4个品种椰子果皮中K含量最高,Ca含量最低;果皮中Ca含量品种间差异不显著,而K、Na、Mg含量品种间有明显的差异,且有的品种间差异达显著水平。对果皮中微量元素的测定结果表明,4种椰子果皮中Fe含量最高,Mn含量最低;果皮中Mn、Cu、Zn含量品种间有明显的差异,且有的品种间差异达显著水平,而Fe含量品种间差异不显著。本地高种椰子果皮中Mn、Cu、Zn含量均显著低于其他3种椰子。     

不同木薯种质资源主要矿物质元素差异性分析

为了解不同木薯种质资源矿物质元素含量,优选含量丰富的品种,为木薯的综合利用提供数据支撑,本文采用马弗炉法、原子吸收和原子荧光法分别对113份木薯种质资源灰分与矿物质元素含量进行测定,结果表明：矿物质元素Cr、Cu、Se含量均低于1 mg/kg（干重）,Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Zn含量分别为66.39~1609.81 mg/kg、4.35~ 38.93 mg/kg、1954.56~8762.78 mg/kg、149.04~1143.73 mg/kg、4.48~37.40 mg/kg、36.80~530.40 mg/kg、6.35~24.83 mg/kg。利用概率分级法将113份木薯种质资源灰分及矿物质元素含量分为5级,即极高、高、中、低和极低,并推荐极高品系作为基础亲本材料。在相关性分析中,灰分与Fe、Mg、Na、Zn含量具有较为显著的相关性,Ca含量与K、Mn含量呈极显著正相关,Ca含量与Mg、Na含量呈极显著负相关,Fe含量与Mg、Na、Zn含量成极显著正相关,K含量与Mn含量呈极显著正相关,与Na含量呈极显著负相关,Mg含量与Na、Zn含量呈极显著正相关,Zn含量与Mn、Na含量呈极显著正相关。Zn与各矿物质元素的吸收有较强的相互促进作用,Fe含量与Mg、Na含量有较强的相互促进作用,Ca含量与K、Mn的吸收有较强的促进作用,而Ca、K、Mn与Fe、Mg、Na的吸收可能存在一定的拮抗作用。结合主成分分析、聚类分析对不同木薯种质资源矿物质元素含量进行综合评价,得到特征值大于1的主成分2个,累计方差贡献率达61.707%。聚类分析可将113个木薯种质资源分为3类,根据矿物质元素含量差异可将不同木薯品种分为Na、Mg、Zn、Fe含量较高和Mn、Ca、K、Zn含量较高两大类,主成分综合评价中‘274'‘50'‘571'‘521'‘417'等木薯种质资源得分较高。     

澳洲坚果不同种质果皮内含物含量的研究

对28份澳洲坚果种质果皮的粗蛋白、可溶性总糖、单宁以及8种矿质元素(P、K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn)等内含物的含量进行了测定与研究。结果表明:澳洲坚果果皮内含物含量在不同种质之间变化较大,变异系数在15.75%~48.33%之间,变异幅度以可溶性总糖含量最大、Ca含量最小;除Fe、Cu元素外,其它6种矿质元素之间存在显著的正相关或负相关关系;聚类分析将28份种质分成4个具不同内含物含量特点的类群。     

自由空气CO2浓度升高对水稻营养元素吸收和籽粒中营养元素含量的影响

 利用FACE（Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment）平台技术，用水培试验研究了低氮（14 mg/L）和常氮（28 mg/L）水平下，大气CO2浓度升高对水稻（Oryza sativa L.）N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn的吸收和在植株不同部位的分配，并着重分析了CO2浓度升高对稻米中营养元素含量的影响。结果表明，按照当前CO2浓度条件下营养元素的正常供应水平，而且各元素都以有效态供给时，CO2浓度升高对多数被测元素吸收总量影响不大，只增加了K、Ca、Fe的吸收总量； N、P、Mg、Mn向穗部分配增加，K、Ca、Cu、Zn、Fe向穗部的分配比例不变；水稻籽粒中P、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe和Mn含量无显著影响，N、K含量显著下降。还初步探讨了CO2浓度升高对稻米中人类必需营养元素的不足（或“隐性饥饿”）的影响。     

不同品种椰子凋落叶的营养成分分析

测定6个不同品种椰子凋落叶中的营养成分。结果表明,6个品种椰子凋落叶的叶柄中C、N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn营养元素之间差异显著,其中Fe和Cu含量差异不显著;小叶中,C、N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn营养元素之间差异显著,其中Cu含量差异不显著。同时,小叶中的C、N、Fe、Mn、Zn含量高于叶柄,而叶柄中的P、K、Na、Ca、Mg含量高于小叶。     

套袋对Irwin芒果实的影响

研究了不同果袋对Irwin芒果实外观、自然常温贮藏性能、果皮色素及果实品质的影响。结果表明，采用盛大果袋套果后，果实外观品质最佳，在自然常温贮藏后，果实的转黄指数较高，烂果率最低，失重率也较低，提高了果实的耐贮性。盛大果袋果的叶绿素a和b含量均最低，花青苷和类黄酮含量较高，使果皮在青熟时呈现暗红色，完熟时呈现鲜红色。当果实达到完熟时品质最佳，盛大果袋果的维生素C和可滴定酸含量显著低于对照，可溶性总糖和可溶性固形物与其它处理差异不显著，可食率显著高于不套袋果。     

Carotenoids,Phenolic Profile,Mineral Content and Antioxidant Properties in Flesh and Peel of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus persica</Emphasis> Fruits during Two Maturation Stages

Carotenoids and phenolic profile, antioxidant activity as well as concentrations of selected macronutrients (K, N, Mg, Ca and Na) and micronutrients (Zn, Cu and Mn) in flesh and peel of peach fruit were recorded at two harvest dates. Predominant mineral was potassium, followed by calcium, magnesium and sodium. The concentration of most micronutrients was greater in the peel than in the flesh especially in early season. The concentration of most elements in flesh and peel decreased during fruit maturation. Total carotenoids content varied with respect to the cultivar. β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene were the major carotenoids in both tissues and flesh contain the lowest amounts. Neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, gallic acid, rutin, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, were detected in both peel and flesh, with chlorogenic acid and catechin being the predominant components. Peel extracts showed markedly higher antioxidant activities, when estimated by ABTS or DPPH assays, than the flesh counterparts, consistent with the observed higher phenolic content. Overall, total phenolics levels increased at full ripening stage in both peel and flesh. The results found herein provide important data on carotenoids, phenolic and macro- and micronutrient changes during fruit growth, and emphases peach fruit as a potential functional food.     

Effect of harvesting index on browning reaction and changes of tissue structure in santol fruits

This investigation was carried out to justify the relationship between harvesting ages of santol fruit, browning reaction and other concerning data. Growers of santol plantations in Thailand have always accustomed to problems on inconsistency in qualities of santol fruits var. Pui Fai due to inappropriate harvesting index. Thus these encourage to decrease marketable qualities of fruits and short shelf-life particularly browning discoloration. In order to investigate adequate information for growers of the santol orchard plants, it is important to carry out experiments on Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) activity and changes of tissue structure by separating fruit into three parts: peel, flesh and seed of santol fruit var. Pui Fai harvested at four stages: 100, 115, 130 and 145 Days After Full bloom (DAF). A factorial in randomized complete block design with five replications was used. In each replication ten fruits were used. This investigation was carried out during the period of October 2006 to March 2007 at The Department of Agricultural Technology, Mahasarakham University, Northeast Thailand. The results showed that PPO activity which related to browning reaction changed with harvesting stage. The highest PPO activities were obtained and highly significant increased in mature fruit at 130 and 145 DAF. When the fruits were ripening at 145 DAF, PPO activities from peel, flesh and seed had no significant differences and high levels by 160.76-184.44, 158.88-180.76 and 154.52-181.08 U mg(-1) fresh weight, respectively. While cross-section study in peel and flesh of santol fruit var. Pui Fai at different ages indicated that immature fruits (100 and 115 DAF) showed small cells arranged one to two layers in epidermis. Trichome like-hair also appeared on this layer. When santol fruits grew through 145 DAF, epidermis converted to periderm and trichome disappeared. In addition, parenchyma cells in flesh accumulated several substances in form of druse with the fruit age increment. These high PPO activities and fruit tissue conversions of peel and flesh in mature fruit may led to be more sensitive to browning reaction.     

Correlation of Rutin Accumulation with 3-O-Glucosyl Transferase and Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase Activities During the Ripening of Tomato Fruit

In tomato, the predominant flavonoid is quercetin-3-rutinoside (rutin). In this study, we aim to investigate the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and the quercetin-3-O-glucosyl transferase (3-GT) reactions in the formation of rutin during tomato fruit ripening. Tomatoes of the Moneymaker variety at different development stages (green, breaker, turning, pink, red, and deep red) were divided into flesh and peel fractions. In each sample, both the content of rutin and the enzymatic activities for PAL and 3-GT were recorded. The highest activities of PAL were recorded in the peel of turning fruit (3,000 μkat/mg fresh weight). In fruit flesh, maximal activity was observed in red fruit (917.3 μkat/mg). For both tissues, PAL activity strongly decreased at the final (deep red) fruit stage. The activity of 3-GT in peel peaked in the turning fruit stage (50.7 pkat/mg), while in flesh maximal activity (33.4 pkat/mg) was observed in green fruit, which rapidly declined at the turning stage. Higher levels of rutin were detected in the tomato peel compared to the flesh part with the highest level being found at the green stage. The relation of PAL and 3-GT activities to rutin content is also evaluated.     

套袋时期对‘立冬本’龙眼果实生长发育和品质的影响

以福建省晚熟龙眼品种'立冬本'果实为材料,研究果实采前套袋时期(盛花后80、95、110d)对龙眼果实生长发育、外观品质及果肉内在品质的影响.结果表明:果实采前套袋时期越早,则落果率越高;果实采前3个不同套袋时期都可以增加果实纵径、横径和单果重,提高果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色素苷和类黄酮含量,以及果肉的可溶性固形物、总糖、维生素C和可溶性蛋白质等营养物质含量,降低可滴定酸含量.综合研究结果认为.'立冬本'龙眼果实的最佳套袋时期为盛花后110d.即果实采收前1个月左右.     

蜜蜂授粉对海南设施栽培厚皮甜瓜果实品质的影响

比较蜜蜂授粉和氯吡脲处理2种促进厚皮甜瓜座果方式的果实品质差异。结果表明：蜜蜂授粉与氯吡脲处理相比,在单果重、纵径、横径果肉厚度、种腔直径及果皮颜色等方面无显著差异;与氯吡脲处理相比,蜜蜂授粉的果实果肉蔗糖含量显著增加,边糖含量、维生素C含量、千粒重与固酸比均极显著提高,果肉硬度和可滴定酸含量极显著降低,果肉中的香味物质含量增加。此结果说明,蜜蜂授粉的厚皮甜瓜食用品质明显优于氯吡脲处理。     

“乌叶”与“兰竹”荔枝果实的耐贮性比较

比较研究福建省主栽荔枝品种"乌叶"和"兰竹"荔枝果实在(8±1)℃贮藏条件下的耐贮性差异.结果表明:"乌叶"荔枝果实比"兰竹"耐贮藏,"乌叶"好果率显著高于"兰竹",而果实失重率、果皮褐变指数和果皮褐变度均显著低于"兰竹"果实;"乌叶"荔枝果肉的可溶性固形物(TSS)、维生素C和总糖含量比"兰竹"果实高:贮藏期间,荔枝果肉的TSS、维生素C和总糖含量不断下降,但"乌叶"果实的降低速度比"兰竹"果实慢;在同一贮藏时间.荔枝果肉的TSS、维生素C和总糖含量高于"兰竹"果实.