不同裂果易感性石榴品种果皮质构特性分析与显微结构观测

以不同裂果程度的4个石榴品种（‘大青皮甜’‘岗榴’‘秋艳’‘黑金刚’）为试验材料,利用质构仪和显微镜观察测定其果皮质构特性和组织结构特点,解析果皮质构特性和细胞结构在石榴裂果中的作用,为防治石榴裂果提供理论依据。结果表明,采用质构仪测定石榴果皮内外侧破裂力,其外侧破裂力为1050.28~1927.24 g,内侧破裂力为686.01~1526.31 g,同一品种果皮外侧破裂力显著高于内侧破裂力,内外侧破裂力比越小的品种越不易发生裂果;并且果皮紧实度越大越容易产生裂果,其中,‘秋艳’果皮紧实度最低,为85.20 g,石榴果皮紧实度与其裂果性呈负相关的关系;4个石榴品种果皮表层细胞厚度为2.23×10^-2~3.58×10^-2mm,表层细胞面积为6.76×10^-4~10.30×10^-4mm²,表层细胞厚度和面积与石榴品种裂果性无明显相关性;裂果与果皮厚度呈明显的负相关性,即果皮厚的品种容易裂果,果皮薄的品种抗裂果。     

锌对砂糖橘果实发育过程细胞壁代谢的影响

为研究不同锌处理对砂糖橘果实发育成熟过程中果皮硬度、细胞壁结构物质及其相关酶活性的影响,以四年生砂糖橘（Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Shatangju）为试材,在果实膨大期喷施不同锌肥,同时对与果皮力学性能相关的细胞壁代谢变化规律进行分析。结果表明,不同锌处理均可降低果实发育成熟过程中果皮硬度的变化幅度,降低多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、纤维素酶（Cx）、果胶甲酯酶（PE）的活性,其中Zn2++Ca2+处理的果皮硬度变化最均匀、陷痕果高发期Cx和PE活性低、原果胶和纤维素含量高。不同锌处理均可有效地降低果实发育成熟过程中细胞壁代谢酶的活性,抑制原果胶和纤维素的降解,延缓细胞壁水解,使得果实硬度变化更均匀,其中Zn2++Ca2+处理的效果最明显。     

朋娜和华盛顿脐橙果皮结构与裂果类型的关系

不同脐橙品种在果实成熟期都容易出现裂果现象,已成为商业种植中非常严重的问题。本研究于2007年和2008年调查了朋娜脐橙(Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv.Skaggs Bonanza)和华盛顿脐橙(Citrus sinensis Osbeckcv.Washington)的裂果类型和果实显微、超显微结构的差异。朋娜脐橙外果皮细胞排列的整齐紧密度较差,其细胞起伏、细胞间隙大,细胞形状偏圆形,表皮细胞层数较少,其果皮白皮层细胞间结合的紧密度、均匀度和网状连接程度好;华盛顿脐橙中果皮细胞壁纤维素微纤丝排列较细密,其微纤丝、胞间层不及朋娜脐橙细胞壁的清晰可见。二者都是高裂果率品种,华盛顿脐橙的裂果类型偏向于皱皮裂,朋娜脐橙则偏向果实外裂。     

文旦柚裂果原因及防治措施

文旦柚是我国四大名轴之一。当前文旦柚生产上存在裂果现象较多，严重影响产量并制约扩大再生产的潜力。笔者多年来对文旦柚裂果的特点，原因及防治措施进行了观察及探讨，现总结如下： 一、裂果发生的特点 文旦柚裂果通常在8月下旬就有小部分裂果，但裂果主要集中在9月上旬-10月上旬的成熟期，主要在脐部果皮最薄处开裂。 二、裂果发生的原因 1.果实形状与裂果的关系：长泰县主栽文旦柚的果形有二种。一是梨形，其果实外形与官溪密柚相同，果形指数>1，中心柱实心，本类型柚果的裂果较低，通常裂果率约在8%以内；二是高扁园形，果形指…     

硼在植物细胞壁上营养机理的研究进展

论述了硼在植物细胞壁中的结合形态,及其对细胞壁物理结构和功能的影响;探讨了细胞壁中硼、钙关系,及其与细胞壁信号传导的相互作用.简述了硼与细胞壁中多种蛋白质的密切关系,尤其是酶蛋白和影响细胞壁延展性的蛋白;以及硼在细胞壁的吸附、跨膜运输与细胞壁和细胞膜的关系.     

采后枇杷果皮细胞壁代谢和果实超微结构与贮藏性的关系

研究‘早钟6号’枇杷果实裸藏和聚乙烯薄膜袋藏下果皮的细胞壁代谢。结果表明:裸藏与袋藏的‘早钟6号’枇杷果实采后8℃下贮藏期间,果实失重率不断增大,果皮细胞膜相对渗透率、果胶酯酶(PE)和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性逐渐升高;果皮细胞膜相对渗透率与PE、PG活性呈显著正相关效应(p0.01);但袋藏可极显著(p0.01)地减少果实失重率,延缓果皮的细胞膜相对渗透率、PE和PG活性升高,说明薄膜包装贮藏能抑制果实失水、降低细胞壁降解酶(PE、PG)活性和维持果皮细胞膜的完整性。进一步通过扫描电镜观察比较了不同贮藏性的5个枇杷品种果实的超微结构,结果表明:枇杷果皮多皮孔,果顶与果蒂部位绒毛少且稀疏,果肉肉质细、具有大的细胞间隙和胞间腔,这些超微结构易引起采后枇杷果实失水和病原微生物侵染,从而导致果实贮藏性和抗病性下降。     

人工疏果对龙眼果实大小、内源激素和细胞壁成分的影响

在花后1个月内分2次对储良龙眼(Dimocarpus Longan Lour.cv.Chuliang）进行人工疏果处理（总疏果幅度50%左右）。结果表明,人工疏果可以促进果实的生长（与对照相比,横径和果实重量至采收分别增加了7.1%和22.5%）。果实中GA4 7和ZRs含量均表现为疏果处理大于对照,其差异在出现含量高峰时增大,而IAA含量也是疏果处理大于对照,但其差异主要出现在花后45d和花后100d。在整个果实发育期间,疏果处理与对照果皮中细胞壁成分变化的趋势基本相似,处理只是在后期才增加了果皮细胞壁中果胶,半纤维素和纤维素的含量,分别出现在花后90d后、60d和75d后,疏果处理对可溶性糖的含量无影响。根据试验结果推测：在果实发育前期,疏果处理显增加的内源细胞分裂素类水平,可能有利于促进细胞分裂和细胞数量;而在果实发育后期,增加的果皮细胞壁成分则为人工疏果促进果实生长（主要表现为细胞的膨大）提供了物质基础。     

一次罕见秋季连阴雨对红枣成熟期裂果的影响及防御措施

对2014年山东省枣庄市一次罕见秋季连阴雨过程进行观测和调查分析。结果表明,9月9—18日连续10 d的罕见连阴雨发生在枣庄红枣成熟期,是红枣裂果的关键期。长时间阴雨寡照造成植株环境相对湿度过高,蒸发减少,致使大量水分被果皮吸收发生裂果。故这次罕见秋季连阴雨是造成2014年枣庄红枣裂果最严重的主因。并从气象角度提出了主要防御措施。     

红树植物幼根组织化学特征及其盐适应的意义

通过石蜡切片与组织化学染色法对马鞭草科的红树植物海榄雌(Avicennia marina)、许树(Clerodendrum inerme)和甜土植物大青(Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum)幼根组织化学特征进行研究.结果表明: (1)许树幼根的外皮层和海榄雌幼根下皮层细胞壁被嗜脂染料苏丹Ⅳ着色较深,表明其细胞壁沉积较多的脂类物质:木栓化的细胞壁限制了细胞外面的水及盐分沿细胞壁与胞间隙自由扩散,成为阻碍盐分进入幼根的第一道重要屏障.(2)通道细胞(正对原生木质部射角)的细胞壁几乎不被苏丹Ⅳ着色.说明很少或没有脂类物质沉积,是水和盐分的主要通道;而正对原生韧皮部柬的内皮层细胞壁则均被脂类物质沉积、修饰并被苏丹Ⅳ着色较深,是阻碍盐分进入幼根的另一道屏障;另外,通道细胞占内皮层细胞的比例与根际盐条件有关:其淡水条件的高于盐水条件的;淡土植物的高于红树植物的.(3)外皮层和内皮层细胞壁上脂类物质的沉积受其根际盐浓度的影响明显.     

17个品种芒果后熟过程中果皮解剖结构比较分析

对17个品种的芒果果皮进行细胞学比较研究,结果表明:不同品种不同成熟度芒果的果皮细胞结构差异明显,随着成熟度增加,果皮中角质层厚度变化不明显,但细胞壁会变薄,内溶物明显减少;果皮中分布有大量的分泌腔和维管束,其数量因品种和成熟度而异;芒果果皮中均观察到有淀粉粒的存在,在完全成熟时,大部分品种的淀粉粒会完全分解,少部分品种还有少量残存。研究结果可为芒果贮藏保鲜、加工、品种选育提供理论参考价值。     

Physical aspects of the biopolymer matrix in wheat bran and its dissected layers

The objectives of this work were to 1) determine the physical structure of untreated wheat bran and the differences in physical structure between its dissected layers; 2) evaluate how bran hydration affected bran crystallinity and polymer order; and 3) determine how enzymatic treatment of wheat bran affected its physical structure. For the first time, X-ray diffraction (XRD), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), solid-state ¹³C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C CP/MAS NMR), and polarized light microscopy with a waveplate were used to study the physical structure of wheat bran and its dissected layers. The XRD and solid-state ¹³C CP/MAS NMR both confirmed the presence of crystalline cellulose in untreated bran, enzymatically treated bran, and dissected bran layers. The outer pericarp had the highest crystallinity of the dissected bran layers and showed negative birefringence. The aleurone layer was low in cellulose content and completely amorphous, yet the cell walls in the aleurone layer showed strong positive birefringence. The treatment of destarched and deproteinated bran with the Updegraff reagent removed amorphous material, leaving its crystalline cellulose structure intact. Hydration of the outer pericarp increased its crystallinity index and CP/MAS NMR resonance intensity, which indicated a possible increase in polymer order. The SAXS also confirmed that cell wall polymers, possibly aggregated cellulose microfibrils, increased in order as a result of hydration.     

温度和乙烯处理对番荔枝软熟过程中多糖代谢的影响

以AP(African Pride)番荔枝冬季果为试材,研究不同温度、乙烯利处理下,番荔枝果实淀粉、可溶性糖、蔗糖等糖类以及果胶含量和细胞壁代谢相关酶(多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、纤维素酶、果胶甲酯酶)活性的变化,以期从多糖代谢角度探讨温度和乙烯对番荔枝冬季果软熟的影响。结果表明:低温(20℃)可延缓淀粉向可溶性糖的转化,高温(32℃)可促进淀粉向可溶性糖的转化,而28℃下番荔枝软熟最快。28、32℃下果实果皮变硬可能与果皮中原果胶的合成有一定关系。果实的软化与果肉中的原果胶降解有关,但和可溶性果胶含量上升无必然联系。温度和乙烯对酶活性均有不同程度影响,其中Eth-28℃处理对酶活性诱导最显著。Cx和PG活性的变化与果实软化最相关,而PME在果实软化中可能不起关键作用。      

枇杷果实发育过程中果肉质地与胞壁酶活性的变化

以果肉质地差异较大的白肉枇杷（Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.）“白梨”和黄肉枇杷“解放钟”为试材, 探讨果实发育过程中胞壁酶活性变化与果肉质地形成的关系。 结果表明, 2个品种枇杷果实发育过程中多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG, EC 3.1.1.15）、 果胶酯酶（PE, EC 3.1.1.11）与纤维素酶（Cx, EC 3.2.1.4）活性总体呈上升趋势, 这3种酶活性在果实发育后期（即花后100~115 d）极显著高于前期并出现峰值。“白梨”枇杷PE,PG和Cx酶活性高于“解放钟”, 果实发育前期, 2个品种枇杷PE, PG和Cx酶活性差异较小; 果实发育后期,“白梨”PE, PG和Cx酶活性显著或极显著高于“解放钟”。Cx, PG和PE与枇杷果肉质地形成密切相关, 而β-半乳糖苷酶（EC 3.2.1.23）、 α-葡萄糖苷酶（EC 3.2.1.20）、 α-半乳糖苷酶（EC 3.2.1.22）、 α-甘露糖苷酶（EC 3.2.1.24）等4种糖苷酶对“白梨”枇杷果实发育后期果肉软化起到一定的作用。     

Histological development of the sunflower fruit pericarp as affected by pre- and early post-anthesis canopy shading

The dynamics of pericarp development compared to that of the embryo, as well as the effect of pre-anthesis and post-anthesis shading on pericarp histogenesis and dry weight dynamics of fruits from two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid cultivars along three capitulum positions, peripheral, mid and central were studied. During fruit formation, the cell division phase of the carpel takes place before anthesis. Eight days after anthesis the pericarp reached its final size, while its cell wall's sclerification was almost complete 13 days after anthesis. Pre-anthesis shading affected the carpel cell division period reducing (17–33%) the number of pericarp middle layer strata and increased the thickenings of the cell wall of the mid (19%) and central (33–63%) fruits. In central fruits, the dry weight accumulation period was reduced. In contrast, post-anthesis shading reduced both the cell wall thickness (16–64%) and the number (38–58%) of pericarp middle layer sclerified strata of fruits in the three positions of the capitulum. In the mid and central fruits, the dry weight accumulation period extended 11–16 and 3–4 days, respectively, over those of the control. Both shading treatments produced thinner and lighter pericarps, but with different anatomical features that were associated with differences in the efficiency of use of the fruit for industrial oil extraction.     

饥饿胁迫对澳洲坚果早期果实及果柄能量代谢的影响

为揭示饥饿胁迫下澳洲坚果果实脱落与能量代谢的关系,以‘H2’澳洲坚果为试材,在果实发育早期对结果母枝进行环剥+去叶处理,定期测定果柄及果实不同组织中能量物质（ATP、ADP与AMP）含量、能荷（EC）水平和能量代谢关键酶（H⁺-ATPase与Ca²⁺-ATPase）活性的变化。结果表明：与对照相比,环剥+去叶处理明显促进了澳洲坚果早期果实脱落。自处理起至果实开始剧烈脱落时（处理后0~3 d）,果皮的AMP与ADP、种子的ATP与ADP以及果柄的ATP、ADP与AMP含量均显著增加,果皮与种子的H⁺-ATPase以及果柄的H⁺-ATPase和Ca²⁺-ATPase活性明显增强,果柄与种子的EC水平显著升高,但果皮的EC值明显下降。在处理后期（处理后4~5 d）,随着果实脱落加剧,果柄的Ca²⁺-ATPase以及果皮与种子的H⁺-ATPase及Ca²⁺-ATPase活性均显著增加,果柄和果皮的ATP以及果皮与种子的AMP含量均明显升高,而EC水平仅在果柄中显著提高。这些结果说明,饥饿胁迫可能通过影响澳洲坚果果柄及果实的能量代谢特性来影响早期果实脱落。     

不同除袋时期对红芒6号芒果果实品质的影响

研究不同除袋时期对红芒6号芒果果实外观、果皮色素、果皮色泽、果实内在品质的影响.结果表明:随着除袋时间的推迟,果实着色面积减少.早除袋处理的果皮色素含量显著高于晚除袋处理,果皮色泽如果皮亮度以晚除袋处理高于早除袋处理,但色相角度相反:果实内在品质如维生素C、可溶性同形物以采前10～15天最佳.红芒6号芒果在金沙江干热河谷地带的最佳除袋时期为采前10～15天,除袋后,果皮花青苷含量迅速上升,果实着色最快,果面光洁,外观最佳.     

Mechanical properties of outer layers from near-isogenic lines of common wheat differing in hardness

The mechanical properties of the combined outer layers from near-isogenic wheats differing by hardness were determined. Results from traction tests showed significant differences between the isogenic lines, outer layers from grains of the soft type showing higher extensibility. Determination of the mechanical properties of the corresponding component tissues revealed significant differences between the isolated tissues from soft or hard wheat grains. It also allowed analysis of their respective contribution to the properties of the combined peripheral tissues using a simulation of their rupture as unseparated tissues. According to the results, if the component layers displayed similar maximum lineic force to rupture, the rupture of combined outer layers occurs when the least extensible individual tissue breaks. The major cell wall biochemical components of the combined outer layers and of their component tissues were analysed. The phenolic acid composition of soft wheat pericarp contained more ferulic acid in either monomeric or polymeric forms than the pericarp from hard wheat. Arabinoxylans in walls of the soft wheat pericarp appeared 1.6 times more cross-linked by ferulic acid dehydrodimers than walls of hard wheat. These differences in arabinoxylan cross-linking may explain the observed differences in pericarp mechanical properties.     

Role of aleurone cell walls in water diffusion and distribution within cereal grains

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L) are two important cereals cultivated worldwide. The effect of aleurone cell wall structure on water diffusion and distribution within wheat and barley grains was evaluated at different relative humidity levels. Time domain nuclear magnetic resonance was used to measure the transverse relaxation time T₂ of grains. Two water states were distinguished within grains, namely W₁ (lower mobility) and W₂ (higher mobility). Grains with thicker aleurone layer cell walls had a higher W₂. The water-absorption and desorption rates were mainly determined by the thickness of the aleurone cell walls and decreased with increasing cell wall thickness. The higher W₂ values observed in grains with thicker aleurone cell walls with the a water content of 2.0% (w/w) and 12.1% (w/w) were probably related to a higher water motion within the grains, in response to higher porosity. Arabinoxylan and (1,3)(1,4)-β-glucan alternating multilayer films were prepared, each film had 20 layers, one layer was approximately 1 μm thick. The film was used as a model to simulate the aleurone layers. These results show that cell walls of the aleurone layer regulate the diffusion and distribution of water within grains.