利用有机肥控制水田杂草技术的研究

利用有机水稻栽培普遍施用的发酵鸡粪，采用不同使用时期和不同施用量的方法进行水田杂草控制试验。结果表明，发酵鸡粪能够有效控制杂草的发生，两次分施比一次性施用控制杂草效果好，水稻产量高。     

草甘膦对阿根廷杂草多样性和大豆产量的影响

1996年以来,抗草甘磷大豆品种被阿根廷和世界其他国家的农民迅速采纳。这种高使用率应该归因于单一除草剂(草甘膦)施用的简单性,这种除草剂具有高效性,它可以控制多种杂草,并且相对应用于传统作物的农药,草甘膦技术成本低。在2001—2002、2002—2003、2003—2004年间大豆的生长季节,进行了田间调查和田间试验,目的是研究不同草甘磷防护措施对大豆杂草群落多样性、杂草控制、个体残存、繁殖力和大豆产量的影响。另外,也对马唐、香附子和鸡冠曼锦葵三种重要的杂草进行了研究。田间调查和田间试验在小麦和大麦收割之后立即免耕播种大豆田进行(两季作物体系)。试验建立在商业大豆作物的基础上并且包括施用草甘磷一次、施用草甘磷两次和草甘磷加残留的咪草烟除草剂的不同处理。香附子、马唐、繁缕、藜和莎草,在大豆前茬作物田间是普遍的杂草,这显示了在两年内区域的稳定性超过80%。有四分之三的田间试验显示,在施用两倍的草甘磷和除草剂的单一施用相比,大豆产量并没有增加。另外,还有一个相反的影响,当在作物生长期间只施用一次草甘磷要比施用两次草甘磷或者施用草甘磷加咪草烟的杂草种类丰富。由于马唐出苗期长,躲过了草甘磷的早期处理。同时,香附子和鸡冠曼锦葵由于特殊的抗性而幸存。结果显示,控制草甘磷的应用,可以在提高大豆产量的同时减少其对杂草多样性的影响,但这要取决于杂草的种类和丰富度。     

生物菌剂处理不同有机肥对温室辣椒产量和品质的影响

通过 EM生物菌剂发酵处理的不同有机肥对温室辣椒产量、营养品质和安全品质进行试验,研究结果表明：施用EM生物菌剂发酵处理的有机肥能明显提高辣椒的产量和品质;在相同条件下,施用EM生物菌剂发酵处理的鸡粪产量最高、品质最好,比普通有机肥增产40.39～69.75%,Vc含量增加26.8～41.0 mg/kg,硝酸盐含量降低13.1～33.2 mg/kg。     

拜田净防治稻田杂草试验效果

为明确拜田净对水田杂草的防治效果,在田间采用大区对比法进行药效试验。结果表明,拜田净50%可湿性粉剂300g/hm2+草克星10%可湿性粉剂225g/hm2,在水稻移栽田一次性施用,对禾本科杂草防效100%,对阔叶杂草防效93%,对水稻不但安全,而且使水稻分蘖多、无效分蘖少、生长快,增产显著。比禾大壮+草克星或丁草胺+草克星效果好。     

水稻母乳化无公害栽培法研究I:稻田施用稻糠的抑草防草效果试验分析

水稻移栽后施用稻糠具有显著的抑草防草效果。施糠量达到100 g/m2时可明显减少稻田杂草发生量,施用量越多杂草发生量越少,即抑草防草效果越大,但当施糠量超过200 g/m2时对水稻有烧苗现象。在移栽后的第4天的杂草干物质重最小,与第16天的相比,秀水11杂草总干物质重减少了18.22 g/m2、汕优10号减少了11.92 g/m2。试验分析表明,施用稻糠后水土层氧化还原电位(Eh)减小和水稻群体茎蘖提前够苗封行是稻糠抑草防草效果的两个主要原因。     

1%噁嗪草酮悬浮剂防治水稻移栽田杂草试验

对1%噁嗪草酮悬浮剂进行试验研究,结果表明:1%噁嗪草酮悬浮剂用量低、持效期长,水稻移栽后甩喷施用效果好,能抑制植物脂肪酸的合成。1%噁嗪草酮悬浮剂于水稻移栽前、后两次用药240~360 g/667 m~2对水稻安全,对稗草或阔叶杂草慈姑、雨久花防效好或较好。     

水稻母乳化无公害栽培法研究Ⅰ:稻田施用稻糠的抑草防草效果试验分析

水稻移栽后施用稻糠具有显著的抑草防草效果.施糠量达到100g/m^2时可明显减少稻田杂草发生量,施用量越多杂草发生量越少,即抑草防草效果越大,但当施糠量超过200g/m^2时对水稻有烧苗现象.在移栽后的第4天的杂草干物质重最小,与第16天的相比,秀水11杂草总干物质重减少了18.22 g/m^2、汕优10号减少了11.92 g/m^2.试验分析表明,施用稻糠后水土层氧化还原电位（Eh）减小和水稻群体茎蘖提前够苗封行是稻糠抑草防草效果的两个主要原因.     

拜田净防治稻田杂草试验效果

为明确拜田净对水田杂草的防治效果，在田间采用大区对比法进行药效试验。结果表明，拜田净50%可湿性粉剂300g/hm^2 草克星10%可湿性粉剂225g/hm^2，在水稻移栽田一次性施用，对禾本科杂草防效100%，对阔叶杂草防效93%，对水稻不但安全，而且使水稻分蘖多，无效分蘖少，生长快，增产显著。比禾大壮 草克星或丁草胺 草克星效果好。     

40%杀草特乳油防治玉米田杂草药效的研究

室内生物活性测定结果表明：由乙草胺、2,4－D丁酯、扑草净复配而成的40%杀草特乳油具有明显的增效作用。田间小区及大面积示范结果表明：施用杀草特4.0kg/hm²对玉米田一年生单、双子叶杂草防治效果达90%以上,一次施用可控制作物整个生育期杂草危害,对作物安全,比人工除草增产4.3%～16.3%。     

苄嘧·苯噻酰0.5%颗粒剂防除水稻移栽田杂草药效试验

为验证苄嘧.苯噻酰0.5%颗粒剂在北方水稻移栽田的施用效果及安全性进行试验,结果表明:苄嘧.苯噻酰0.5%颗粒剂既可有效防除禾本科杂草又能防除阔叶杂草及莎草科杂草,安全性好,对水稻生长发育无影响,使用方便,是水稻移栽田理想的除草剂。     

菠萝叶渣生物有机肥在蔬菜生产上的应用

利用提取纤维后的新鲜菠萝叶渣为主料，通过添加鸡粪、木糠和过磷酸钙等辅料，以EM生态液菌为生物发酵菌剂，经发酵腐熟，生产生物有机肥，并利用该肥进行蔬菜种植试验。结果表明，利用菠萝叶渣生产生物有机肥，可提高蔬菜产量，缩短种植周期，蔬菜品质好，符合绿色食品标准的要求。     

不同原料商品有机肥对土壤肥力性状及冬瓜产量的影响

分析明月海藻有机肥（CH01）、海腾鸡粪有机肥（HK05）、荣达豆粕有机肥（BT03）和博泰虾肽氨基酸有机肥（CJ01）4种不同原料商品有机肥养分含量,研究其对土壤肥力和冬瓜产量的影响。结果表明：海藻有机质含量最高,豆粕氮含量最高,鸡粪磷和钾含量最高;经过360 d的培养实验后,海藻对有机质提升效果最好;豆粕对碱解氮和全氮含量提升效果最好;鸡粪对速效磷提升效果最好;鸡粪和虾肽对速效钾提升最大。对土壤pH和CEC提升效果最好的有机肥分别为鸡粪和海藻。大田试验中豆粕对碱解氮含量提升效果最好,海藻对CEC提升效果最好,鸡粪对pH提升效果最好,与培养试验结果相一致。但各处理土壤中的养分含量,pH和CEC差异不显著。施用虾肽能显著提高冬瓜产量,其余处理与空白对照无显著差异。不同原料商品有机肥培肥土壤的能力受到有机肥基本理化性质的影响,增产效果与其钾含量高低有关,施用虾肽有机肥能显著提高冬瓜产量。短时间的田间试验无法体现商品有机肥的肥效。     

有机肥、无机肥与微肥配施对色素辣椒品质的影响

在大田条件下,采用L_(25)(5~6)正交试验设计,研究山西石灰性褐土在追施150 kg/hm~2尿素的基础上,有机肥、无机磷、钾肥与微肥配施对色素辣椒(临猗大板椒)品质的影响.结果表明:有机肥、无机肥与微肥合理配施可提高色素辣椒可食部分比例、辣椒皮灰分含量和可溶性糖含量,最高值分别为92.25%、7.10%、11.57%,明显改善了色素辣椒的营养品质;有机肥、无机肥与微肥合理配施极显著提高了色素辣椒的色价值.使色素辣椒品质达到最佳时,各肥料配施的用量分别为膨化鸡粪16 680 kg/hm~2、过磷酸钙900 kg/hm~2、硫酸钾510 kg/hm~2、硫酸锌15.0 kg/hm~2、硼砂15.0 kg/hm~2.     

生物有机肥对小麦根腐病的防效及其机理初探

为研究生物有机肥对小麦根腐病的防效并初步分析其影响机理,采用盆栽试验法,分析微生物菌有机肥、复合生物有机肥、商品有机肥和发酵干鸡粪对小麦根腐病的防治效果以及对土壤酶活性、土壤养分和作物产量等的影响。结果表明,复合生物有机肥和微生物菌有机肥对小麦根腐病的防效分别为29.38%和27.91%,明显优于其他肥料;施用有机肥均能明显提高小麦根部土壤中脲酶、中性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶的活性,显著增加土壤速效养分含量,且以复合生物有机肥和微生物菌有机肥处理土壤的磷酸酶活性和有效磷含量增幅最大;复合生物有机肥能显著促进小麦生长,其株高、地上干重、根干重、穗粒数、千粒重、产量分别较对照增加8.08%、37.32%、37.50%、14.27%、17.16%和40.77%,差异均达到显著水平,微生物菌有机肥处理的地上干重也显著高于对照。总之,复合生物有机肥和微生物菌有机肥能有效提高土壤中性磷酸酶活性,促进磷素循环,增强拮抗和有益微生物对禾谷镰孢菌的抗性并促进小麦生长。     

Effects of a Microbial Inoculant and Organic Fertilizers on the Growth,Photosynthesis and Yield of Sweet Corn

Summary

A microbial inoculant known as Effective Microorganisms or EM is a mixed culture of naturally-occurring, beneficial microorganisms (predominantly lactic acid bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, photosynthetic bacteria and certain fungi) that has been used with considerable success to improve soil quality and the growth and yield of crops, particularly in nature farming and organic farming systems. Despite this success, the exact mechanisms of how this EM elicits such beneficial effects is largely unknown. Consequently, a study was conducted to determine the effects of EM and organic fertilizer on the growth, photosynthesis, and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) under glasshouse conditions, compared with chemical fertilizer. An organic fertilizer consisting of a mixture of oilseed mill sludge, rice husk and bran, and fish processing waste, was inoculated and fermented with EM as the microbial inoculant. The organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer were then applied to respective pots to compare the growth, yield and physiological response of sweet corn plants. EM applied with the organic fertilizer was shown to promote root growth and activity, and to enhance photosynthetic efficiency and capacity, which resulted in increased grain yield. This was attributed largely to a higher level of nutrient availability facilitated by EM application over time. Interestingly, during the early stage of the experiment, the growth and dry matter yield of plants that received organic fertilizer were actually lower than those treated with chemical fertilizer that provided higher initial levels of macronutrients. However, during the intermediate and late growth stages, EM increased the nutrient availability of the organic fertilizer to a higher level, than the chemical fertilizer. Consequently, even though there was an early lower growth rate for plants that received EM-fermented organic fertilizer compared with chemical fertilizer, the final biomass and grain yield from organic fertilizer was equal to or higher than from chemical fertilizer.     

Properties and Applications of an Organic Fertilizer Inoculated with Effective Microorganisms

Summary

Research studies were conducted to elucidate the chemical, physical and microbiological properties of an organic fertilizer that was inoculated and fermented with a microbial inoculant (Effective Microorganisms or EM). The quality estimation methods employed addressed the mechanistic basis for beneficial effects of soil improvement and crop yield. Effective Microorganisms or EM was utilized as the microbial inoculant that is a mixed culture of beneficial microorganisms. Tests showed that the fermented organic fertilizer contained large populations of propagated Lactobacillus spp. Actinomycetes, photo-synthetic bacteria and yeasts; high concentrations of intermediate compounds such as organic acids and amino acids; 0.1% of mineral nitrogen mainly in the ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) form, and 1.0% of available phosphorus; and a C:N ratio of 10. The quality of the fermented organic fertilizer depends on the initial water content; addition of molasses as a carbon and energy source; and the microbial inoculant. The medium pH appears to be reliable fermentation quality criterion for producing this organic fertilizer. Beneficial effects of the fermented organic fertilizer on soil fertility and crop growth will likely depend upon the organic fraction, direct effects of the introduced microorganisms, and indirect effects of microbially-synthesized metabolites (e.g., phytohormones and growth regulators).     

Effects of Organic Fertilizers and a Microbial Inoculant on Leaf Photosynthesis and Fruit Yield and Quality of Tomato Plants

Summary

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of applications of an organic fertilizer (bokashi), and chicken manure as well as inoculation of a microbial inoculant (commercial name, EM) to bokashi and chicken manure on photosynthesis and fruit yield and quality of tomato plants. EM inoculation to both bokashi and chicken manure increased photosynthesis, fruit yield of tomato plants. Concentrations of sugars and organic acids were higher in fruit of plants fertilized with bokashi than in fruit of other treatments. Vitamin C concentration was higher in fruit from chicken manure and bokashi plots than in those from chemical fertilizer plots. EM inoculation increased vitamin C concentration in fruit from all fertilization treatments. It is concluded that both fruit quality and yield could be significantly increased by EM inoculation to the organic fertilizers and application directly to the soil.     

THE EFFECT OF SHEEP EXCRETA AND NITROGENOUS FERTILIZER ON THE BOTANICAL COMPOSITION AND PRODUCTION OF A LEY

Results are presented for the final two years of a previously described experiment.
The return of dung and urine by sheep to a ryegrass/white-clover ley was controlled by suitable harnesses to give four treatments (no dung or urine, dung, urine, dung and urine) which were combined in a replicated factorial design with four levels of nitrogenous fertilizer application (0, 52, 182, 312 1b. N per acre).
Applied nitrogen and urine were the dominant factors affecting botanical composition. The percentage of ryegrass increased and that of clover decreased with the progressive increases in nitrogen application. Volunteer species (mainly Poa spp.) contributed up to 20 per cent by the final year, the maximum occurring under the medium-high nitrogen treatment.
Urine restricted the incursion of weed grasses.
Combined with urine or the full return of excreta, high levels of applied nitrogen increased herbage production by up to 120 per cent. There was little response to dung except at the highest nitrogen level.
The yield response to applied nitrogen was almost linear. In the absence of animal returns response was poor, partly due to shortage of potash. When both excreta were withheld the light nitrogen dressing depressed the annual production compared with the control; where both excreta were returned together with this dressing no reduction occurred in annual yield and the spring yield was improved (p <0.05).     

磁性生物有机肥对南瓜的增产效果研究

以磁性生物有机肥作南瓜基肥，初步研究了深圳市科技开发有限公司生产的磁性生物有机肥在南瓜生产上的实际增产效果。试验结果表明院以磁性生物有机肥作为基肥可明显促进南瓜植株的生长，南瓜主蔓和叶片生长加快：可以显著增加南瓜单瓜重曰但对南瓜的座果率作用不明显袁增产效果不显著。     

不同有机肥对橡胶中小苗寒害树生长的影响

对2011年橡胶IAN873品系中小苗寒害树的4种不同配方有机肥的肥效进行试验,结果表明：肥料C(鱼粉＋磷肥＋尿素＋功能菌＋有机肥,施2.3 kg/株)处理的橡胶中小苗寒害树的茎增粗显著高于常规施肥(鱼粉＋磷肥＋有机肥,施3 kg/株)和肥料A(花生麸＋磷肥＋有机肥,施3 kg/株)处理,与肥料D(花生麸＋鱼粉＋磷肥＋有机肥,施3 kg/株)处理差异不明显,但从树体长势程度来看肥料C处理显著优于其它肥料处理。