水稻叶片衰老与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)

水稻早衰是限制产量和品质提高的最重要因素之一。叶片是水稻最重要的源器官,其功能及衰老对水稻产量与品质有重要影响。叶片衰老特性的研究对提高光合潜力、提高肥料等投入的利用率和经济系数有重要指导意义(Ｗａｄａｙ,1991;Ｔｈｏｍａｓ等,1993)。因此,人们很早以前便已开展水稻叶片衰老生理的研究,特别是在近十几年中发展尤为迅速。但是,有关叶片衰老的机制还远没有搞清楚,特别是对原初伤害机制了解更少。衰老是生物界的普遍现象,是生物发展进化过程中不可分割的一部分。在众多有关水稻叶片衰老的学说中,生物自由基伤害学说引起人们广泛…     

水稻叶片早衰突变体的农艺与生理性状研究进展

叶片早衰严重影响水稻产量与品质。研究水稻叶片早衰突变体的农艺及生理性状,有助于了解水稻叶片衰老进程和机理。本文简述了叶片衰老特征和衰老机制,重点综述了水稻叶片早衰突变体的类型、农艺与生理性状研究进展及延缓水稻叶片衰老的栽培调控途径。可为水稻抗衰老品种选育及栽培调控提供理论依据。     

水稻叶片早衰突变体的农艺与生理性状研究进展

叶片早衰严重影响水稻产量与品质。研究水稻叶片早衰突变体的农艺及生理性状,有助于了解水稻叶片衰老进程和机理。本文简述了叶片衰老特征和衰老机制,重点综述了水稻叶片早衰突变体的类型、农艺与生理性状研究进展及延缓水稻叶片衰老的栽培调控途径。可为水稻抗衰老品种选育及栽培调控提供理论依据。     

烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)合成途径和水稻叶片早衰

叶片是植物进行光合作用的主要场所,其衰老由内源遗传发育信号和外界环境胁迫所启动,是一个非常复杂有序的调控过程。烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD)是脱氢酶的辅酶,在糖酵解、糖异生、三羧酸循环以及呼吸链等代谢中发挥着不可替代的作用。最新研究表明,水稻NAD生物合成参与调控沉默信息调控因子Sirtuins的生物活性、组蛋白H3K9去乙酰化、植物激素茉莉酸(JA)和叶片衰老。本文综述了有关水稻叶片衰老的细胞生理特征、Sirtuins酶活、NAD生物合成以及水稻早衰的OsSRT1-NAD调控途径和OsSRT1-Me OH-JA调控途径,以期阐明水稻叶片衰老的分子机理及其调控途径,为高产育种提供相应的理论参考。     

杂交稻旗叶衰老过程中超氧自由基与超氧物歧化酶活性的变化

植物叶片的衰老、光氧化与体内自由基的积累和膜脂过氧化有关。由于超氧阴离子的累积,导致叶绿素和蛋白质降解。而在植物体内也存在着清除自由基的酶系统(如SOD,CAT,POD等),对防止叶片衰老和强光等逆境的胁迫起着重要的保护作用。目前用不同水稻品种来研究叶片超氧自由基和内源清除剂之间的关系报道较少。本文研究了在自然条件和光氧化条件下,叶片衰老和光氧化过程中产生的超氧自由基(O_2~■)和超氧物歧化酶(sOD)活性的关系,为生理育种,防止水稻后期叶片的早衰及光氧化伤害提供依据和鉴定指标。     

库源比对杂交水稻叶片衰老的影响

在水稻开花期间，通过剪去穗部部分枝梗和叶片等处理,形成不同的源库比，研究其与叶片衰老的关系，结果表明，亚种间杂交水稻赣化7号源库矛盾大，叶片衰老，降低库源比，能明显减缓其叶片中蛋白质，叶绿素含量下降和丙二醛含量的升高，说明杂交水稻叶片早衰与其为源比较大有关。     

不同基因型水稻抽穗后衰老进程的比较研究

本实验对汕优63、J85、老来青等三种不同基因型水稻品种衰老过程中的生理生化指标进行了分析。结果表明,随着叶片衰老进程,剑叶中的叶绿素含量逐渐下降,丙二醛含量逐渐上升,而根系活力在抽穗后一直呈下降趋势。进一步比较三种不同类型水稻叶片的衰老进程,发现:(1)在外界环境一致的情况下,三种水稻在这三个指标上变化明显不同,其中粳稻老来青抗衰老程度最高,而最易衰老的是杂交稻汕优63;(2)汕优63在抽穗后5～10d内衰老最为迅速;(3)根系活力的下降早于叶片中与衰老有关的指标变化。这表明在衰老过程中,根系的衰老先于叶片。     

4PU－30延缓杂交水稻叶片衰老的生理基础

以汕优６３连体和离体叶片为材料，研究了４ＰＵ－３０对水稻叶片衰老进程及叶片内蛋白质、核酸含量和相关酶活力的调控效应。４ＰＵ－３０能显著地延缓水稻叶片衰老，保绿效果明显。叶片中蛋白质和核酸含量及相关酶活力的变化表明，４ＰＵ－３０控制叶片衰老过程中蛋白质水解酶和核糖核酸酶比活上升，减缓蛋白质和核酸的降解，是其延缓杂交水稻叶片衰老的主要生理基础之一。     

4PU－30延缓杂交水稻叶片衰老的生理基础

 以汕优63连体和离体叶片为材料，研究了4PU-30对水稻叶片衰老进程及叶片内蛋白质、核酸含量和相关酶活力的调控效应。4PU-30能显著地延缓水稻叶片衰老，保绿效果明显。叶片中蛋白质和核酸含量及相关酶活力的变化表明，4PU-30控制叶片衰老过程中蛋白质水解酶和核糖核酸酶比活上升，减缓蛋白质和核酸的降解，是其延缓杂交水稻叶片衰老的主要生理基础之一。     

不同基因型水稻抽穗后衰老进程的比较研究

本实验对汕优63、J85、老来青等三种不同基因型水稻品种衰老过程中的生理生化指标进行了分析。结果表明，随着叶片衰老进程，剑叶中的叶绿素含量逐渐下降，丙二醛含量逐渐上升，而根系活力在抽穗后一直呈下降趋势。进一步比较三种不同类型水稻叶片的衰老进程，发现：(1)在外界环境一致的情况下，三种水稻在这三个指标上变化明显不同，其中粳稻老来青抗衰老程度最高，而最易衰老的是杂交稻汕优63；(2)汕优63在抽穗后5～10d内衰老最为迅速；(3)根系活力的下降早于叶片中与衰老有关的指标变化。这表明在衰老过程中，根系的衰老先于叶片。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地，蔗区光热资源丰富，唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子；根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律，苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键，保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题，制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障；该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.