红毛丹炭疽病菌生物学特性研究

对红毛丹炭疽病病菌进行分离,鉴定病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌[Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.)Sacc.]。研究培养基、温度、湿度、pH值、光照、营养对红毛丹炭疽病菌生长和孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,该菌菌丝在PDA、CA和CZ培养基上生长较好,10~35℃下均能生长,适宜生长温度为25~28℃,分生孢子萌发的最适温度为28℃;病原菌在pH3~11都能生长,pH5~8生长较好,菌丝生长及孢子萌发最佳pH值为7;分生孢子在饱和湿度中萌发快,相对湿度低于99%时不能萌发;光照对病原菌的生长有明显的促进作用,病原菌的致死温度为:55℃,10min;PDA培养基中加入不同的糖对病原菌生长有明显的促进作用,以鼠李糖、果糖、半乳糖、麦芽糖、甘露糖和木糖最好;PDA培养基中添加2%的不同的无机氮源对病原菌的生长有明显的促进作用。     

芒果可可球二孢蒂腐病菌生物学培养特性

对芒果可可球二孢蒂腐病菌(Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)的生物学培养特性进行了研究.结果表明:菌丝生长最适温度30℃;孢子萌发最适温度30℃;菌丝生长最适pH值5～6,孢子萌发最适pH值7～10;菌丝生长的最佳碳源是棉子糖、葡萄糖,最佳氮源是牛肉浸膏、蛋白胨:光照及振荡培养对菌丝生长无显著影响;菌丝的致死温度为60℃,30 min或65℃,10 min,孢子的致死温度50℃,15min.     

海南芒果果腐病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性研究

对引起芒果果腐病的病原菌进行鉴定,并对该病原菌的生物学特性进行初步研究。结果表明：引起芒果果腐病的病原菌是芒果拟盘多毛孢[Pestalotiopsis mangiferae（Henn.）Steyaert],该菌菌丝生长最适温度为25～28 ℃,孢子萌发最适温度为32 ℃,致死温度为60 ℃,10 min;菌丝生长最适pH为4～5,而孢子萌发最适pH为4;最适碳源为甘露醇,而麦芽糖不利于菌丝生长;最适氮源为牛肉浸膏、蛋白胨,而尿素不利于该菌菌丝生长;该菌适合在暗光交替和黑暗中生长。     

椰子茎泻血病菌生物学特性研究

对椰子茎泻血病菌奇异长喙壳菌Ceratocystis paradoxa(Dade)Moreau[=Thie laviopsis paradoxa(De Seynes)V.Hohnel]xie331-4的生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)最适合该菌菌丝生长和产孢;以果糖为碳源最适合菌丝生长,以阿拉伯树胶粉为碳源最适合产孢;以磷酸氢二铵为氮源最适合菌丝生长,以蛋白胨为氮源最适合产孢;2%蛋白胨对孢子萌发有促进作用,2%葡萄糖、2%蔗糖对孢子萌发有抑制作用;25～35℃适合菌丝生长和产孢,25℃最适合孢子萌发,温度低于5℃或高于40℃孢子不能萌发;pH值4～11适合菌丝生长,pH为7产孢量最大,pH值为4孢子萌发率最高;光照对菌丝生长及孢子萌发无显著影响,但有利于产孢;分生孢子致死温度为52℃10min。     

广西三七灰霉病流行规律及药剂筛选

对广西三七灰霉病的典型病斑进行分离培养、致病性检测,通过形态学观察并结合r DNA-ITS序列分析鉴定病原菌;通过室内及田间试验研究了温湿度对菌丝生长、孢子萌发的影响,以及病害的病程和病斑显症率,并对不同立地条件、不同生长年限三七灰霉病的发生规律进行调查;最后采用菌丝生长速率法研究了15种杀菌剂对病原菌的抑制作用。结果表明,三七灰霉病病原菌为灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea);菌丝生长、孢子形成及萌发的最适温度为20℃,孢子萌发需要高湿度,低于100%湿度不萌发;不同季节、不同生长年限三七的病程为5~13 d,病斑在田间的持续显症期为6 d;三七灰霉病在三七生长期都能发生,10~11月份为发生高峰期,其中不同立地条件下的发病严重度顺序为旱地坡地林下,不同生长年限下的顺序为3年生三七2年生三七1年生三七;咯菌腈、嘧菌环胺与嘧菌酯、氟硅唑对病原菌的菌丝生长抑制率达100%。     

玉米瘤黑粉病菌生物学特性研究

对影响玉蜀黍黑粉菌冬孢子萌发和双核菌丝生长的生物学特性进行研究。结果表明,冬孢子萌发最适温度为30℃,pH为3,碳源为蔗糖、麦芽糖和葡萄糖,氮源为半胱氨酸、天冬氨酸和甘氨酸;双核菌丝生长的最适温度为30℃,pH为8,碳源为葡萄糖和蔗糖,氮源为天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸和甘氨酸。光照条件对冬孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响不显著。     

火龙果镰刀菌果腐病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性研究

采用形态学特征观察、rDNA-ITS序列、EF-1α序列比对和系统发育树分析的方法对引起火龙果镰刀菌果腐病病原菌进行鉴定,并初步研究其生物学特性。结果表明:引起火龙果镰刀菌果腐病是单隔镰刀菌(Fusarium dimerum Penzig in Saccardo),这是该菌引起火龙果果腐病在国内的首次报道。该菌菌丝生长的适宜温度25~35℃,最适温度30℃,适宜产孢温度25~35℃,最适产孢温度30~35℃,致死温度75℃(10 min);适宜pH5~9,最适pH7,最适产孢pH4;连续光照、D-果糖为碳源、牛肉膏和蛋白胨为氮源时最有利于该菌菌丝生长;完全黑暗、D-半乳糖为碳源、尿素为氮源时最有利于该菌产孢。综合分析认为,该菌耐高温,光照充足、弱酸和富含有机营养的环境有利于该菌的生长和繁殖。     

海南三药槟榔叶斑病病原鉴定及其生物学特性分析

在海南省儋州市的三药槟榔(Areca triandra Roxb)苗圃中发现一种为害严重的叶斑病。根据该病的病原菌形态特征以及ITS序列分析,鉴定该病原为克卢亚拟盘多毛孢菌[Pestalotiopsis clusiae(GriffonMaubl)]。病原生物学特性分析发现,该病原菌菌丝生长的适宜温度为28℃,pH为6.5,适宜的碳源为D-麦芽糖和D-葡萄糖,适宜氮源为硝酸钾和硝酸钠;光暗交替有利于菌丝生长及产孢;孢子萌发的适宜温度为30℃,pH为5.5,孢子致死温度为50℃,10 min。采用含毒介质法对4种药剂进行室内敏感性测定,发现该病原菌菌丝生长对50%多菌灵(WP)敏感性最高,50%异菌脲次之。     

橡胶树炭疽菌生物学和侵染特征研究

橡胶树炭疽病是危害我国橡胶树的一种重要叶部病害,致病菌为胶抱炭疽菌。对其生物学特性研究结果表明,在28 ℃下,有利于菌丝体生长、产孢和孢子萌发 。最适合菌丝体生长的pH值为6。黑暗下有利于孢子萌发和菌丝体生长,但产孢则不如在光照条件下。在100 %相对湿度下孢子萌发率最高。在葡萄糖、橡胶叶汁和琼脂胶等营养液中, 孢子萌发率高于清水对照。对其侵染特征研究结果表明,主要侵染源为受害嫩梢和半枯死枝条,寄主范围广泛。病菌可从伤口、气孔和表皮3种途径入侵,风雨是传播媒介。潜育期一般3~6d,条件最适宜时潜育期为1~ 2d。田间气温21~24℃、相对湿度大于95%时,病菌产孢多,侵人迅速,病斑扩展快     

墨西哥食用仙人掌组织培养种苗繁殖技术

研究结果表明,墨西哥食用仙人掌嫩茎外植体在室温25℃±2℃,光照强度1500～2 000lx、光照时间12h条件下,茎萌发最适培养基为MS+6-BA　1.5mg/L+NAA　1.0mg/L,茎增殖最适培养基为MS+6-BA　1.5mg/L+NAA 0.5mg/L,茎生根最适培养基为1/2MS+NAA1.0mg/L。外植体茎萌发初始阶段先经暗培养约7d后转入光照培养有利于茎萌发和生长,茎萌发时间提早,可提高茎萌发率且茎生长健壮。      

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.