胡椒叶片挥发性成分HS-SPME-GC/MS分析

以胡椒属种质蒌叶、墨西哥胡椒、假荜拔为材料，利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱和质谱联用（HS-SPME-GC/MS）技术测定3种种质叶片中的挥发性成分及用面积归一法计算其相对含量。结果表明：鉴定出蒌叶、墨西哥胡椒、假荜拔的挥发性成分59种，其中从蒌叶中共鉴定出挥发性成分36种，其含量较高的有安息香醛、荜澄茄油烯和β-石竹烯，相对含量分别为23.56％、9.36％和8.54％；从墨西哥胡椒中鉴定出挥发性成分18种，其中含量较高的有肉桂醛、萜品烯和萜品油烯，相对含量分别为77.98％、5.88％和5.11％；而假荜菝叶片挥发性成分有25种，含量较高的有β-石竹烯、罗勒烯和芳樟醇。挥发性成分的种类在3种胡椒属种质中都不相同，总的相对百分含量也不同，说明不同的种质，叶片挥发性成分有一定的差异。     

澳洲坚果花的挥发性成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取技术从澳洲坚果花中萃取挥发性成分，并利用气相色谱质谱联用仪对挥发性成分进行分析鉴定。结果共鉴定出了11种成分，主要是苯乙醛(38.15%)、苯甲醛(7.28%)、苯乙腈(6.49%)，含量最少的是a-(异亚硝基)-苯丙酸(0.19%)。     

SPME-GC/MS联合分析槟榔花香气成分

采用SPME-GC/MS方法分析槟榔花雄花和花梗中的香气成分。雄花中鉴定出47种香气成分,主要为乙酸异戊酯、苯乙烯、2-甲基丁酸-3-甲基丁酯、丙酸异戊酯、3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯-2-甲基丁酸酯、乙酸己酯,其相对含量分别为:36.24%、8.44%、7.41%、5.62%、4.11%和3.93%;花梗中则鉴定出24种香气成分,主要为(Z)-3-己烯醇乙酸酯、(E)-3-己烯醇乙酸酯、乙酸己酯和乙酸异戊酯,其相对含量分别为:27.71%、26.51%、20.96%和11.97%。在槟榔花雄花和花梗中仅有6种共有香气成分,其相对含量分别占49.24%和60.35%。槟榔花雄花和花梗的香气均以酯类成分为主,但在其组成和含量上存在较大差异。     

极香罗勒的花、叶和茎挥发性成分比较分析

为研究极香罗勒花、叶和茎在挥发性物质组成上的差异,利用顶空固相微萃取技术(SPME)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术分离、鉴定极香罗勒花、叶和茎的挥发性成分,并用峰面积进行归一化定量.结果从极香罗勒的花、叶和茎中分别鉴定出27、27和33种挥发性物质,其含量分别为总挥发性物质的96.09％,94.92％和93.14％.在极香罗勒花、叶和茎中共有成分为5种:茴香脑、桉树脑、D-樟脑、沉香醇和对甲氧基苯甲醛,其中茴香脑为最主要的挥发性成分.为进一步探讨罗勒中挥发性物质生物合成的组织特异性及其机理奠定基础.     

双瓣茉莉5个花期挥发性成分GC-MS分析

采用气质联用仪(GC-MS)对福州双瓣茉莉花小花蕾期、大花蕾期、花开12 h开花期、花开24 h开花期和花败期5个时期挥发性成分进行鉴定,并用峰面积归一化法分析各组分含量。结果表明,开花期是挥发性物质集中释放期,花败期含量急剧下降,小花蕾和大花蕾时期仅少量释放,这符合茉莉花为气质花的特性。萜类和酯类挥发性物质是双瓣茉莉花香主要成分,萜类挥发性物质在盛开时大量释放,酯类挥发性物质通常在花开12 h开花期释放量最高。5个不同时期共鉴定出43种挥发性成分,挥发性物质种类和绝大部分挥发性物质含量均是在开花期最高,其中含量较高的乙酸芳樟酯、α-金合欢烯、乙酸苯甲酯、苯甲醇、γ-依兰油烯、乙酸甲酯、反式-法呢醇和β-罗勒烯等是双瓣茉莉挥发性物质的主要成分。结果将为茉莉花精油的提取及茉莉花制茶的采摘时期提供依据,为开展双瓣茉莉花挥发性物质代谢途径的分子调控机理研究奠定基础。     

7种黄檀属植物心材挥发油的成分分析及其抗菌活性

为了研究7种黄檀属（Dalbergia L.）植物心材的挥发性成分及其抗菌活性,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取黄檀属植物心材的挥发性成分,气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）对其化学成分进行分析;采用滤纸片琼脂扩散法测定挥发性成分的抗菌活性。结果表明,两粤黄檀检出9种成分,占总含量的98.93%;斜叶黄檀检出6种成分,占总含量的91.80%;交趾黄檀检出13种成分,占总含量的86.23%;海南黄檀检出9种成分,占总含量的94.86%;降香黄檀检出8种成分,占总含量的97.38%;东京黄檀检出8种成分,占总含量的97.72%;白沙黄檀检出23种成分,占总含量的79.45%。两粤黄檀和斜叶黄檀相对百分含量最大的成分为榄香素,分别为83.38%和73.03%;交趾黄檀中相对百分含量最大的成分为美迪紫檀素,为27.72%;海南黄檀中相对百分含量最大的成分为亚油酸,为42.80%;降香黄檀和东京黄檀中相对百分含量最大的成分为(7R,10S)-2,6,10-三甲基-7,10-环氧-2,11-十二碳-6-醇及其同分异构体,二者之和分别为60.37%和53.23%;白沙黄檀中已鉴定出且相对百分含量较大的成分为榄香素,为7.81%。黄檀属植物心材挥发性成分主要有苯丙素类、倍半萜类、黄酮类、脂肪酸类和甾体等,黄檀属植物心材的挥发性成分均对金黄色葡萄球菌具有抑制作用,部分挥发油对不同的农业病原菌具有一定的抑制作用。本研究为黄檀属植物的资源保护和开发利用提供了科学依据。     

同时蒸馏萃取和固相微萃取分析卤水干豆腐挥发性成分比较

采用同时蒸馏萃取法和固相微萃取法提取卤水干豆腐中的挥发性成分,并利用GC-MS进行分离鉴定.对2种方法所鉴定出的挥发性成分进行比较,确定出最适合卤水干豆腐挥发性成分萃取的方法.结果表明:同时蒸馏萃取法能更有效的提取出干豆腐的挥发性成分(53种),而且有利于高沸点成分的分离.固相微萃取技术尽管分析出的成分数量较少(25种),但它具有快速简便、不使用溶剂和不破坏检测样品等优点,能反映卤水干豆腐的原始信息,可用于挥发性成分的初步鉴定.2种方法共同鉴定出的卤水干豆腐的挥发性成分有己醛、1-己醛、苯乙烯、正庚醛、2-正戊基呋喃、辛醛、安息香醛、1-辛烯-3-醇和壬醛.     

西洋参果汁化学成分的研究

本文对加拿大产西洋参果汁挥发性成分及部分化学成分进行了研究。结果表明:西洋参果汁中含有挥发性成分近30余种,经GS- MS鉴定出9种化合物,其中含量较高为亚油酸甲酯,约 28.3% ,另外含有β- 谷甾醇等成分。     

利用固相微萃取-气质联用技术分析中国主栽品种椰子水的挥发性成分

采用顶空-固相微萃取气质联用(HS-SPME-GC/MS)方法分析5种中国椰子品种‘本地高种’、‘文椰2号’、‘文椰3号’、‘文椰4号’、‘小黄椰’的椰子水挥发性成分。在5种椰子水中共鉴定出24种挥发性成分,其中‘本地高种’和‘文椰4号’鉴定出15种、‘文椰2号’和‘文椰3号’鉴定出14种、‘小黄椰’鉴定出13种,主要为醇类、醛类、酸类、酮类、酯类和酚类,其相对含量分别是16.71%~40.64%、1.82%~19.29%、14.14%~56.30%、2.49%~3.46%、2.24%~9.11%和10.76%~20.28%。醇类和酸类分别在‘文椰4号’和‘小黄椰’中相对含量最高,醛类在‘本地高种’中相对含量最高,酯类和酚类在‘文椰2号’相对含量最高。5种椰子水不仅在香气物质构成上差异显著,相同挥发性成分在不同品种中相对含量差异也显著,这些差异的呈现可为今后矮种椰子的育种提供新的方法和手段。     

湖南红茶实物标准样制作及品质分析

茶叶实物标准样对于客观准确地鉴别茶叶品质是不可或缺的,简述湖南红茶实物标准样制备流程,并分析其感官品质特点及生化成分。结果表明,湖南红茶特级标准样氨基酸含量最高,滋味甜醇甘鲜,鉴定出的110种挥发性香气物质中萜类物质含量显著高于其他茶样,香气表现为嫩甜香浓郁持久;湖南红茶一级标准样水浸出物和儿茶素含量最高,滋味醇厚甘爽,鉴定出114种挥发性香气物质,各类挥发性成分含量居中,呈现出纯正甜香;湖南红茶二级标准样滋味成分含量相对较低,滋味甜醇尚浓,鉴定出109种挥发性香气物质,来源于脂肪酸和类胡萝卜素的挥发性物质含量显著高于其他茶样,表现为甜香带花香。本研究可为湖南红茶加工生产提供参考。     

NR/ENR/SiO_2复合材料的阻尼性能研究

采用机械混炼的方法制备不同ENR含量的NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料,使用动态热机械分析仪(DMA)和橡胶加工分析仪(RPA)对NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料的动态力学性能和阻尼性能进行分析。结果表明:ENR对NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料的阻尼性能具有显著影响。动态热机械分析测试结果表明,随着ENR用量的增多,NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料在使用温度范围内的损耗因子积分面积增大,阻尼性能提高。橡胶加工分析频率扫描和应变扫描测试结果表明,在频率小于10 HZ不同应变时,加入了ENR的NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料的阻尼因子均高于NR/SiO2复合材料。扫描电镜分析结果证实,ENR的加入减少了SiO2的自聚,改善了填料在橡胶基体中的分散,从而使NR/ENR/SiO2复合材料力学性能得到提高。     

In VitroDigestion of Wheat Microstructure with Xylanase and Cellulase fromTrichoderma reesei

Resistant starch (RS), producedin vitroby hydrolysis of retrograded pea starch gels and amylose gels by porcine pancreaticalpha-amylase, was characterised by X-ray diffraction, size exclusion chromatography and methylation analysis. These techniques showed that RSin vitroconsisted of semi-crystalline, mostly linear material that was present in two main molecular size subfractions (DP_n>100 andDP_n20–30) with a third, minor subfraction (DP_n≤5). The extent of retrogradation of amylose was found to be of primary importance in determining the RS content of starch. Analysis ofin vivoRS, recovered during an ileostomy study, produced results that were similar to those obtained from RSin vitro. Anin vitromodel for the structure of resistant starch is proposed.     

纳米TiO_2/天然橡胶复合材料的抗菌性研究

采用溶胶凝胶法,以钛酸四丁酯掺杂金属Ag制备纳米二氧化钛(Ag-TiO2)水溶胶,并与天然胶乳湿法共混制备得到纳米TiO2/天然橡胶复合材料。紫外可见光谱表明,金属Ag能提高TiO2的光催化性能;透射电子显微镜观察到TiO2颗粒粒径为50nm左右,并且均匀的吸附在胶粒表面。研究此复合材料的抗菌性能结果表明,其具有良好的抗细菌和抗霉菌效果,对大肠杆菌的抗菌率达到90%以上,特别是硫化过后的纳米TiO2/天然橡胶复合材料的抗细菌率更达98.5%。     

细旦涤麻棉针织物的纤维素酶整理

本文介绍了酶整理技术在细旦涤麻棉针织物上的应用，提出了现在主要三种纤维素酶处理细旦涤麻棉针织物的最佳工艺及效果。     

Physicochemical Studies on Resistant StarchIn VitroandIn Vivo

Resistant starch (RS), producedin vitroby hydrolysis of retrograded pea starch gels and amylose gels by porcine pancreaticalpha-amylase, was characterised by X-ray diffraction, size exclusion chromatography and methylation analysis. These techniques showed that RSin vitroconsisted of semi-crystalline, mostly linear material that was present in two main molecular size subfractions (DP_n>100 andDP_n20–30) with a third, minor subfraction (DP_n≤5). The extent of retrogradation of amylose was found to be of primary importance in determining the RS content of starch. Analysis ofin vivoRS, recovered during an ileostomy study, produced results that were similar to those obtained from RSin vitro. Anin vitromodel for the structure of resistant starch is proposed.     

巴西橡胶树AnnHb1基因的克隆及表达分析

根据一个从巴西橡树胶乳cDNA文库中获得的EST片段的序列设计引物,通过RACE的方法获得了橡胶树编码annexin的cDNA,命名为AnnHb1。序列分析表明,AnnHb1长为1 198 bp,含有945 bp的阅读框,62 bp的5'-UTR和191 bp的3'-UTR,编码314个氨基酸,分子量为35.99 ku,等电点为8.18。该氨基酸序列与蓖麻、麻疯树、棉花、苜蓿、烟草和拟南芥中的annexin的同源性分别为82%、72%、72%、64%、60%和60%。半定量RT-PCR分析结果表明AnnHb1基因在愈伤、花、树皮、叶、胶乳中均有表达,其中在愈伤组织中表达量最低,树皮中表达量最高。     

Polymorphism of Low Mr Glutenin Subunits in Triticum tauschii

A collection of 173 Triticum tauschii accessions was analysed to evaluate the variability of low molecular weight (M_r) glutenin subunits. These proteins were analysed by one-step one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and were divided into B-, C- and D-subunits in accordance with their electrophoretic mobility. Extensive polymorphism, both in the number and electrophoretic mobility, was detected in lowM_r glutenin subunits present in T. tauschii. Thirty different patterns for B-subunits and forty-three for C-subunits were identified, some of which were with identical electrophoretic mobility than those observed in hexaploid wheat. Glutenin subunits with the same electrophoretic mobilities of low M_r D-glutenin subunits as well as subunits encoded at the Glu-D4 and Glu-D5 loci, were also detected in accessions of T. tauschii. These results provide new basic knowledge regarding the genetics variability of the low M_r glutenin subunits, as well as their potential to create novel germplasm for the improvement of wheat quality in breeding programs.     

杜鹃红山茶离体快速繁殖

以杜鹃红山茶实生小苗为试验材料,探讨离体快速繁殖的方法。结果表明:茎段外植体在MS+BA 1 mg/L+IBA 0.01 mg/L+GA3 10 mg/L的培养基上培养60 d,侧芽萌发率高达68%;将这些萌发的侧芽连同原来的茎段外植体移至添加BA 0.2～0.4 mg/L的培养基培养1个月,74%的侧芽能够继续生长并形成丛生芽;再将丛生芽移至1/2 MS+IBA 4 mg/L+0.1%活性炭的培养基上培养1个月,得到大量伸长的芽条;将芽条切离母体后插植于1/2 MS+IBA 8 mg/L的培养基,60 d后生根率达到90%。通过以上过程繁殖得到的小苗质量良好,移栽1个月后的成活率可达90%。     

Comparative Enzyme Kinetics of Two Allelic Forms of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Beta -amylase

The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties, Franklin and Schooner, contain two different allelic forms of beta -amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) encoded on chromosome 4H by the Bmy 1-Sd1 and Bmy 1-Sd2L alleles, respectively. The corresponding enzymes, referred to as Sd1 and Sd2L, were purified from both mature barley grain and germinated barley (green malt), and their physical and kinetic properties studied. Approximately 4 kDa were cleaved from both Sd1 and Sd2Lbeta -amylases after germination. The K_mvalue for green malt beta -amylase was less than that of mature grain beta -amylase for both varieties when potato starch was used as a substrate, although V_maxwas similar. This indicated that proteolysis after germination increased the affinity of beta -amylase for potato starch. No significant kinetic differences were observed between beta -amylase from mature grain and green malt of the two barley varieties when amylose (degree of polymerisation 100 and 18) and maltopentaose were used as substrates. Kinetic differences were also observed between the two allelic forms of beta -amylase. Sd1 beta -amylase from green malt exhibited a lower K_mvalue for potato starch than Sd2L beta -amylase, demonstrating that at non-saturating starch concentrations Sd1 beta -amylase is better able to hydrolyse starch than Sd2L beta -amylase. As the degree of polymerisation of the substrates decreased from approximately 740 (potato starch) to 5 (maltopentaose), the K_mvalues for beta -amylase increased, whereas V_maxvalues decreased. Maltose, the hydrolytic product of beta -amylase, was found to be a weak competitive inhibitor of both Sd1 and Sd2L green malt beta -amylases with respect to potato starch and amylose. Taken together the kinetic observations for bet a-amylase suggest that the allelic differences and C-terminal proteolysis might be exploited to improve the efficiency of starch hydrolysis during the mashing stage of the brewing process.     

Protein Inhibitors ofAlpha-amylase in Mature and Germinating Grain of Rye (Secale cereale)

The activities of endogenous (R-type) and exogenous acting (D-type) protein inhibitors ofalpha-amylase and the activities ofalpha- and total amylase were determined in milling fractions of rye. High D-type amylase inhibitor activities were detected in the embryo (255 IU/g) and in the endosperm fraction (64·9 IU/g), low inhibitor activities were found in the aleurone layer fraction (25·9 IU/g). The highest R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activity was found in the aleurone layer fraction (32·6 IU/g), and the lowest value in the epidermis containing fraction (5·0 IU/g). The D- and R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activities varied with growing conditions. D-type amylase inhibitor activities were found to be high in those samples which grew under drought conditions and low in samples cultivated under wet and cool weather. Higher R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activities were found in rye genotypes cultivated under wet conditions and lower values under dry weather. There were small variations inalpha-amylase inhibitor activities between sprout-stable and sprout-sensitive rye genotypes. The D- and R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activities of all varieties were stable during 72 h of germination. Similar soil conditions will therefore lead to differentialalpha-amylase inhibitor activities depending on weather conditions during growth.