大豆异黄酮抑菌活性及其热稳定性研究

以大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和沙门氏菌为测试菌株,对大豆异黄酮混合水解苷元、染料木黄酮和黄豆苷元的抑菌活性进行了研究。结果表明,各组分均具有一定的抑菌效果,且随浓度的增加效果增强;大豆异黄酮对革兰氏阳性菌的抑制效果要优于革兰氏阴性菌;大豆异黄酮混合水解苷元和染料木黄酮的抑菌效果优于黄豆苷元,三者对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为0.2、0.2和0.8 mg.mL-1;染料木黄酮具有良好的热稳定性。     

大豆异黄酮提取工艺优化及其活性研究

研究大豆异黄酮提取的最佳工艺条件及其活性.在单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验的基础上,确定乙醇-水体系提取大豆异黄酮的最佳工艺条件:乙醇浓度80%,液料比(溶剂∶原料)24∶1,提取温度50℃.对异黄酮分别进行清除自由基和抑菌的活性研究,结果表明:大豆异黄酮有良好的清除羟基自由基和超氧自由基的能力;对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌及米根霉的生长有明显的抑制作用.     

生物拌种剂防治大豆根腐病效果和机制

大豆根腐病是黑龙江大豆产区的主要根部病害,其病原菌主要为Fusarium.oxysporum f.sp.redolens.枯草芽孢杆菌B29对大豆根腐病菌具有较强的抑制作用,将枯草芽孢杆菌B29菌液和一些营养因子等复配成生物拌种剂,通过审内抑菌试验、田间小区试验和PCR-DGGE技术对生物拌种剂对大豆根腐病菌F.oxysporum f.sp.vedolens的抑菌活性和生防机理进行了研究.结果表明:生物拌种剂对大豆根腐病菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长具有较强的抑制作用,抑制率与拌种剂浓度呈正相关,原液和10倍稀释液抑制率均达93%以上,1000倍稀释液的抑制率为75%;拌种剂处理大豆后大豆苗期体内与抗性反应相关的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性明显增强;拌种剂中的生防菌能够在大豆根际土壤中定殖,对根际土壤微生物种群数量末造成影响.田间小区试验显示生物拌种剂对大豆根腐病的苗期防效达60%以上.     

大豆叶片异黄酮含量与PAL基因相对表达量的关系

苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)是苯丙氨酸代谢途径的进入点酶,也是异黄酮合成的关键酶之一.为了分析大豆叶片中异黄酮含量与苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)基因表达量的关系,采用砂培试验,测定了不同生育时期大豆叶片总异黄酮及大豆黄素、黄豆黄素、染料木素的含量,同时测定了相应各生育时期大豆叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)基因的相对表达量.结果表明:大豆叶片中大豆异黄酮总含量及3种苷元组份含量与叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)基冈的相对表达量有一个协同增减的趋势;在初花期(R1)大豆叶片中的异黄酮总含量和三种苷元组份含量及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)基因相对表达量均出现一个峰值.     

大豆异黄酮临床应用的研究进展

大豆异黄酮属于植物雌激素,主要有结合型糖苷和游离型苷元2种存在形式。众多研究表明大豆异黄酮具有广泛生物学活性,在多种疾病的预防和治疗方面具有重要价值。本研究就国内外当前关于大豆异黄酮的相关研究进行总结,综述大豆异黄酮在前列腺癌、乳腺癌、皮肤癌、骨质疏松、心血管疾病及神经退行性病变中的治疗作用及其相关分子机制。     

大豆异黄酮抑菌的研究进展

大豆异黄酮是一类主要存在于大豆籽粒中的次生代谢产物,在食品、药物、禽畜饲料加工中具有重要价值.随着食品添加剂、抗菌药物的发展,大豆异黄酮抑菌的研究越来越受到重视.大豆异黄酮可通过抑制拓扑异构酶的活性,影响细菌和真菌DNA的复制与合成、蛋白质的合成,还可通过破坏菌体的细胞壁和细胞膜的结构来抑制菌体呼吸进而达到抑菌效果.该...     

抑制大豆胞囊线虫的异黄酮种类研究

为明确外源异黄酮类物质对大豆胞囊线虫的毒性,选取黄豆苷元(daidzein)、黄豆苷(daidzin)、染料木素(genistein)、染料木苷(genistin)、黄豆黄苷(glycitin)和黄豆黄素(glycitein)6种大豆异黄酮,采用贝氏皿法离体测定其对大豆胞囊线虫的卵孵化抑制率和对二龄幼虫(J2)的致死率及其田间防效,以明确对线虫有效的异黄酮种类。结果表明:6种大豆异黄酮对胞囊线虫的卵孵化和J2活性均具有一定的抑制作用,其中100μg/m L染料木素效果最好,处理24h后,对J2校正死亡率可达到45.46%,对卵孵化抑制率为43.48%,且50μg/m L染料木素处理种子后的田间防效显示对胞囊抑制率亦达到49.47%。此外,染料木苷和黄豆苷元对J2和卵孵化也有较明显效果但田间防效较其他异黄酮差;黄豆黄苷和黄豆黄素对J2毒杀作用较弱但对卵孵化抑制作用较强;黄豆苷对J2和卵孵化作用效果最弱,但是其田间防效与染料木素无显著性差异。说明供试的6种异黄酮在不同浓度和条件下均对大豆胞囊线虫有抑制作用,以染料木素的综合效果最好。研究结果为解释大豆抗线虫侵染的机制及利用大豆异黄酮防治线虫病害奠定了理论基础。     

仙人掌不同提取物的抑菌效果

用抑菌圈方法,研究了仙人掌(Opuntia dillenii Haw)的各种提取物对革兰氏阴性菌、阳性菌和真菌的抑制作用.结果表明,仙人掌的乙醇和水提取物对不同种类的病原菌具有不同的抑菌活性,以对枯草芽孢杆菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、甲型溶血性链球菌、肺炎链球菌、金色葡萄球菌等革兰氏阳性菌的抑制作用最显著,对大肠杆菌等革兰氏阴性菌的效果相对稍差,而对黑根霉、黑曲霉等真菌的效果则很小.另外,不同处理方式、不同部位所得到的仙人掌提取物,其抑菌效果也不同,以从花的干粉中得到的水提取物的效果最好,其抑菌谱广,抑菌效果也最明显.     

电磁裂解法提取的黑豆和黄豆异黄酮含量研究

为获得一种提取大豆异黄酮的简易环保方法,将水浸泡的黑豆或黄豆加入到电磁裂解装置中,通过变频变压正弦交流电作用于大豆,对其进行电磁裂解,分析不同裂解时间对黑豆和黄豆中各异黄酮类含量的影响,探讨电磁裂解法的提取效果。结果显示:电磁裂解处理后豆类异黄酮含量明显高于未经电磁裂解处理。电磁裂解处理时间不同,大豆异黄酮含量不同。电磁裂解时间约为80 min,黑豆异黄酮含量最高,黄豆苷元类异黄酮含量最高;电磁裂解约130 min黄豆葡萄糖结合型苷含量最高。且在相同的电磁裂解时间,黑豆各异黄酮类含量明显高于黄豆。研究结果表明电磁裂解法在提取黄豆和黑豆中的苷元类异黄酮方面有很大的优势,且提取效果因电磁裂解时间的不同而有所差异。电磁裂解时间约为80 min时,黑豆和黄豆中苷元类异黄酮的提取效果最好。     

牛角瓜根的抑菌活性研究

以牛角瓜根为实验材料,采用索氏提取法,以4种不同溶剂(石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、甲醇)对牛角瓜的根进行提取,并采用纸片琼脂扩散法对粗提物的抑菌活性进行了评价,供试菌包括白色念珠菌等6种真菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等7种细菌。结果表明:石油醚粗提物对枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉菌、大肠埃希氏菌都表现出良好的抑菌活性,且抑菌效果接近或优于阳性对照氟康唑,对尖孢镰刀菌和鲍曼不动杆菌也表现出良好的抑菌活性;氯仿粗提物对白色念珠菌及粪链球菌表现出良好的抑菌活性;乙酸乙酯粗提物对粪链球菌表现出最好的抑菌活性;甲醇粗提物的抑菌活性较弱。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.