Grain Quality and Genetic Analysis of Hybrids Derived from Different Ecological Types in Japonica Rice （Oryza sativa）

The performance and inheritance of 7 quality traits were studied using F2 rice grain derived from 8×8 diallel crossing made by employing 8 parents of different ecological japonica rice types. Differences in each trait among 8 parents were not obvious, but in F2 generation, transgressive phenomena were found in all the traits studied, indicating that the genes controlling these traits among parents were segregated. The inheritance of grain width, grain weight, chalkiness score (CS), gelatinization temperature (GT) and gel consistency (GC) were suitable to additive-dominant model, and dominant effect contributed mainly for the 5 traits. The inheritance of grain length (GL) and amylose content (AC) did not fit into additive-dominant model, existing epistatic interactions. Dominant genes for grain width and grain weight had the efficiency of decreasing effect, and dominant genes for CS, GT and GC had the efficiency of enhancing effect. Koshihikari contained more recessive genes for gelatinization temperature than other varieties. Zhendao 88 had more dominant genes in grain width and grain weight than other varieties. Xiushui 04 possessed more dominant genes for GL and GC, and more recessive genes for CS than other varieties.     

Distribution of the Classification Traits in the F2 Progeny of Two Crosses of indica／japonica in Rice （Oryza sativa）

Comparison of seed setting rate, plant height and Cheng‘s morphological traits were made between the F2 progeny of indica-japonica hybrids, 02428/Pei‘ai 64 and Taichung 65/Teqing. There existed resemblance normal distribution in plant height, and the distribution had no relationship with the seed setting rate and plant height in F1 progeny, suggesting that there were no gametic selection for the plant height in the F2 progeny of indica-japonica hybrids. An average seed setting rate of the F2 was equal to the F1 populations in the recombination of 02428/Pei‘ai 64 in which there was an excellent cross compatibility, but the remarkable increase in the seed setting rate from the F1 to F2 in Taichung 65/Teqing, indicating that gametic selection only took place in the indica-japonica crosses with low cross compatibility while null or little in the hybrids with high compatibility. There were many intermediate types among the leaf pubescence, color of hull at heading, and length of the first and second panicle internode, and these Cheng‘s morphological traits was distributed normally; there were also a little intermediate types in hull hairness and phenol reaction with bi-peak distribution; while length to width ratio of grain was inclined to the japonica types obviously showing a skewed distribution in the Fz population. Although Cheng‘s morphological traits in F2 populations had inconsistent distribution types, Cheng‘s morphological traits index showed normal distribution, which suggested that intermediate types, i.e. indicalinous or japonicalinous, were primary in F2 population.     

Development of Simple Functional Markers for Low Glutelin Content Gene 1 （Lgc1） in Rice （Oryza sativa）

Rice with low glutelin content is suitable as functional food for patients affected by kidney failure. Low glutelin-content gene Lgc1 in rice has a 3.5-kb deletion between two highly similar glutelin genes GluB4 and GluB5, which locates on the short arm of chromosome 2. To improve the selection efficiency in low glutelin-content rice breeding, two molecular markers designated as InDel-Lgc1-1 and InDel-Lgc1-2 were developed to detect the low glutelin-content gene Lgc1. A double PCR detection indicated that combined use of the two markers could easily distinguish the genotypes of Lgc1 from different rice varieties. Therefore, as a simple and low-cost technique, the molecular marker could be widely used to identify different varieties with Lgc1 gene and applied in marker-assisted selection of low glutelin-content rice.     

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Citrate Synthase Gene in Rice （ Oryza sativa）

The full-length OsCS encoding citrate synthase was isolated from rice （Oryza sativa L. subsp, japonica）, OsCS is 1477-bp long and encodes a 474 amino acid polypeptide, Its putative protein sequence is highly identical to Daucus carota, Nicotiana tabacum Beta vulgaris subsp., Arabidopsis thaliana, and Citrus junos （〉70%）. The deduced amino-terminal sequence of OsCS showes characteristics of mitochondrial targeting signal. Southern blot analysis using ORF of the OsCS as the probe indicated that this gene exists in multiple copies in rice genome. The band with predicated size of 82 kD was detected by Western blot after being induced by 0,4 mmol/L IPTG.     

Comparison of Grain Quality Characteristics Between F1 Hybrids and Their Parents in Indica Hybrid Rice

Sixteen widespread elite indica parents including seven CMS lines and nine restorer lines, and their 63 F1 hybrids were chosen to compare the eleven traits of grain quality. Overall results showed that the frequency of negative over-dominance, dominance and partial dominance was much higher than that of positive ones and heterosis, indicating that the values of F1 hybrids were generally lower than the means of their parents in quality characteristics. There existed apparent disparity in grain quality performance among F1 hybrids varied with the traits. The characteristics of chalky area percentage, chalky grain percentage, gel consistency and head rice recovery had a great variation in all kinds of tested heterosis indices including the mid-parent heterosis index, over high-value parent heterosis index and over low-value parent heterosis index, which suggested that special attention should be paid to the selection of F1 hybrids in these traits in breeding. The mean values of F1 hybrids were significantly lower than those of their higher parents in all the traits but close to or significantly lower than those of their mid-parent values except for kernel length and amylose content; and significantly higher than those of their lower parents except for brown rice recovery, milled rice recovery and gel consistency.     

Analysis of Introgressed Segments in Near-isogenic Lines for F1 Pollen Sterility in Rice （Oryza sativa）

One hundred and fifty-eight microsatellite markers showing polymorphism among parents were used to survey the introgressed segments in the 50 near-isogenic lines of F1 pollen sterility. Two hundred and sixty introgressed segments were detected in 50 near-isogenic lines, each carrying 5.2 introgressed segments on an average. Among the 260 segments, one hundred carrying F1 pollen sterility loci concentrated on the region of F1 pollen sterility genes, and the remaining one hundred and sixty without F1 pollen sterility loci distributed randomly over 12 chromosomes.Both the average number and length of the introgressed segments decreased along with the increase of backcross generations. The number of introgressed segments was less than four and the length was less than 20 cM in the near-isogenic lines after backcrossing for four or more times.     

Traits Related to Chilling-Induced Photoinhibition in Leaves of indica and japonica Rice （Oryza sativa）

Physiological indices related to PS II photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and membrane lipid peroxidation were measured in leaves of indica rice cv Shanyou 63 and japonica rice 9516 at different temperatures and light intensities for four days. No obvious changes in Fv/Fm and MDA were observed in both indica and japonica rice at moderate temperature and medium PFD, implying neither photoinhibition nor photooxidation happened in these cases. In indica rice either at medium temperature with higher PFD or at lower temperature with medium PFD Fv/Fm dropped obviously with no changes in MDA contents, and photoinhibition appeared while photooxidation did not occur. However, D1 protein, Fv/Fm, (A Z)/(A Z V), and SOD activities dropped, and O2 - production and MDA content increased accordingly, as well as both photoinhibition and photooxidation appeared in two rice varieties at lower temperature and higher PFD. Experiment with inhibitors at lower temperature and higher PFD showed that as compared with japonica rice the decrements appeared in D1 protein contents, SOD activities, and (A Z)/(A Z V) ratios, the xanthophyll cycle and non-photochemical quench (qN) were inhibited in a more degree, as well as increments of MDA content were greater, thus exhibiting more distinct photoinhibition and photooxidation in indica rice. It is suggested that Fv/Fm and membrane lipid peroxidation product-MDA were the key indices to predict and diagnose photooxidation.     

Identification of QTLs for Plant Height and Its Components by Using Single Segment Substitution Lines in Rice （Oryza sativa）

QTLs for plant height and its components on the substituted segments of fifty-two single segment substitution lines （SSSLs） in rice were identified through t-test （P〈0.001） for comparison between each SSSL and recipient parent Huajingxian 74. On the 14 substituted segments, 24 QTLs were detected, 10 for plant height, 2 for panicle length, 4 for length of the first internode from the top, 5 for length of the second internode from the top and 3 for length of the third internode from the top, respectively. All these QTLs were distributed on nine rice chromosomes except chromosomes 5, 9 and 11. The additive effect ranged from -4.08 to 3.98 cm, and the additive effect percentages varied from -19.35% to 10.43%.     

Identification and Genetic Analysis of Fertility Restoration Ability in Dongxiang Wild Rice （Oryza rufipogon）

Two populations of Dongxiang wild rice (Oryza rufipogon), Shuitaoshu and Dongtangshang, were crossed with five male sterile rice lines with different cytoplasmic backgrounds (B06S, Zhenshan 97A, Xieqingzao A, Zhong 9A, and Yuetai A), and the seed setting rate of the F₁ was used to judge the fertility restoration ability in the Dongxiang wild rice. With P₁, F₁, P₂, and F₂ populations as materials, the Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) was used to identify the major genes affecting quantitative traits, and when the major genes existed, the genetic effects of the major gene and the polygene and their genetic variance were estimated through segregation analysis. The seed setting rates of the F₁ generation varied from 45.98% to 76.57%, suggesting that the Dongxiang wild rice had the fertility restoration ability. One major gene plus polygene mixed inheritance model was the most fitted genetic model for this trait in all the F₂ populations. The heritability values of the major genes varied from 56.63% to 88.29% and those of the polygenes from 2.74% to 30.97%, and the total heritability values were from 63.17% to 94.01%. The major gene inheritance of the combination Zhong 9A/Dongtangshang was controlled by the additive effect without dominant effect, and the other nine combinations were by the completely dominant inheritance.     

Effects of Low-Phosphorus Stress on Membrane Lipid Peroxidation and Protective Enzyme Activities in Leaves of Different Rice （Oryza sativa） Cultivars

Membrane lipid peroxidation and protective enzyme activity in leaves of low-phosphorus-tolerant rice cultivars Dalidao and Liantangzao 3, and low-phosphorus-sensitive cultivars Huzhanqi and Xinsanbaili were studied under low phosphorus stress with sandy culture. Results indicated that low-phosphorus stress aggravated the membrane lipid peroxidation in rice leaves, and it was more severe in low-phosphorus-sensitive cultivars than that in low-phosphorus-tolerant cultivars. During the period of low-phosphorus stress, the activities of SOD, CAT and POD maintained relatively stable in low-phosphorus-tolerant cultivars, whereas those increased obviously at early stage and subsequently decreased rapidly in the low-phosphorus-sensitive cultivars, suggesting that the absolute activities of protective enzymes had no relation with the low-phosphorus stress, while the changing trend was reverse.     

杂交籼稻亲本种子休眠性与F1的相关及配合力研究

 利用19个核质互作型不育系和9个恢复系,配制了109个杂交组合。花后35 d收获种子,分别检测每个杂交组合F1及其亲本种子在不剥壳和剥壳情况下的休眠指数。采用5×5 NCⅡ遗传设计配制了25个组合,利用其种子的休眠指数分析了配合力。结果表明,在不剥壳情况下,F1种子的休眠指数与双亲种子的休眠指数以及中亲值呈极显著正相关。109个组合中,82个组合超过中亲值,43个组合超过高亲值,具有明显的中亲优势。去除稃壳的双亲及F1种子的休眠指数均大幅度下降,表明稃壳对种子休眠性具有重要作用,但剥壳后双亲种子和F1种子休眠性之间的关系,仍然存在与不剥壳时相似的趋势。稃壳对种子休眠性的影响主要取决于F1的基因型,而不受控于母体稃壳本身。不育系、恢复系休眠性的一般配合力方差和组合的特殊配合力方差占总遗传方差的比例分别为59.2%、31.1%和9.7%,三者均达到极显著水平,说明基因的加性作用占主导地位。不育系Ⅱ112A 种子休眠性的一般配合力最高,D62A次之;恢复系以IR112一般配合力最高,2786次之。它们是选配强休眠杂交组合的优良亲本材料。     

两系杂交籼稻配合力分析

以5个新育成的籼型水稻光温敏核不育系和生产上广泛应用的不育系培矮64S为母本,6个新育成的恢复系为父本,采用NCⅡ设计配制36个组合,分别在海南和湖北进行试验(完全随机区组设计,3次重复）,考查单株产量等10个主要农艺性状,分析配合力。大多数性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力方差达到显著或极显著水平,各性状的一般配合力方差均大于特殊配合力方差,表明基因的加性作用大于非加性作用。5个新育成的不育系产量的一般配合力效应没有显著差异,但都显著高于对照不育系培矮64S;华885S的产量一般配合力效应最高,特殊配合力方差较大,是参试不育系中产量配合力最好的亲本;华893S的每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数的一般配合力效应最高,特殊配合力方差最大,是提高每穗粒数的优良亲本;播始历期以华328S表现最好,以华328S作母本可以选育到生育期变化较大的组合,既可以培育中籼型组合,也可以培育晚籼型组合;株高一般配合力以华884S的负效应最高,特殊配合力方差显著大于组合平均值,表明用华884S作母本,容易选育出植株较矮、抗倒性较强的组合。恢复系中,华恢2185的产量一般配合力效应表现最高,特殊配合力方差最大,千粒重、穗长、结实率和播始历期的一般配合力效应均排在参试恢复系首位,是一个理想的亲本;株高、每穗总粒数和着粒密度的配合力,以华1108表现最好。特殊配合力效应最大的前10个组合和单株产量最高的前10个组合顺序完全对应,表明在水稻杂种优势利用中,亲本之一有良好的一般配合力效应,另一个亲本或双方都具有良好的特殊配合力,就有可能育成强优势组合。     

12个粳稻新不育系的配合力及利用价值评价

以12个新育成的BT型粳稻不育系和8个恢复系为亲本,采用p×q不完全双列杂交(NCⅡ)设计,对其F1代13个农艺性状的配合力进行了分析。除单株穗数的特殊配合力方差不显著外,所有性状的一般配合力方差和特殊配合力方差均达到极显著水平。所测性状主要受亲本一般配合力的影响,主穗实粒数、结实率、单株产量和收获指数受组合特殊配合力的作用较突出。穗长、穗颈长、结实率和收获指数受不育系的影响较大,其余性状均受恢复系的影响较大。亲本一般配合力和组合特殊配合力是相互独立的。一般配合力和特殊配合力与杂种优势呈极显著正相关。不育系以六盐A、丹阳941A、98G26A、99 9A、香粳8016A和95122A较好,有较大的应用潜力;恢复系以C418、J16、晚161和C76较好。     

Biplot Analysis of Genotype by Environment for Cooking Quality in Hybrid Rice： A Tool for Line x Tester Data

A study of combining ability for improving rice cooking quality was carried out via genotype plus genotype x environment （GGE） biplot. Four restorer lines and three male sterile lines were used to obtain F1 in a line x tester trial at the Rice Research Institute, Amol, Iran in 2009. GGE biplot analysis showed that Neda and IR56 were the best general combiners for amylose content （AC）, whereas Nemat and IR28 had the highest general combining ability （GCA） effects for gelatinization temperature （GT）, and IR58 and IR59 showed the highest GCA effects in terms of gel consistency （GC）. Meanwhile IR58 and IR59 showed large specific combining ability （SCA） effects for AC, while Neda and SA13 had high SCA effects for GT. Nemat and IR28 had large SCA effects for GC. Because intermediate levels ofAC, GT and GC are ideal, Nemat × IR59 was considered as the best possible cross. Based on these results, the GGE biplot showed good potential for identifying suitable parents, heterotic crosses and the best hybrids in line x tester data.     

论杂交稻育种的配合力选择

在选育一般配合力优良亲本的基础上,配组特殊配合力优良的组合,是国内外杂交玉米育种的成功经验,也是提高我国杂交稻育种的必由之路。分析了杂交籼稻和杂交粳稻的优势表现和配合力成分,提出了加强杂交稻配合力选择的建议。     

辣椒亲本间SRAP遗传距离与配合力、杂种优势的关系研究

以11个辣椒亲本为材料按不完全双列杂交配置30个杂交组合,利用SRAP标记分析亲本间的遗传距离,探究其与配合力、杂种优势间的相关关系.结果表明:辣椒亲本间的遗传距离与亲本间的一般配合力(GCA)、组合间的特殊配合力(SCA)以及杂种优势均无显著的相关性,各性状的杂种优势与组合间SCA的相关性均不显著,只有果长的杂种优势...     

陆稻主要经济性状配合力研究

 为有效改良云南陆稻,选用国外半矮秆陆稻良种与云南高秆陆稻配成7×7不完全双列杂交作配合力、遗传力分析。配合力与材料有关,一般配合力(GCA)国外陆稻优于云南陆稻,国外陆稻着重选择有效穗数、结实率,云南陆稻重点选穗粒数。两类品种的特殊配合力(SCA)仅有效穗数、抽穗期、穗粒数达显著或极显著水平。用国外陆稻改良云南陆稻行之有效并得到育种实践证明;总结出低世代重点选株高、抽穗期和组合,高世代选有效穗数、穗粒数、实粒数、结实率和单株的复交、常规育种策略。同时对所用亲本作具体评价,选出一般配合力较好的亲本IRAT216、Tos2300、IRAT104和勐旺谷。就GCA、SCA对不同育种途径的作用、水陆交改良云南陆稻有效穗数的可行性进行了讨论     

Heterosis and combining ability analysis for resistance to early blight (Alternaria solani) in potato

Summary In an epiphytotic year of early blight, data were recorded on its incidence in 72 progenies (18 females x 4 males) and their parents planted in a randomised complete block design at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. Combining ability analysis showed that both additive and non-additive gene action were important, with a preponderance of the latter in the inheritance of resistance to early blight. In general, progenies were as good as or better than mid-parent values. Crosses involving both or at least one parent with good general combining ability resulted in heterotic early blight resistant progenies. Promising parents and crosses were identified.     

籼型杂交水稻根系活力及其衰退特性的配合力及杂种优势分析

利用籼型水稻4个不育系和4个恢复系配组的4 ×4 不完全双列杂交,对其根系活力及其衰退特性进行了杂种优势和配合力分析。结果表明,（1） 根系活力及其衰退值的广义遗传力均大于85％,说明两者可以作为育种指标。（2）两个性状的一般配合力及特殊配合力方差均极显著,说明基因加性效应和非加性效应均起重要作用,但根系活力以非加性效应为主,而其衰退值以加性效应为主。（3）龙特甫A和镇恢084具有较高的配合力和较大的特殊配合力方差,可作为优良亲本利用。（4）根系活力及其衰退值均表现正向优势（衰退值负向优势为好）,表明利用杂种优势改良根系生理活性这一性状比较困难,但通过亲本的适当选配仍能获得强优势组合。     

13个玉米自交系的配合力分析

用13个玉米自交系按8×5不完全双列杂交组配成40个组合,对其籽粒产量等12个农艺性状的一般配合力进行了研究.结果表明在供试材料中一般配合力高的玉米自交系是2321、212B、4H-1B3和5H-113.在育种上应利用这些一般配合力效应高的玉米自交系作为杂交亲本,以便组配出强优势的杂交种.