荷兰马铃薯种业发展对中国的启示

通过阐述荷兰马铃薯品种,种薯生产过程中的检测、认证,以及认证制度的法律、标准等保障措施,了解荷兰马铃薯种业发展的先进性。比较中国和荷兰马铃薯种业状况,提出发展中国马铃薯产业的建议,指出中国马铃薯品种鉴定内容和审定程序要与市场接轨,规范种薯生产环境,建立种薯质量保障法律体系和检测认证制度。     

中国马铃薯种薯生产及质量控制

马铃薯种薯是马铃薯产业发展的关键和首要因素,了解其发展历程及现状有利于发展中国的马铃薯种薯产业。针对马铃薯种薯的发展历程,生产模式,质量影响因素,种薯质量控制以及中国的马铃薯种薯质量认证工作发展情况等方面进行了综述。此外,还发现了种薯质量认识不足,质检队伍和机构缺乏,种薯质量认证试点示范工作覆盖范围小等问题。最后,提出加强马铃薯种薯质量检测工作的宣传和科普工作,进一步培养质检人才,加强质检机构建设,扩大种薯质量认证试点范围等建议。     

荷兰马铃薯种薯生产与质量认证

荷兰是世界上马铃薯生产最先进的国家之一,具有世界上最严格的种薯质量检测体系,所产种薯质量高,出口八十多个国家和地区,占世界出口总量的60%。阐述了荷兰马铃薯种薯生产与分级,以及种薯质量检测认证情况,介绍了荷兰种薯田间检测、收获后检测和库房检测的时期、检测参数、病害允许率与检测费用,以及荷兰种薯生产的先进经验,为中国发展种薯生产提供借鉴与参考。     

马铃薯脱毒种薯质量追溯体系建设的探析

马铃薯脱毒种薯生产是解决马铃薯因病毒感染引起品种退化的最有效途径。马铃薯品种资源丰富,种薯质量要求高,生产环节多,级别多元化,但目前在国内尚无专一机构作种薯质量认定,种薯生产一旦出现问题将无从可追。本文借鉴农产品质量追溯系统的做法,以本单位种薯生产为依托,从标准体系、质量认证、编码规则、数据采集与档案管理等方面,探讨马铃薯质量追溯系统的建设。     

马铃薯生产中马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒的综合防治

马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒是影响中国马铃薯生产重要的检疫性病害。该病害具有广泛的自然寄主,可侵染马铃薯、番茄和辣椒等重要作物。该病害可通过植物学种子、花粉或卵细胞、无性繁殖以及机械等方式传播。马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒可造成马铃薯产量降低,块茎畸形、变小,商品性和商品薯率下降。该病害主要可通过培育抗病品种、使用脱毒种薯、加强种质资源和种薯卫生管理、加强检验检疫以及实行马铃薯种薯质量认证制度等措施进行综合防治。     

山西省马铃薯种薯生产中存在的问题及发展对策

马铃薯脱毒种薯生产繁育体系不健全,种薯生产不规范,种薯质量检测制度不健全,品种结构不合理,贮藏设施不配套是山西省马铃薯种薯生产中的主要问题,针对这些主要问题,提出了加强种薯繁育体系建设,规范生产行为,加快马铃薯专用型品种的引进筛选和培育,增加科技投入,加强基础设施建设,加强质量检测体系建设等项符合山西省马铃薯生产实际的发展对策。     

马铃薯脱毒及微型薯繁育技术体系的研究与应用

介绍了马铃薯茎尖脱毒及微型薯繁育技术的发展概况,对马铃薯脱毒种薯生产中的茎尖分生组织诱导成脱毒苗、马铃薯脱毒试管苗的快繁和试管薯的生产以及马铃薯脱毒小薯的生产等关键技术进行了综述,同时还对脱毒马铃薯的病毒检测技术作了简单的介绍。     

马铃薯种薯认证程序的建立与马铃薯产业化的发展

马铃薯以其增产潜力巨大,深加工市场前景广阔,消费市场巨大,而成为最具潜力的产业之一,我国马铃薯产业化程度较低。种薯的健康程度和纯度是制约单产和产能的主要因素,制约着马铃薯产业化的发展;影响马铃薯的质量。马铃薯生产的现状迫切要求制定马铃薯种薯认证程序,以保证种薯的健康和纯度,促进马铃薯产业化的发展,马铃薯生产的现实及世界发达国家马铃薯生产的历史证明这是必要和必需的。     

黑龙江省马铃薯种薯生产

马铃薯种薯生产是马铃薯产业链条的一个重要组成部分,高质量的种薯能为种植者从源头提供基本的物质保证。马铃薯通过无性繁殖方式繁衍后代,块茎连续几代在田间种植,极易感染病毒并在体内积累,通过无性系逐代传递导致产量和品质下降,其对环境条件的特殊要求决定了不是所有的马铃薯种植地区都适合繁殖种薯,马铃薯的种薯生产只能在特定的区域内进行。黑龙江省是我国重要的马铃薯生产和种薯繁育基地,得天独厚的自然条件及悠久的种植历史,形成了本地区特有的种薯生产体系及各方面的保障。本文详述了黑龙江省马铃薯种薯生产状况,包括种薯生产的历史、种薯繁育体系的建设、种薯繁育技术的完善、种薯基地的建设以及种薯质量检验等方面内容,并针对种薯生产中存在的问题提出相关建议。     

云南省马铃薯脱毒试管苗和微型薯病毒检测与分析

病毒病是制约马铃薯产量和质量的重要因素。马铃薯脱毒试管苗、微型薯是生产脱毒种薯的重要环节。本研究于2010~2013年对收集自云南省的试管苗274个、微型薯356个,共计630个样品。应用电子显微镜观察,并采用DAS-ELISA检测了8种病毒:马铃薯S病毒、马铃薯卷叶病毒、马铃薯Y病毒、马铃薯X病毒、马铃薯A病毒、马铃薯M病毒、番茄斑萎病毒和烟草环斑病毒,发现试管苗和微型薯中马铃薯S病毒检出率最高(21.27%),其次是PLRV(5.71%);还检测到了新出现的侵染马铃薯的番茄斑萎病毒和烟草环斑病毒。研究结果为马铃薯种薯生产过程中病毒病的检测防控提供了参考。     

Survey of potato spindle tuber viroid in seed potato growing areas of the United States

Fourteen United States (U.S.) seed potato certification agencies surveyed all U.S. seed potato growing areas for presence of the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). The survey included general surveillance, which involved searching for the occurrence of PSTVd in state seed potato certification records from 1990 through 2000, and a field survey, which involved testing selected crops for PSTVd infection by nucleic acid dot blot hybridization during 1999 through 2001. No PSTVd incident was documented in any of the state certification records, nor was PSTVd detected in the field surveys. All U.S. seed-growing areas were determined to be free of PSTVd. It is concluded that PSTVd has been eradicated and freedom from potato spindle tuber viroid has been successfully maintained in all of the seed potato growing areas in the United States.     

Assembly,quality control and use of a potato cultivar collection rendered virus-free by heat therapy and tissue culture

Tissue culture of the meristem tips of heat-treated plants has facilitated the eradication of potato virus X (PVX) and potato virus S (PVS) from the cultivars and seedlings which are important to the potato industry in Canada and the United States. The treated cultivars and seedlings comprise a field-grown collection which currently contains 239 accessions, all of which are tested twice each year to monitor for virus freedom. The collection, developed and still being expanded at the Vancouver Research Station, Agriculture Canada, has been utilized since 1968 by seed growers and potato improvement agencies in British Columbia, the other Canadian provinces, United States, Australia, New Zealand and several other countries. Surveys in British Columbia show that despite minor field spread on some farms, particularly in the first few years after replacement of infected stocks, successful control of PVX and PVS has been achieved on all but one of 22 Elite seed farms in the Pemberton and Cariboo seed potato control areas. The surveys, in which the field incidence of infection is expressed as Confidence Intervals (P=0.05), also show that crops in other districts grown for one or two years beyond the Elite 3 seed class usually have virus incidence no greater than the Elite seed, especially when the Elite seed had been given the lowest Confidence Interval (0.0–1.5%), indicative of no infected leaflets in samples from 250 to 1000 plants. An unusually high incidence of PVS in two fields was traced to the use of a contaminated seed tuber cutter.     

Evaluation of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers Established in Europe as a Method for the Identification of Potato Varieties Grown in Canada

The correct identification of potato varieties is crucial to maintaining the quality level of seeds produced under the Canadian Seed Potato Certification Program. During inspection of in vitro potato plant propagation centres or seed potato production field lots, morphological characteristics may not be sufficient for the identification of plantlets or tubers and therefore molecular identification is sought by inspectors for variety confirmation. With international harmonization of testing methods in mind, we proposed to evaluate further the microsatellite (SSR) markers established successfully by Reid et al. (2009, Euphytica 182: 239–249, 2011), using the reference potato variety DNA collection at the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) established and currently used for Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) genotyping. The SSR markers developed by the European community laboratories were successfully validated by and established within the CFIA laboratory. Most genotypes generated for a set of 34 varieties were identical between the 2 laboratories with only 3 discrepancies due to the different interpretation of the presence/absence of the alleles. When used with potato reference DNAs of the CFIA collection, the method successfully differentiated 217 varieties apart but 10 groups, which are most likely clonal variants, were not discriminated. The SSR markers were successfully used to address 5 potato variety verification requests from CFIA inspectors during field inspections for seed potato certification. The markers successfully confirmed the presence of rogue varieties in 4 of these requests, therefore fulfilling the CFIA’s mandate towards stakeholders of the Canadian potato industry in preserving the quality of certified seeds.     

The impact of the mandatory seed law on Maine potato acreage,yield and price

A statistical analysis of the economic impact of Maine’s mandatory seed potato law was conducted. Results suggest that since the law was implemented, Maine potato yields increased, total Maine potato acreage decreased, Maine seed potato acreage increased, seed potato rejections from certification were reduced, seed potato prices increased, and commercial potato prices decreased. Attempts to estimate the impact on commercial potato quality were unsuccessful. The estimated impact of the Maine mandatory seed law on a typical 200-acre commercial potato grower was an average increase in profits of $14,700 per year since the law was implemented in 1981.     

马铃薯二年制脱毒种薯体系建设及其关键技术改良

马铃薯脱毒种薯生产和利用是马铃薯生产的重要环节,传统的脱毒种薯生产体系因繁殖周期长,病毒再侵染风险高,使种薯质量很难保证。本研究以品种脱毒和试管薯生产为基础,以微型薯生产和标准种薯生产为扩繁环节,建成了二年制种薯生产体系。该体系将种薯生产在田间多年繁殖改进为只需一年繁殖,从而降低了病毒再侵染机率,保证了脱毒种薯质量。     

Impact of transgenic viral resistance on seed potato certification

It was nearly 100 years ago that the decline in quality and yield observed in potato crops was attributed to the accumulation of pathogens in seed tubers saved from one field generation to the next. As a direct result of this realization, seed potato certification programs have been initiated throughout the world. While these programs have different administrative structures and employ various methodologies, they are all dedicated to the primary goal of producing a sufficient volume of high quality seed tubers as free from disease causing organisms as possible. Viral diseases are especially problematic because they have serious economic affects and their physical and biological properties make them difficult to control. Until recently, certification programs have relied on methodologies including the use of virus-free material obtained from tissue culture, strict adherence to practices that minimize the mechanical and insect spread of virus, physical inspection of seed increase plots to identify and minimize the number of virus-infected plants, and the increase of seed materials for only a limited number of years to insure that any infected materials are “flushed out” of the system. Approximately 10 years ago, it was first observed that virus resistance can be obtained by using transformation techniques to insert viral genes into the genome of plants. Subsequently, researchers in private and public laboratories have shown that potato plants produced in this way are highly resistant or immune to several viral diseases. The effect that the deployment of these materials may have on the seed potato certification process is the subject of this paper.     

内蒙古马铃薯疮痂病发生与防治途径

2011～2012年对内蒙古自治区18个种薯生产单位和11个马铃薯县(旗、市)进行了马铃薯疮痂病(Streptomyces spp.)实地访问和调查。结果被调查的18个种薯生产单位有疮痂病率83.0%,病薯率0.0%～100.0%,11个县(旗、市)商品薯有疮痂病率100.0%,病薯率0.1%～38.0%。重复使用蛭石生产种薯、商品薯生产田轮作少、发病重。种薯较商品薯疮痂病问题更为严重。品种感病、条件适宜、重复使用蛭石、轮作少和缺乏有效杀菌剂是病害严重的主要因素。分析认为,使用效果显著的蛭石消毒剂或种薯处理剂是内蒙古马铃薯疮痂病防治的最佳途径。     

Detection of PVY extreme resistance genes in potato germplasm from the uruguayan breeding program

Breeding goals in potato programs encompass several important commercial traits such as market aspects (skin color, eye depth, shape), category use (fresh or processed), yield, crop duration, and pest and disease resistance. In light of medium- and long-term changes in trait requirements, breeders rely on a range of wild and commercial germplasm in their efforts to reach the multiple objectives that determine the success of a new variety. Readily selectable markers for the recognition of multiple introgressed traits in breeding populations would therefore be practical high-value tools. In subtropical countries, warm climate and the continuous cropping of potato promote high vector pressure and the spread of viruses, rendering seed certification schemes difficult.Potato virus Y (PVY) constitutes a constant problem in several developing countries and it was recently reported as a challenge for seed production in the U.S.A. and Spain, resulting in rejection of seed lots in certification programs. Here we report the simultaneous use of two molecular markers to identify genes for extreme resistance to PVY in the Uruguayan potatobreeding program germplasm. Simplicity and compatibility of the marker system (allele specificity) were emphasized in implementing a reliable and efficient procedure. Forty-four percent of the genotypes tested were shown to carry extreme resistance to PVY, in the majority of cases fromSolanum tuberosum ssp.andigena (Ry_adg). Furthermore, a single marker originating fromSolanum stoloniferum (M45) could be used to recognize both Ry_sto and Ry_adg. The molecular phenotype data corresponding to M45-Ry genotypes was in accordance with virus field exposure observations of resistance.     

我国马铃薯病毒的种类及脱毒种薯生产过程中病毒的检测

对近年来我国各马铃薯产区病毒发生情况进行分析,详细列出马铃薯主产区病毒病种类及各主要马铃薯病毒的分布情况。分析表明,我国很多马铃薯产区尚缺少全面、系统的马铃薯病毒调查。同时比较了我国各地区马铃薯脱毒种薯生产过程中对病毒的检测规程,并分析了马铃薯A病毒(PVA)的检疫风险。     

Potato Breeding and Seed Production System Development in Russia

First, an extensive literature review was performed with respect to Potato virus Y (PVY) resistance sources and their further utilization in a breeding programme. On the basis of that review we present a scheme of backcrossing and new cultivar creation on the basis of five detected sources of PVY resistance and one source of Potato virus X resistance. Some cultivar pedigrees are presented reflecting the differences in the breeding strategies. Moreover, results of investigations on some polygenic traits such as field resistance against late blight and starch content are presented. For these purposes progenies were screened for suitable recombinant genotypes which were used in further crossings. Also the results of investigations on resistance to the potato golden nematode and on the selection of cultivars suitable for processing are briefly analysed. We also describe a programme of parallel evaluation of identical hybrid populations in different soils and climatic zones. The development of seed potato production systems facilitated the conditions to improve the quality of potato seed material, to increase potato production and to allow Russia to participate in the international potato market. Systems of virus detection, norms and methods of laboratory tests as well as requirements for quality and tolerance levels of different seed classes (generations) were unified and harmonized with European systems.