工业大麻种衣剂的筛选

用4个大麻专用种衣剂和6个其它作物种衣剂对云南推广使用的工业大麻品种"云麻1号"种子进行包衣,经筛选对比试验,结果表明不同类的种衣剂或药种配比量,对出苗有影响.各种衣剂处理对植株生长及经济性状无不良影响.试验优选出了 3个种衣剂及其相应的药种比 ,红种子大麻种衣剂1# (药种比150)、12%甲硫悬浮液(药种比150)、中国农大大麻种衣剂(药种比180),它们对"云麻1号"安全、有效,有显著保苗和增产作用.     

大麦种衣剂不同剂型处理试验初报

大麦黑穗病是大麦生产中以种子带菌传播的常见病害,对种子进行有效的消毒处理,可基本预防本病,达到增加单位面积产量、提高经济效益的目的。本试验着重研究大麦种衣剂（拌种剂）不同剂型包衣（拌种）处理,对大麦黑穗病的预防效果,为大面积生产提供可靠依据。1试验处理①12％福酮种衣剂,药种比1：50包衣（福10．8％、酮1．2％）。②12％多酮种衣剂,药种比1：SO包衣（多10．8％、酮1．2％）。③2％三哩酮种衣剂,药种比1：50包衣。④0．35戊峻酿种衣剂,药种比1：50包衣。⑤立克秀拌种剂拌种（2％立克秀10g加清水100～150ml调成糊状,…     

不同大麻品种在黑龙江盐碱干旱地区种植的适应性及农艺性状比较

对引进的国内外12个大麻品种在黑龙江省大庆盐碱干旱地区种植,试验结果表明：做纤维用云麻1号、汾麻2号、汾麻1号、宁夏、云麻4号、金刀15表现较好,其纤维产量极显著的高于对照品种,其中云麻1号纤维产量最高,为1698.89kg/hm2;克山的品种种子产量最高,为1400.00kg/hm2,极显著的高于其它品种,在本地适合做种子使用来种植。     

不同大麻品种种子萌发期耐重金属铜胁迫能力评价

探讨不同铜浓度对9个大麻品种种子萌发期的影响,并筛选出耐铜型品种,为今后重金属污染的治理、相关工作深入展开提供理论参考。采用纸床培养法,以巴马火麻(BM)、云麻1号(Y1)、云麻6号(Y6)、晋麻1号(J1)、皖麻1号(W1)、云麻5号(Y5)、庆麻1号(Q1)、云麻7号(Y7)、云晚6号(YW6)9个大麻品种为研究对象,设置不同铜(Cu2+)浓度(0、50、100、150、300、600、900 mg/L)进行种子萌发期胁迫试验,以600 mg/L Cu2+为筛选浓度,采用隶属函数法对9个不同大麻品种进行耐铜性评价。结果表明,不同浓度的铜溶液对9个大麻的各项指标均有影响,且随着胁迫强度的增强,发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、芽长、鲜重、侧根数量均有明显下降,与对照相比差异显著,高浓度重金属铜对大麻萌发有抑制作用。利用隶属函数将9个大麻品种分类,其结果为:Y1、Q1、BM为低耐铜型,J1、Y5、W1为中耐铜型,Y7、Y6、YW6为高耐铜型。     

镉胁迫对大麻幼苗生长及生理生化影响

以3个主栽品种大麻(云麻1号、庆大麻、皖大麻1号)为材料,研究了不同镉胁迫浓度(5、20、50μmol/L)对其种子萌发的影响。以"云麻1号"大麻为材料,研究了不同镉胁迫浓度(5、20、50μmol/L)对大麻幼苗生长、根与叶3,3'–二氨基联苯胺(DAB)染色、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及抗氧化酶活性等的影响。结果显示:种子萌发率随镉浓度升高而降低,发芽率依次为:云麻1号庆大麻皖大麻1号。"云麻1号"大麻幼根伸长在CdCl_2处理下较对照显著降低,高浓度CdCl_2处理,诱导脂质过氧化,染色着色深,大麻幼根与叶片中MDA含量在20、50μmol/L CdCl_2处理时较对照显著升高。此外,镉胁迫诱导"云麻1号"大麻幼根与叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈现先升高后降低趋势。结果表明:镉胁迫抑制大麻种子萌发、抑制"云麻1号"大麻幼根伸长;染色着色深、MDA含量增加可能与镉胁迫引起脂质过氧化,破坏细胞膜完整性有关;此外,大麻幼根与叶在镉胁迫下可通过提高抗氧化酶SOD、POD活性来清除活性氧的产生,降低脂质过氧化,保护自身免遭氧化损伤。     

干旱胁迫对不同大麻品种生理特性和生长的影响研究初报

通过对4个不同地域来源的大麻品种:云麻1号、BM001、皖大麻1号和信阳1号的盆栽干旱胁迫试验,研究了不同程度干旱胁迫对这4个大麻品种生理特性和生长的影响.结果表明:1、云麻1号和皖大麻1号的叶片含水量分别在干旱胁迫前期和后期下降幅度较大,BM001和信阳1号的叶片含水量在干旱胁迫中呈持续下降状态,说明不同的大麻品种对干旱胁迫的响应模式不同;2、在土壤含水量低于15％时,四种大麻叶片保护酶活性骤降,说明15％的土壤含水量可作为大麻抗旱栽培措施的临界点;3、干旱胁迫对BM001的株高和茎粗生长影响较其他3种品种小,说明这一品种的抗旱能力较强,可用于大麻抗旱品种的选育.     

ZSB生物种衣剂对水稻细菌性条斑病抑制及增产效应研究

ZSB生物种衣剂是浙江省种子公司开发的一种生物型种衣剂，为明确其浸种处理对水稻细菌性条斑病（简称细条病）的抑制作用和对水稻种子发芽率、成秧率、秧苗素质、植株经济性状及产量等的效应，1996年我们在浙江省境州市黄泽镇塘头村进行了试验。主要结果如下：（－）试验设计供试药剂ZSB生物种衣剂由浙江省种子公司提供，设ZSB10s个／ml、ZSB10s个／ml、ZSBIO’个／ml三个处理，另设强氯精400倍液和清水浸种处理，三次重复，共15个小区，随机排列，小区面积18．72m’。单季杂交稻组合为协优10号。（二）试验结果1．对细条病的抑制作…     

种衣剂4号防治花生病虫害试验初报

种衣剂4号防治花生病虫害是全国种子总站下达的科研项目,1985—1986年进行了两年试验,现将试验结果报告如下。 一、试验方法 1、试验处理:1985年三个处理:0.7种衣剂4号拌种(即35％种衣剂4号1斤拌花生种仁50斤,按有效成分计算,每百斤种仁需2斤药,其有效成分为0.70,下同);15％铁灭克每亩2斤,结合播种施于播种沟内;空白对照。1986年五个处理:0.7种衣剂4号拌种;0.3种衣剂4号拌种(即35％种衣剂4号1斤拌花生种仁117斤,每百斤花生种仁需药按其有效成分计算为0.30,下同);3％呋喃丹每亩     

工业大麻品种萌发期及幼苗前期重金属Pb耐性评价研究

采用滤纸培养法,研究重金属铅(Pb)对7个工业大麻品种种子萌发及幼苗前期生长的影响,并通过隶属函数法综合评价各品种的Pb耐受能力。结果表明:Pb对多数大麻品种发芽势和发芽率无明显影响,对根的伸长生长和侧根的发育有显著抑制作用,对芽生长则表现为"低促高抑";以600 mg/L Pb为筛选浓度,以相对根冠比、相对根长、相对芽长、相对侧根数、根耐性指数和芽耐性指数为评价指标,根据隶属函数加权平均值D值大小,研究发现巴马火麻(B)、庆麻1号(Q1)、云晚6号(Y6)和云麻5号(Y5)为高耐型,皖麻1号(W1)和云麻1号(Y1)为中耐型,晋麻1号(J1)为低耐型。     

包衣玉米种子催芽方法的试验

玉米催芽播种是防止粉种 ,促进早熟 ,提高产量的一项有效措施。采用种衣剂包衣的种子 ,如果用常规的方法催芽 ,就会使一些有效成分在浸种过程中泡掉分解一部分 ,从而降低种衣剂的作用 ,包衣玉米种子如何进行催芽 ,才能达到既催芽播种 ,又能不降低或较少降低种衣剂的效果 ,我们经过 1996、1997两年的试验摸索 ,认为用热水闷种催芽方法可较好地解决这一问题。1　试验方法试验采用对比法。用不包衣的相同种子做对照 ,每次种子数量 50 0 0粒 ;品种 1996年为沈单 7号、掖单 13号 ;1997年为丹 933、丹 4 13。药种比例为 1∶50 ,种衣剂采用天津种衣…     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.