穗分枝小麦与普通小麦杂交组合主要性状的杂种优势与配合力分析

为了研究穗分枝小麦作为杂交小麦育种亲本的应用价值,选用2个穗分枝小麦与5个普通小麦采用NC Ⅱ设计配制了10个杂交组合,对其9个农艺性状的杂种优势和配合力进行了研究.结果表明,穗下第一节长、穗长、株高3个性状表现出较强的中亲优势和对照优势,且所有组合都表现为正向优势;穗粒重和千粒重2个性状不同组合间对照优势变异幅度较大,其中多数组合表现正向优势(两个性状分别为90%和70%).同时,筛选出一个单株产量对照优势为16.7%的强优势组合(3218×分2).配合力分析表明,穗长、穗粒数、穗粒重、千粒重主要受基因的加性效应影响.有些亲拳个别性状一般配合力较好,可根据育种目标有选择性地使用.     

旅大红骨群自交系杂种优势研究

以5个来源不同的玉米自交系组成的杂交组合为材料,对旅大红骨群自交系的杂种优势进行了初步研究。结果表明:旅大红骨群与Reid、Pa、Pb群之间的杂种优势均随性状不同而有所差异,杂交组合不同后代的杂种优势表现也不同;在种质改良过程中Pa×旅模式后代的杂种优势较强,从抗旱性角度来看,Reid×旅模式具有显著优势;旅大红骨群自交系作为父本对后代在多个性状上的影响大于母本自交系,在利用不同性状对后代进行改良时应注重旅群与其他群不同组合模式的应用。     

北部冬麦区杂交小麦亲本配合力及杂种优势分析

为了解北部冬麦区普通小麦品种间的杂种优势及其与配合力关系,选用14个普通小麦品种为亲本材料,按照NCⅡ不完全双列杂交法配制49(7×7)份杂交组合,对亲本及杂交组合的8个农艺性状进行杂种优势和配合力效应分析,并根据亲本的性状表现和一般配合力(GCA)划分杂种优势群。结果表明,杂交小麦具有普遍的中亲优势,对照优势较强,多数性状的超亲优势不强,穗粒数和千粒重是制约杂交小麦产量优势的主要因素。长6452、周麦30号、京生麦1号、中麦175的单株产量GCA较高,强优势组合有中麦175/周麦30号、中麦175/泰科麦33、京花12/周麦30号、农大5181/长6452、京生麦1号/长6452、京冬17/长6452、中麦175/石优20、京生麦1号/周麦30、中麦175/长6452、农大5181/中优206。依据双亲之一的GCA效应值或者双亲GCA效应之和较大的要求进行亲本选配,强优势组合出现的几率较大。经聚类分析,依据8个性状的GCA和表现值将14个亲本分别划分为5个和4个类别。     

部分近亲玉米自交系的配合力分析

通过对 10个部分近亲玉米自交系主要农艺性状配合力的分析 ,结果表明 :10个性状的配合力差异显著。单株产量前 10名的组合 ,都有黄早四或黄改系的参与。“唐四平头群×改良Reid群”、“唐四平头群×Mo17亚群”是陕西省主要的杂交优势利用模式。     

黄淮麦区杂交小麦亲本的杂种优势和配合力分析

为了研究黄淮麦区普通小麦品种间的杂种优势和配合力的关系并划分杂种优势群,用GriffingⅡ遗传交配设计对10个黄淮麦区普通小麦品种配制45个杂交组合,对亲本及杂交组合进行8个农艺性状的杂种优势和配合力效应分析,再根据亲本的一般配合力和性状表现划分杂种优势群。结果表明：(1)杂交小麦具有普遍的中亲优势和较强的对照优势, 多数性状的超亲优势不强。单株穗数、主穗粒数表现为负向优势,致使单株产量的对照优势下降,是目前制约杂交小麦产量优势发挥的主要限制因素。(2)周98165、小偃22、西农889、郑麦366和偃展4110的产量一般配合力较高。强优势组合有豫农202×郑麦366、周98165×小偃22、小偃22×豫农202、西农2611×小偃22、烟农19×郑麦366、豫农202×邯6172、小偃22×郑麦366、烟农19×周98165、周98165×邯6172。依据双亲之一GCA或双亲GCA之和较大的要求进行亲本选配,强优势组合出现的几率较高。(3)利用配合力分析法将供试亲本划分为5类,利用性状聚类法将供试亲本划分为4类。这两种方法划分杂种优势群都是可行的。     

陆地棉组合的经济性状杂种优势分析

以9个陆地棉亲本配置20个杂交组合,对同一亲本的杂交组合平均优势、超亲优势、超标优势进行了分析。结果表明:不同亲本有好的产量性状利用价值,品质性状优势不明显。C2对有效铃、子棉产量有正向作用,C4是一个高产亲本,S2可提高子棉产量、纤维强度和上半部平均长度的表现型值;筛选出了3个综合性状表现优良的组合,提供给生产上应用。     

烤烟高钾新品系主要性状的优势分析及灰色关联分析

以烤烟高钾新品系GK5和中烟86为材料,研究分析其杂交优势,并运用灰色关联度分析方法对高钾品种中主要农艺性状和化学性状与钾含量之间的关系进行分析.结果表明,杂交一代株高和叶长的亲本平均优势分别为32.28％,5.9％,对照平均优势分别为36.42％,5.38％,钾含量的亲本平均优势为-0.34％,对照平均优势为5.37％.与钾含量关联度的田间表现性状顺序是叶宽＞叶片数＞大田生育期＞茎围＞叶长＞节距＞株高＞发病率,与钾含量关联的化学性状顺序是钾氯比＞总糖＞还原糖＞氯＞总氮＞糖碱比＞氯碱比＞烟碱.     

利用不同质源不育系优势性状重组选育籼型水稻三系不育系初探

采用不同质源不育系及其保持系通过NCⅡ双列杂交,最大化实现不同类型不育系核质互补,建立不同质源不育系杂交群,获得不同质源间核质互作新的中间型重组不育材料。再对这些不育材料迚行育性和抗性鉴定,幵与其亲本不育系的主要优势性状迚行对比,同时通过对测配杂交组合的产量潜力、抗病性和品质鉴定,选育出优势性状重组的中间型目标不育系10仹和优势明显的重组不育系杂交水稻新组合12仹。研究表明,该重组选育技术可加快水稻三系不育系选育及其杂交组合选配的迚程。     

籼型杂交水稻杂种与亲本的稻米品质比较

 以具广泛代表性的7个不育系和9个恢复系及其配制的63个组合为材料,对籼型杂交水稻11个稻米品质性状的杂种与亲本的表现进行了比较研究。就全部杂交组合各品质性状相对优势而言，无论是超亲优势、完全显性还是部分显性，都表现为负向的几率远大于正向。 组合间杂种品质表现的差异因性状而异,无论是中亲优势指数、超高亲优势指数，还是超低亲优势指数，均以垩白大小、垩白粒率、胶稠度和整精米率等性状组合间变异为大。全部性状杂种平均值都显著或极显著低于高亲值。除精米长和直链淀粉含量杂种值极显著高于中亲值外，其余性状都与中亲值接近或极显著低于中亲值。除糙米率、精米率和胶稠度杂种值低于低亲值外，其余性状都显著或极显著高于低亲值。     

小麦新品种川农16品质性状的杂种优势分析

为了解品质性状杂种优势的遗传特点,以小麦新品种川农16为亲本组配56个杂交组合,测定其F1的蛋白质含量、吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、公差指数、湿面筋含量、沉淀值和评价值等8个品质性状的超亲和对照杂种优势。结果表明,品质性状杂种优势普遍存在,除吸水率和公差指数外,绝大多数组合在其余6个品质性状上均表现为正向超亲和对照优势,说明利用杂种优势改良小麦品质性状,尤其是形成时间、稳定时间、评价值及沉淀值等品质性状是完全可行的。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

The Critical Studies of Fucoxanthin Research Trends from 1928 to June 2021: A Bibliometric Review

Fucoxanthin is a major carotenoid in brown macroalgae and diatoms that possesses a broad spectrum of health benefits. This review evaluated the research trends of the fucoxanthin field from 1928 to June 2021 using the bibliometric method. The present findings unraveled that the fucoxanthin field has grown quickly in recent years with a total of 2080 publications. Japan was the most active country in producing fucoxanthin publications. Three Japan institutes were listed in the top ten productive institutions, with Hokkaido University being the most prominent institutional contributor in publishing fucoxanthin articles. The most relevant subject area on fucoxanthin was the agricultural and biological sciences category, while most fucoxanthin articles were published in Marine Drugs. A total of four research concepts emerged based on the bibliometric keywords analysis: “bioactivities”, “photosynthesis”, “optimization of process’’, and “environment”. The “bioactivities” of fucoxanthin was identified as the priority in future research. The current analysis highlighted the importance of collaboration and suggested that global collaboration could be the key to valorizing and efficiently boosting the consumer acceptability of fucoxanthin. The present bibliometric analysis offers valuable insights into the research trends of fucoxanthin to construct a better future development of this treasurable carotenoid.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.