黄绿木霉菌对大豆根腐病镰刀菌的拮抗作用

利用室内对峙培养与发酵液处理病原菌研究了黄绿木霉(Trichoderma aureoviride)对大豆根腐病几种镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)的拮抗作用,并利用盆栽试验研究了黄绿木霉对苗期大豆根腐病发生的影响.拮抗试验结果表明,黄绿木霉在与镰刀菌对峙培养中,菌丝交叉、接触与纠结,接触后镰刀菌菌丝被破坏;发酵产物只可延长镰刀菌孢子萌发的时间,但对孢子最终萌发率没有影响,发酵产物对菌丝生长速率的影响以山梨醇、葡萄糖及蔗糖作为碳源时,抑菌效果好,抑菌能力分别可达63%、51%、58%;盆栽试验证明黄绿木霉对大豆根腐病有较好的防治效果,防效可达73.2%,处理后幼苗株高与干重均高于未处理的对照.     

昆虫病原线虫共生菌对小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌活性

为探索小麦根腐病和小麦赤霉病可持续控制的有效生防途径,以小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌作为供试真菌,评价了昆虫病原线虫共生菌及其毒素的抑菌活性,并对高毒力菌株抗逆性进行了初探。结果表明,供试的28个昆虫病原线虫共生菌发酵液和毒素均有一定的抑菌活性,其中,高毒力共生菌菌株SY5发酵液和毒素对小麦根腐病菌的抑菌率分别为56.05%和67.41%,对小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌率分别为82.41%和83.32%;菌株SY5发酵液经50℃处理60 min及18 W紫外灯照射120 min后对小麦根腐病菌的抑菌率无明显变化,但对小麦赤霉病菌的抑菌率有所下降;常温保存150 d,抑菌活性略有下降。说明共生菌菌株SY5对小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌抑菌活性显著,且具有一定的抗逆性,极具应用潜力。     

辣椒采后灰霉病拮抗细菌的分离及生防效果

为了降低辣椒采后由灰霉病引起的腐烂损失,从辣椒植株内分离筛选拮抗菌,结果获得6株对辣椒灰霉病菌有较强抑制作用的内生细菌,其中PL58菌株的抑菌活性最强,在平板上培养3d后抑菌圈直径大于39 mm,培养7 d后对辣椒灰霉病菌的抑制率达55.1%,该菌株初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌,其拮抗作用有一定的广谱性。该菌株的发酵液(1.0×109 cfu/mL)对辣椒灰霉病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发均有较强的抑制作用,但其无菌滤液没有抑制作用。该菌株在辣椒果实上对灰霉病的拮抗效果最高达78%,辣椒果实在25℃下贮藏25 d后该菌株的生防效果仍有37.2%。因此,PL58菌株可以作为一种生防菌应用于辣椒采后灰霉病的防治。     

砂生槐根瘤内抗小麦纹枯病生防菌株的筛选及其鉴定

为了筛选对小麦纹枯病菌具有生防作用的菌株,从西藏米林县采集的砂生槐根瘤中分离到45株内生细菌,采用平板对峙法、菌丝生长速率法进行拮抗菌株筛选,用显微观察法研究受抑制病原菌菌丝变化;通过摇瓶培养法测定所筛选拮抗菌株的溶磷、固氮及分泌IAA功能,并对其进行盆栽接种防效试验;依据形态观察、生理生化反应及16S rDNA序列同源性分析确定所筛选菌株系统发育地位。结果表明,经过初筛和复筛,45株内生菌中,菌株R4对小麦纹枯病菌的拮抗效果较明显,对其抑菌圈直径达20.5 mm,抑菌率达98.2%,显著推迟菌核的萌发。受R4作用的小麦纹枯病菌菌丝末端分枝增多、部分原生质浓缩、形成瘤状结。菌株R4抗菌谱广,具有溶磷、固氮和分泌IAA活性。盆栽防效试验中,经菌株R4发酵液处理后,小麦纹枯病发病率和病情指数均显著降低,防治效果最高达73.82%。通过形态、生理生化特性及16S rDNA基因序列同源性比对分析,该菌株被鉴定为土地类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus terrae。     

小麦赤霉病拮抗菌的分离与鉴定

为寻找小麦赤霉病的强拮抗菌,探索生物防治的有效途径,对四川地区广泛种植的小麦品种川麦107的内生拮抗菌进行了研究.利用直接堆砌法培养6 d的结果表明,4个菌株对小麦赤霉病有明显的抑制作用,其中L16菌株的抑制作用明显高于分离的其他3个菌株,其平均抑菌圈达到2.2 cm.L16菌株对番茄灰霉病菌、油菜菌核病菌、炭疽病菌等都有拮抗作用,其发酵液在室外条件下仍保持良好的抑菌活性.根据培养特征和生理生化特性,初步鉴定L16菌株为链霉菌属的金色类群(Series Aureus).因此,L16菌株作为小麦赤霉病的生防材料,具有良好的开发应用前景.     

7株拮抗细菌对蝴蝶兰叶基腐病菌的抑菌作用及其小区防效评价

以7株拮抗细菌对蝴蝶兰叶基腐病菌进行室内抑菌及小区防病试验。室内平板对峙法结果表明:以兰花内生枯草杆菌FJAT-9986的拮抗作用最强,其抑菌率为61.90%;JK-2抑菌率为50.44%;FJAT-8769的拮抗作用最弱,抑制率仅为34.09%。抑菌圈法复筛测定结果表明,菌株JK-2对蝴蝶兰叶基腐病菌的抑制作用最强,其抑菌圈直径为22.42 mm。拮抗细菌对病原菌孢子萌发实验结果表明,稀释50倍后,JK-2显示出强的抑制病原菌孢子的萌发作用,对蝴蝶兰叶基腐病的田间防效为76.7%,表明JK-2可作为田间防治的菌株。     

小麦黑胚病药剂防治研究

为了有效防治小麦黑胚病,室内测定了8种不同杀菌剂对小麦黑胚病菌(A lternaria a lternata)的抑菌效果。试验结果表明,敌力脱对小麦黑胚病菌菌丝生长抑菌活性最强,EC50为3.38 m g/kg;烯唑醇、世高抑菌效果也较好,EC50分别为6.61和6.89 m g/kg。代森锰锌对病菌孢子萌发抑菌活性最强,EC50为0.25 m g/kg;麦叶净、福美双、烯唑醇抑制效果也较好,EC50分别为0.30、0.80和1.76 m g/kg。通过两年田间试验发现,22%麦叶净W P 600倍液喷雾对小麦黑胚病防效最好,平均防效达80.59%;其次为25%敌力脱EC 1 000倍喷雾,两年平均防效为74.97%;22%麦叶净W P 800倍和12.5%烯唑醇1 500倍液喷雾也有较好的防效,两年平均防效均超过60%。从防治时期和次数试验结果来看,扬花后5 d喷药防治效果最好,随着施药时间延迟,防治效果也随之下降;两次施药效果明显优于一次施药。     

玉米茎腐病拮抗放线菌的筛选及抑菌促生活性鉴定

以禾谷镰孢菌为靶标,采用稀释培养法和平板对峙法从采集的玉米连作土壤中分离筛选出具有拮抗活性的放线菌菌株,选取1株拮抗效果最佳的菌株进行形态学、生理生化特征和系统发育分析,并对其进行抑菌活性试验,挖掘对玉米茎腐病致病菌-禾谷镰孢（Fusarium graminearum）有较高拮抗效果的根际促生菌资源。结果表明,玉米连作土壤中分离得到5株禾谷镰孢菌拮抗菌株,其中菌株G1为高效拮抗菌株。经形态学、生理生化结合16S rDNA将菌株鉴定为公牛链霉菌（Streptomyces tauricus）。拮抗菌株G1发酵液对禾谷镰孢的菌丝生长和孢子萌发均有明显的抑制作用,具有分泌吲哚乙酸和异羟肟酸型铁载体的能力。公牛链霉菌G1在由禾谷镰孢病菌引起的玉米茎腐病防治中具有良好的应用开发潜力。     

向日葵列当的内生细菌分离筛选与初步鉴定

为获得对向日葵菌核病有较强生防效果的拮抗细菌,从向日葵根部一年生全寄生杂草向日葵列当植株内分离纯化得到135株内生细菌菌株。依次采用平板对峙法、生长速率法、离体叶片防效试验、菌核萌发抑制试验筛选得到2株对核盘菌拮抗活性较好的内生细菌LIEH 92和LIEB54,用内生拮抗细菌菌株发酵液无菌滤液进行离体叶片防效试验发现,2个菌株的离体防效分别达68.48%和62.33%;LIEH 92和LIEB 54滤液处理过的菌核均不萌发,在防治向日葵菌核病方面具有良好的生防潜力。除木糖利用和V.P试验(Vopes-prokauer test)外,菌株LIEH 92与粘质沙雷氏菌的生理生化特征一致。16S r DNA序列分析鉴定,与菌株LIEH 92相似性大于99%的菌株归于肠杆菌科的沙雷氏菌属。以16S r DNA序列为基础构建系统发育树,发现菌株LIEH 92与各粘质沙雷氏菌同源性最高,因此认为菌株LIEH 92可能为粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)的新亚种。     

引发小麦赤霉病和茎基腐病禾谷镰孢菌的生物防治初探

禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)是小麦上的重要病原真菌。通过致病性测定从江苏小麦茎基腐病病害样本分离菌中筛选到了对小麦赤霉病和茎基腐病都有强致病力的F.graminearum菌株GF1117。为了对F.graminearum进行生物防治,利用稀释涂布平板法和平板对峙法从小麦不同生境中分离筛选到35株对GF1117具有明显拮抗效果的细菌菌株,分别在田间和温室进行了小麦赤霉病和茎基腐病的生物防治试验。结果表明,35株拮抗细菌对小麦赤霉病均有一定的防治效果,且在小麦感病品种和中抗品种上对茎基腐病的防效不同;菌株1-8对两种病害的防效都在45%以上。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

几个粳稻不育系、恢复系产量性状配合力研究

新粳型不育系和恢复系是通过籼粳交或粳粳交的方式培育而成的中间型稳定品系,杂交组合的育性正常或接近正常。粳型不育系和恢复系配组,杂种F1的产量性状差异显著或极显著。组合9512A/R364、73A/R55、150A/R198、9512A/R2690、150A/R55,具有产量的正向超亲、超标优势,另一些组合呈显著或极显著的负向优势;本研究产量性状一般配合力好的不育系是中14A、辽150A、73A、9512A、9214A,恢复系是R198-2、R238、R46、C418、R364和花38;亲本的产量性状一般配合力和特殊配合力在不同性状的作用没有交叉。杂种优势的表现与双亲亲和力高低、配合力高低有明显的相关性。辽150A、9512A的超亲优势明显,R198、R55、R2690、R364、C204等恢复系具有较强的杂交优势。不育系对产量性状的作用显著大于恢复系。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料，制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液，以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔，制备抗血清，经微量沉淀测定，抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病，无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％，可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

遮荫对3种芦荟蒽醌类物质的影响

采用高效液相色谱技术,研究遮荫对中华芦荟、库拉索芦荟和木立芦荟叶片中主要有效成分蒽醌类物质的影响。结果显示:遮荫处理导致库拉索芦荟和木立芦荟中总蒽醌、芦荟素和芦荟大黄素含量明显降低,中华芦荟中这些物质的含量却显著增加;库拉索芦荟和木立芦荟中蒽醌类物质种类减少,中华芦荟中物质种类增加。结果说明,遮荫处理,不利于库拉索芦荟和木立芦荟中蒽醌类物质的积累,但能刺激中华芦荟中芦荟素等蒽醌类物质的合成。     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。