营养补充对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂寿命和繁殖力的影响

研究营养补充对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂（Fopius arisanus Sonan）寿命和繁殖力的影响。结果表明,食物和寄主对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的寿命均有显著影响。在无寄主存在的情况下,以蜂蜜＋水饲喂阿里山潜蝇茧蜂,其雌蜂平均寿命为（37.8±1.1）d,而提供橘小实蝇卵时雌蜂平均寿命为（19.2±3.8）d。寄主存在与否,不予饲喂的阿里山潜蝇茧蜂,其雌蜂最长寿命均不超过1周。饲喂蜂蜜+水能够显著提高阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的产卵能力,使子代雌蜂比例增高。     

避雨对‘热农1号’杧果果实发育和采后耐贮性的影响

为掌握自然条件下阿里山潜蝇茧蜂[Fopius arisanus(Sonan)]对橘小实蝇[Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)]为害的控制效果，研究阿里潜蝇茧蜂与橘小实蝇数量之比对橘小实蝇卵的被寄生率的影响和阿里山潜蝇茧蜂对橘小实蝇的持续控制效果。结果表明：当阿里山潜蝇茧蜂与橘小实蝇数量之比达到3:1时，阿里山潜蝇茧蜂对橘小实蝇卵的寄生率达57%左右，再增加阿里山潜蝇茧蜂不会显著提高橘小实蝇卵的被寄生率；阿里山潜蝇茧蜂对橘小实蝇的有效控制时间为15 d左右。由此可见，田间应用阿里山潜蝇茧     

2种瓜实蝇寄生蜂的研究进展

瓜实蝇(Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett)是危害多种蔬菜和水果的重要害虫,化学防治效果成效甚微,生物防治有望成为最有潜力的防治技术。本文主要对瓜实蝇的寄生性天敌阿里山潜蝇茧蜂(Fopius arisanus Sonan)和弗氏短背茧蜂(Psyttalia fletcheri Silvestri)的生物学特性、影响寄生蜂存活和雌雄性比的主要因素、寄主范围及寄主选择性、扩繁技术及其对实蝇的防治效果等方面进行综述,为2种蜂在瓜实蝇生物防治中的应用提供参考。     

高温对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂体内保护酶系活性的影响

采用分光光度法测定不同温度条件下(29、32、35、38、41℃)阿里山潜蝇茧蜂[Fopius arisanus (Sonan)]幼虫、蛹和成蜂体内保护酶系活性的变化.结果表明:(1)经不同高温处理后,阿里山潜蝇茧蜂各虫态体内过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性均明显高于对照组,38℃为幼虫、蛹和雌蜂体内CAT清除H2O2的最适温度.同一处理温度下,幼虫体内CAT活性高于蛹,雄蜂体内CAT活性高于雌虫.(2)热胁迫处理后,雌雄蜂体内过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性均高于对照,且雄蜂体内POD活性高于雌蜂.幼虫、蛹和雌蜂体内POD活性随温度的升高呈“M”形变化趋势,分别在35、38、35℃时达最大值.(3)阿里山潜蝇茧蜂高温暴露后,幼虫和蛹体内超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性均在35℃时达最大值,雌雄蜂体内SOD活性均明显高于对照,分别在35、32℃时活性达到最大.     

蝴蝶和蝗虫肠道共生菌次生代谢产物的分离

测定长尾潜蝇茧蜂（Diachasmimorpha longicaudata）寄生的4日龄橘小实蝇（B. dorsalis）幼虫体内过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、酚氧化物酶（PO）活性。结果表明：幼虫在被寄生后,在其免疫系统的调节下产生大量的活性氧自由基（ROS）,致使被寄生的幼虫较未被寄生的3种抗氧化物酶（CAT、POD、SOD）活性明显高,然而被寄生的幼虫PO活性明显低于未被寄生的幼虫。这4种酶协同作用,从而有效减少寄主体内过量的ROS,保证寄生蜂能有效地寄生,提     

长尾潜蝇茧蜂寄生后橘小实蝇幼虫体内4种酶活性的变化

测定长尾潜蝇茧蜂（Diachasmimorpha longicaudata）寄生的4日龄橘小实蝇（B. dorsalis）幼虫体内过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、酚氧化物酶（PO）活性。结果表明：幼虫在被寄生后,在其免疫系统的调节下产生大量的活性氧自由基（ROS）,致使被寄生的幼虫较未被寄生的3种抗氧化物酶（CAT、POD、SOD）活性明显高,然而被寄生的幼虫PO活性明显低于未被寄生的幼虫。这4种酶协同作用,从而有效减少寄主体内过量的ROS,保证寄生蜂能有效地寄生,提高寄生蜂的存活率。     

日本食蚧蚜小蜂的寄生行为观察

日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere是橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra Nietner的重要天敌之一。为了明确该蜂的寄生行为及雌蜂体型大小对其产卵的影响,在室内观察其寄生行为及雌蜂不同体型大小条件下的产卵情况。结果表明：日本食蚧蚜小蜂的寄生过程包括搜寻寄主、识别寄主、产卵器刺探、产卵、产卵后处理5个阶段。日本食蚧蚜小蜂的寄生时间、寄生率、平均着卵量随寄生次数增多而增加,寄生次数与卵量吻合率随寄生次数增加而降低;第1次寄生时,寄生所需时间为19.75 s,寄生率为73.12%,寄生次数与卵量吻合率为69.89%,平均着卵量为0.76粒;第3次寄生时,寄生所需时间为24.37 s,寄生率为83.33%,寄生次数与卵量吻合率仅为8.33%,平均着卵量为1.67粒。雌蜂体型大小与其产卵量呈正相关,体长小于等于1.20 mm时,产卵量及寄生率最小,分别为16.83粒和49.4%;1.40 mm<体长≤1.50 mm时产卵量为33.06粒,寄生率72.3%;而体长大于1.50 mm时产卵量达37.5粒,寄生率为72.2%;雌蜂后足胫节长对其产卵及寄生率也有类似影响,说明该蜂扩繁时应选用体型较大的雌蜂。     

海南桑螟寄生蜂种类及优势种的寄生特性研究

为明确桑树主要害虫桑螟的天敌寄生蜂资源及其寄生特性并利用生物防治措施有效控制桑螟的危害,对海南主要桑园桑螟寄生蜂进行了系统调查和研究。结果表明,海南桑螟天敌寄生蜂主要有5种,分别为桑螟绒茧蜂Apanteles heterusiae Wilkinson、食心虫白茧蜂Phanerotoma planifrons Nees、红铃虫甲腹茧蜂Chelonus pectinophorae Cushman、菲岛长距茧蜂Macrocentrus philippinensis Ashmead和广大腿小蜂Brachymeria lasus Walker。其中,桑螟绒茧蜂为优势种,田间寄生率高达63.24%,1头桑螟幼虫可出蜂3~16头;其他4种寄生蜂均为单寄生,田间平均寄生率依次为9.15%、6.21%、5.62%和5.24%。室内寄生特性研究发现,桑螟绒茧蜂对桑螟龄期和密度具有选择性,主要寄生1龄和2龄桑螟幼虫,偶尔寄生3龄幼虫,仅在1龄桑螟幼虫密度为9和2龄密度为8头时寄生率最高,且出蜂量最大。待被寄生桑螟幼虫发育至5龄时从桑螟体内啮出,并在5~7 h内结茧化蛹,啮出幼虫可全部化蛹,4~5 d后羽化,羽化率为33.33%~ 100%,性比为0~87.50%,成蜂寿命为1~3 d,多为2 d,雄蜂寿命略短于雌蜂。未观察到桑螟绒茧蜂寄生家蚕。研究为桑螟绒茧蜂的规模化繁育和利用提供前提。     

寄主龄期对松粉蚧抑虱跳小蜂寄生和发育的影响

通过限制选择和自由选择试验,研究松粉蚧抑虱跳小蜂(Acerophagus coccois Smith)在扶桑绵粉蚧(Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley)的1~3龄若虫与雌成虫体上的寄生及其子代生长发育情况。结果表明:在限制选择和自由选择的2种试验中,松粉蚧抑虱跳小蜂均可寄生扶桑绵粉蚧的1~3龄若虫和雌成虫,其中对2龄若虫的寄生率最高,分别是41.20%和45.00%;对粉蚧雌成虫的寄生率最低,但每头僵蚧平均羽化出蜂数最多,分别为9.42头和7.00头,子代雌蜂比例也最大;子代雌蜂在粉蚧1龄若虫体内发育的历期最长,为14.62 d;在粉蚧雌成虫上发育的历期最短,为13.97 d;在粉蚧1龄若虫体内发育的子代蜂的个体最小,在粉蚧雌成虫上发育的子代蜂个体最大。因此,利用松粉蚧抑虱跳小蜂防治扶桑绵粉蚧,应以粉蚧2龄若虫为防治对象,以粉蚧雌成虫为繁殖寄主。     

寄生蜂与寄主的不同配比对椰心叶甲啮小蜂子代的影响

椰心叶甲啮小蜂(Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière)是一种重要的椰心叶甲蛹寄生蜂。为了探讨繁育椰心叶甲啮小蜂的最佳寄主密度,研究1对椰心叶甲啮小蜂与椰心叶甲1日蛹的不同配比对椰心叶甲啮小蜂寄生与繁殖的影响。结果表明,雌蜂与椰心叶甲1日龄蛹的不同配比对椰心叶甲啮小蜂寄生率、每寄主出蜂量和后代性比有显著影响,当雌蜂与椰心叶甲1日龄蛹配比为1∶1时,椰心叶甲啮小蜂的寄生率和出蜂量最高,其寄生率为100%,每蛹平均出蜂量为27.67头,显著高于其它配比,但雌蜂与椰心叶甲1日龄蛹配比为1∶6时,椰心叶甲啮小蜂后代性比(雌蜂的百分比)最高为88.04%,显著高于其它配比。平均每雌怀卵量、出蜂率、羽化率在椰心叶甲啮小蜂与椰心叶甲蛹的不同配比之间无显著差异。     

Non-targeted insecticidal stress on the Neotropical brown stink bug Euschistus heros

Lethal and sublethal insecticide effects on non-targeted pest species are frequently neglected but have potential consequences for pest management and secondary pest outbreaks. Here, the lethal and demographic effects of four soybean insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, deltamethrin, pyriproxyfen, and spinosad, which are used against caterpillars, whiteflies, and green stink bugs) on the brown stink bug Euschistus heros (F.), the main stink bug species currently attacking Neotropical soybean fields, were assessed. Deltamethrin exhibited drastic acute mortality in adult females of E. heros with a median lethal time (LT₅₀) of 0.6 days, whereas pyriproxyfen treated females exhibited a survival similar to that of water-treated insects (LT₅₀ of 89 and 67 days, respectively). Chlorantraniliprole and spinosad-treated females exhibited intermediate survival with a TL₅₀ of 54 and 47 days, respectively. Further scrutiny of the three most selective insecticides (i.e., chlorantraniliprole, pyriproxyfen, and spinosad) using age-structured matrices to assess the demographic impact of these compounds under earlier exposure indicated that both pyriproxyfen and spinosad significantly reduced the population growth of the pest species by compromising the survival of eggs (<17% hatching) and 1st nymphs (LT₅₀ of 3 and 2 days, respectively) and fertility; these results were unlike those obtained for chlorantraniliprole- and water-treated controls, which exhibited less than 50% mortality during development. However, chlorantraniliprole significantly compromised the fertility of adult insects (>50% reduction compared with water-treated insects) to a greater extent than pyriproxyfen and spinosad, but without impairing insect population growth as much. Therefore, although pyriproxyfen and spinosad, besides deltamethrin, are not used to target the Neotropical brown stink bug, these insecticides adversely affected this pest species at the dose recommended for application on the label, thereby preventing its outbreak under such conditions.     

Isolation and Characterization of Collagen and Antioxidant Collagen Peptides from Scales of Croceine Croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea)

Acid soluble collagen (ASC) from scales of croceine croaker (ASC-C) was successfully isolated with the yield of 0.37% ± 0.08% (dry weight basis), and characterized as type I collagen on the basis of amino acid analysis and electrophoretic pattern. The antioxidant hydrolysate of ASC-C (ACH) was prepared through a two-stage in vitro digestion (4-h trypsin followed by 4-h pepsin), and three antioxidant peptides (ACH-P1, ACH-P2, and ACH-P3) were further isolated from ACH using ultrafiltration, gel chromatography, and RP-HPLC, and their amino acid sequences were identified as GFRGTIGLVG (ACH-P1), GPAGPAG (ACH-P2), and GFPSG (ACH-P3). ACH-P1, ACH-P2, and ACH-P3 showed good scavenging activities on hydroxyl radical (IC₅₀ 0.293, 0.240, and 0.107 mg/mL, respectively), DPPH radical (IC₅₀ 1.271, 0.675, and 0.283 mg/mL, respectively), superoxide radical (IC₅₀ 0.463, 0.099, and 0.151 mg/mL, respectively), and ABTS radical (IC₅₀ 0.421, 0.309, and 0.210 mg/mL, respectively). ACH-P3 was also effectively against lipid peroxidation in the model system. The antioxidant activities of three collagen peptides were due to the presence of hydrophobic amino acid residues within the peptide sequences. The collagen peptides might be used as antioxidant for the therapy of diseases associated with oxidative stress, or reducing oxidative changes during storage.     

Two Novel Antioxidant Nonapeptides from Protein Hydrolysate of Skate (Raja porosa) Muscle

In the current study, the preparation conditions of neutrase hydrolysate (SMH) from skate (Raja porosa) muscle protein were optimized using orthogonal L₉(3)⁴ tests, and R values indicated that pH was the most important factor affecting HO· scavenging activity of SMH. Under the optimum conditions of pH 7.0, enzymolysis temperature 60 °C, enzyme/substrate ratio (E/S) 2%, and enzymolysis time 5 h, EC₅₀ of SMH on HO· was 2.14 ± 0.17 mg/mL. Using ultrafiltration, gel filtration chromatography, and RP-HPLC, two novel antioxidant nonapeptides (SP-A and SP-B) were isolated from SMH and their amino acid sequences were found to be APPTAYAQS (SP-A) and NWDMEKIWD (SP-B) with calculated molecular masses of 904.98 Da and 1236.38 Da, respectively. Both showed strong antioxidant activities. SP-A and SP-B exhibited good scavenging activities on HO· (EC₅₀ 0.390 and 0.176 mg/mL), DPPH· (EC₅₀ 0.614 and 0.289 mg/mL), and O₂⁻· (EC₅₀ 0.215 and 0.132 mg/mL) in a dose-dependent manner. SP-B was also effective against lipid peroxidation in the model system. The aromatic (2Trp), acidic (2Asp and Glu), and basic (Lys) amino acid residues within the sequences of SP-B might account for its pronounced antioxidant activity. The results of this study suggested that protein hydrolysate and peptides from skate muscle might be effective as food additives for retarding lipid peroxidation occurring in foodstuffs.     

Sublethal effects of spinosad and emamectin benzoate on larval development and reproductive activities of the cabbage moth,Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Lepidopteran insect pest management has relied heavily on synthetic chemical pesticides, but their efficiency is declining as a result of emerging insecticide resistance. Recently biopesticides have become the most promising products employed in pest management strategies. We investigated the sublethal effects of two bioinsecticides, spinosad and emamectin benzoate, on larval and pupal development, and reproductive activity including calling behaviour, pheromone production, fecundity and fertility of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae. To assess sublethal effects, second instar larvae were fed with 0.005, 0.05, or 0.5 μg a.i. spinosad/g diet or 0.00005, 0.0005, or 0.005 μg a.i. emamectin benzoate/g diet. Both bioinsecticides significantly increased larval and pupal development time and negatively affected reproductive activity of M. brassicae. The calling activity of females decreased very significantly in the highest sublethal concentration of spinosad and in all treatments by emamectin benzoate. The results suggest that, both spinosad and emamectin benzoate are promising alternatives to conventional insecticides for the control of M. brassicae if successfully introduced into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs.     

20种植物提取物对芒果炭疽菌的抑制作用

研究了16科20种（其中12种为中草药）植物的丙酮提取物对芒果炭疽病菌株的抑制作用,初步分析了利用植物源农药解决芒果炭疽病抗药性问题的可能性.结果表明,同一药物在不同浓度下作用效果可能存在较大的差异.芒果炭疽病抗药性菌株对供试植物丙酮提取物没有明显的抗药性,100mg/mL（每mL含100mg干物质的提取物）浓度下石菖蒲、艾草、阳春砂、益智、飞机草等植物在芒果炭疽菌抗药性菌株室内试验中其作用效果明显优于1000 mg/L多菌灵,其中石菖蒲丙酮提取物对芒果炭疽病菌敏感菌株（ZJS）、抗药性菌株（ZJR）有效中浓度EC50分别为5.91,4.06 mg/mL,艾草丙酮提取物对芒果炭疽病菌敏感菌株（ZJS）、抗药性菌株（ZJR）有效中浓度EC50分别为9.24,14.53 mg/mL.     

杀虫剂对新入侵海南草地贪夜蛾种群幼虫的毒力

草地贪夜蛾是2019年1月新入侵我国云南的重大农业害虫,4月首次在海口玉米田中剥查发现该虫。草地贪夜蛾严重威胁到海南本地的鲜玉米生产,筛选出具有较高毒力水平的化学药剂防治该虫迫在眉睫。本文采用浸叶法测定了15种杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的毒力。实验结果表明,采用较低浓度的甲维盐（5 mg/L,24 h）和多杀菌素（5 mg/L,24 h）,以及较高浓度氯虫苯甲酰胺（50 mg/L,72 h）和辛硫磷（100 mg/L,72 h）时,对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的致死率达100%,这4种杀虫剂在24 h的LC₅₀分别为0.28、0.31、9.77和11.7 mg/L;其他种类杀虫剂如灭多威、吡丙醚、氟虫腈、啶虫脒、阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯和虱螨脲,在100 mg/L浓度水平下,72 h对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的校正死亡率分别为100%、96.67%、88.33%、86.11%、81.67%、80.83%和80.09%。表明了可选用甲维盐、多杀菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺和辛硫磷作为主要成分的杀虫剂,并组合其他种类杀虫剂,作为当前防治草地贪夜蛾幼虫主要防治药剂。     

取食香根草后水稻螟虫对杀虫剂敏感度变化

【目的】香根草能有效诱集水稻螟虫产卵,且孵化的幼虫取食香根草一定时间后死亡,可用于水稻螟虫的田间防控。但田间防治往往是多种防治措施相结合。为了研究取食香根草后的幼虫对常用杀虫剂的敏感度,【方法】利用稻苗浸渍法测定了茚虫威、氯虫苯甲酰胺、多杀菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素、氟虫胺、氰氟虫腙、阿维菌素、毒死蜱8种常用杀虫剂对水稻大螟和二化螟的毒力作用,以及取食香根草后螟虫对这些药剂的敏感度变化。【结果】8种杀虫剂(氰氟虫腙,甲氨基阿维菌素,氯虫苯甲酰胺,氟虫胺,多杀菌素,阿维菌素,茚虫威,毒死蜱)对大螟的LC₅₀依次为1.04,1.40,2.67,3.48,7.59,13.03,16.57,23.28 mg/L;对二化螟的LC₅₀依次为1.94,2.07,4.20,8.93,9.72,17.63,9.51,64.68mg/L。与取食水稻的螟虫比较,香根草饲喂3d后,大螟幼虫对8种药剂的敏感性均有所提高,致死率提高13.3～22.2个百分点,其中,对氯虫苯甲酰胺、多杀菌素、氟虫胺、氰氟虫腙、毒死蜱的敏感度显著提高;而香根草饲喂后的二化螟幼虫对所有测定药剂敏感度均显著提高,致死率提高26.7～33.3个百分点。二化螟幼虫对所有测定药剂敏感度升高更为明显。【结论】初步明确了水稻螟虫取食香根草后对杀虫剂的敏感度有不同程度提高。     

亚致死剂量吡虫啉和吡蚜酮对褐飞虱生物适合度的影响

 全面评价了亚致死剂量吡虫啉和吡蚜酮对褐飞虱繁殖力和生存力的长期影响。毒力测定结果显示,吡虫啉和吡蚜酮对褐飞虱3龄若虫的LC50分别为42.41 mg/L和396.46 mg/L,吡虫啉毒力约是吡蚜酮毒力的9.35倍。通过建立褐飞虱在吡虫啉和吡蚜酮亚致死剂量（LC30）作用下的生命表,发现褐飞虱在两种药剂处理下生物适合度都有所下降,分别为对照试虫的83.8%和8.4%。吡虫啉处理试虫仅羽化率明显低于对照,而吡蚜酮处理试虫的羽化率、雌虫比例、雌成虫寿命和卵孵化率各参数都明显下降。亚致死剂量的吡蚜酮使褐飞虱日产卵节律和卵孵化高峰都有所推迟,这可能是吡蚜酮对褐飞虱产生取食抑制作用进而导致其生殖器官发育缓慢造成的。     

Unravelling the Dermatological Potential of the Brown Seaweed Carpomitra costata

The ever-increasing interest in keeping a young appearance and healthy skin has leveraged the skincare industry. This, coupled together with the increased concern regarding the safety of synthetic products, has boosted the demand for new and safer natural ingredients. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate the dermatological potential of the brown seaweed Carpomitra costata. The antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, antimicrobial, photoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of five C. costata fractions (F1–F5) were evaluated. The ethyl acetate fraction (F3) demonstrated the most promising results, with the best ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals (EC₅₀ of 140.1 µg/mL) and the capacity to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production promoted by UVA and UVB radiation in 3T3 cells, revealing its antioxidant and photoprotective potential. This fraction also exhibited the highest anti-enzymatic capacity, inhibiting the activities of collagenase, elastase and tyrosinase (IC₅₀ of 7.2, 4.8 and 85.9 µg/mL, respectively). Moreover, F3 showed anti-inflammatory potential, reducing TNF-α and IL-6 release induced by LPS treatment in RAW 264.7 cells. These bioactivities may be related to the presence of phenolic compounds, such as phlorotannins, as demonstrated by NMR analysis. The results highlight the potential of C. costata as a source of bioactive ingredients for further dermatological applications.