不同耕作方式对土壤环境及玉米产量与效益的影响

通过免耕(MF)、传统旋耕(CK)、深松+旋耕(SS)和深松深施肥+旋耕(SF)4种耕作处理方法,对比研究不同耕作方式对土壤环境、玉米根系分布、产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明,SS处理较CK和MF处理能够降低土壤紧实度,在0～40 cm土层,土壤紧实度由9 948.1 kPa降低到909.8 kPa,土壤容重从2.31 g/cm~3降到1.28 g/cm~3;在41～60 cm土层中,SS处理根系占总根重的23.55%以上,增加农田30 cm深层土壤中的总根量。玉米产量由高到低依次为SFSSCKMF处理,最大产量2019年为15 517.8 kg/hm~2。SS和SF处理比CK处理分别增加净收益20.16%和12.54%,单位产出效益显著高于CK(P0.05);MF处理净利润较CK降低了24.93%。研究结果表明,深松耕作可有效打破土壤犁底层,增加深层土壤养分,提高作物产量,增加效益。     

窄行密植对高产春大豆根系生长的影响

大田条件下研究了黑农41在两种密度（45万株/hm^2、60万株/hm^2）分别在三种行距（20cm、30 cm、40 cm）下对大豆根系生长的影响。结果表明,在相同行距条件下,高密度明显降低单位面积根系干重,主要是外环（1/4行距-1/2行距）深层根量减少,地上部生长受抑制,根冠比明显增大,根系伤流量和根系还原力明显降低;在相同密度下,合理株行距配置增加单位面积根干重,主要增加外环根量,进而促进地上部生长,降低根冠比,提高根系伤流量和根系还原力;较窄的行距使高密度大豆根系在水平方向分布趋于均匀,并增加外环深层根量。密度对根系生长的影响明显大于株行距配置。产量为5063.90 kg/hm^2,R5期根系干重为220.0 g/m^2,外环根干重占总根干重19%,20～50 cm深层根干重占总干重32.1%,根冠比0.17;R4期单位面积根系伤流量为15.98g/m^2.h。     

吉林省西部半干旱区深松蓄水耕作技术研究

深松可以提高土壤含水量2～3个百分点,使耕层土壤松紧度趋于一致,具有改善土壤结构的作用,有利于玉米根系向深层伸展,20～40cm耕层的玉米根重增加19%以上,玉米产量提高10%。深松的第二年仍有一定的蓄水增产效果。条带深松平作蓄水效果更明显。     

生物炭对玉米根系特性及产量的影响

采用大田试验研究生物炭对郑单958产量和不同生育时期根系生长、形态特征及生理特性的影响,明确生物炭对玉米根系与产量的效应,探明生物炭在玉米生产上应用的潜力与价值。结果表明,土壤中施入生物炭能增加玉米根系的总根长、根体积和根干重,提高玉米根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积。在玉米生育后期,生物炭在一定程度上延缓了根系衰老,成熟期施生物炭处理根系活力分别比对照高48.12%和42.71%;同时维持了较为适宜的根冠比,根系生理功能增强;添加生物炭后郑单958最高产量达12 076.35 kg/hm2,比对照增产10.23%,具体表现为穗长、穗行数、行粒数和百粒重的提高。     

深松及氮肥深施对超高产春玉米根系生长、产量及氮肥利用效率的影响

以内单314为材料,研究深松及氮肥深施对超高产春玉米生育后期根系生长、产量及氮肥利用效率的影响.结果表明,随着散粉后生育进程的推进,玉米单株根重、根系体积逐渐下降,且在同一生育期表现出随土层深度加深呈递减的趋势.0～ 60 cm土层单株根系表面积自散粉期开始呈先升后降的变化趋势,峰值出现在灌浆期.各处理根系活力随土层深度的增加总体上表现为先升高后下降的变化趋势,随着散粉后生育进程的推进,根系活力的峰值出现下移.深松30 cm根重、根系体积及根表面积明显增加,根系活力显著提高;深松30 cm及氮肥深施15 cm可促使根系下移,明显提高深层根系特别是20 ～ 40 cm根系活力及比重.     

玉米追肥方法的研究

本文通过追肥方法试验,系统研究了不同追肥方法对玉米产量与肥效、玉米根系生长与分布、土壤中氨挥发损失及肥料利用率等方面的影响.结果表明:玉米垄沟深追肥土壤中氨挥发少,肥料利用率高,玉米根系分布广,下扎得深且须根多,既能增强玉米吸肥吸水能力,又能增强玉米耐旱抗倒伏能力,达到增产增收.此外,玉米垄沟深追肥省工省力,追肥均匀,简便易行,是一项高产、节能、高效的技术措施.     

深松条件下春玉米花后衰老过程中根系生物学变化特征

采用PVC管栽方法,研究模拟犁底层和深松处理下春玉米花后衰老过程中根系的生物学变化特征。结果表明,在玉米花后,相同根层节根数均表现为深松处理>模拟犁底层处理。犁底层影响根系在不同深度土壤空间分布,深松处理20～35 cm 土壤深度和36～75 cm 土壤深度玉米根系体积分别比犁底层处理增加176.33%和185.92%;在模拟犁底层处理下,90%以上的根系主要集中在0～20 cm土壤深度,深松处理90%以上的根系主要集中分布在0～35 cm深度土壤。深松增加下层土壤（30～75 cm）根系比重,根系空间分布更加合理。根系衰老进程,花后20 d开始犁底层处理下36～75 cm土壤深度玉米根系衰老速度加快,该深度根系重量开花期比深松处理低2.91%,花后50 d比深松处理低12.31%。犁底层的存在限制玉米根系的发育,深松有利于增加深层土壤的根系分布,能减缓后期根系衰老速度。     

秸秆深层还田对玉米根系及产量的影响

针对辽西地区土壤耕层变浅和秸秆浅旋还田造成的土壤漏风跑墒等问题,实施秸秆机械化深层还田与常规耕作(CK)对比试验,测定玉米根系生长状况。结果表明,秸秆深层还田能够增强玉米扎根性能,扩展根系分布空间,扎根深度增加5～10 cm,根系分布空间扩大6000(初生节根)～154500(次生根)cm3;秸秆深层还田的次生根数目明显高于CK,且CK根系主要分布在10～20 cm土层深度,秸秆深松还田处理根系则集中分布在21～30 cm土层深度;秸秆深层还田处理与CK相比玉米产量提高18.16%,差异显著。     

耕作方式对玉米根系构型及抗根倒伏能力的影响

通过云南典型的红壤坡耕地对土壤实施深松+旋耕 15 cm（SRT）、深松+免耕（SNT）、深松+翻耕 20 cm（SP1）、深松+翻耕30 cm（SP2）、旋耕15 cm（RT）、免耕（NT）、翻耕20 cm（P1）和翻耕30 cm（P2）8种耕作方式,研究对玉米的根系根条数、根直径、入土角度、根幅、生物量及根系抗拔力等的影响。结果表明,深松+翻耕20 cm处理能增加玉米根条数、根系入土角度和10 cm土层处根系生长幅度,增大根系生物量,尤其是深层土壤（20～30 cm）根系生物量,同时对玉米产量也具有提高作用。深松+翻耕30 cm处理能增大根系的垂直抗拔力。因此,土壤通过深耕处理能改善玉米根系构型和分布,进而增强玉米根系抗倒伏能力。     

南方丘陵红壤旱地不同施肥模式对春玉米生物学特性及产量的影响

以当地常规施肥模式(CK)为对照,研究南方丘陵红壤旱地不同施肥模式(CO:常规施肥+有机肥;CB,常规施肥+生物有机肥;CP:常规施肥+钾肥)对春玉米生物学特性及产量的影响。结果表明,单株叶面积和叶面积指数大小顺序为CO>CP>CB>CK处理,全生育期单株叶面积和叶面积指数均显著高于对照,抽雄期和成熟期CO和CP处理均显著高于其他处理。拔节期、抽雄期和成熟期CO和CP处理植株根系干重、茎干重均显著高于其他处理,CO处理植株叶干重显著高于对照。CO处理穗长显著高于对照;CP处理行粒数、穗粒数和百粒重均显著高于对照。CO、CB和CP处理产量分别比对照增加19.36%、13.08%和22.10%,增产原因主要是行粒数、穗粒数和百粒重的增加。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.     

大豆对钼与氮、磷、钾的吸收分配动态及相互关系的初步研究

大豆植株中其叶片的钼、氮、磷含量均高于茎杆、叶柄、繁殖器官高于营养器官。钾在整个生育期中都保持较高的水平,只是叶片中的含量低于其它器官。种子中的钼、氮、磷、钾含量都较高。大豆吸收钼及氮、磷、钾的数量因品种及各生育阶段而有差异,吸收量以结荚至鼓粒期为最多,鼓粒期以后,安农75—59的植株中氮、磷、钾吸收量明显下降,唯有钼还在继续吸收,而安激一号对钼及氮、磷、钾仍在吸收。大豆对钼与氮、磷、钾的吸收呈极显著的直线相关,尤其是钼与氮相关最明显。安农75—59亩产189.5kg,需要N素16.05kg,P_2O_54.25kg,K_2O8.43kg,微量元素Mo357.32mg。安激一号亩产214.5kg.需要N素18.00kg、P_2O_55.01kg、K_2O8.85kg、微量元素Mo449.57mg。安激一号的种子除糖、脂肪含量较低外,而氮、磷、钾、钼、维生素C的含量均高于安农75 59。     

基于颜色和形状的茶叶计算机识别研究

综合利用计算机视觉、图像处理技术,增加茶叶的形状参数,改进神经网络算法,实现了茶叶品质识别的自动化。研究中通过数码相机等直接得到茶叶图像,经过对图像格式进行转换和预处理,然后基于HSI模型提取的茶叶颜色特征参数和二值化后图像提取的茶叶形状特征参数,通过遗传神经网络,最后完成对茶叶的自动识别。实验结果表明此方法能取得更好的识别效果,计算机的检测结果与人工检测结果高度吻合。     

Blackgram fiber (Phaseolus mungo): Mechanism of hypoglycemic action

The effect of the administration of blackgram fiber (Phaseolusmungo) on the metabolism of carbohydrates was studied in rats fed 30%NDF (neutral detergent fiber) diet. The experimental group showed a significant increase in liverglycogen level and a significant decrease in blood glucose. Significantincreases in the activities of glycogen phosphorylase, hexokinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and isocitratedehydrogenase were observed in the experimental group. The activities ofphosphoglucomutase and glucose-6-phosphatase were significantly lower inrats fed the fiber diet. The study showed that blackgram fiber exhibitssignificant hypoglycemic action in experimental animals.     

Carbohydrase systems of Saccharophagus degradans degrading marine complex polysaccharides

Saccharophagus degradans 2-40 is a γ-subgroup proteobacterium capable of using many of the complex polysaccharides found in the marine environment for growth. To utilize these complex polysaccharides, this bacterium produces a plethora of carbohydrases dedicated to the processing of a carbohydrate class. Aiding in the identification of the contributing genes and enzymes is the known genome sequence for this bacterium. This review catalogs the genes and enzymes of the S. degradans genome that are likely to function in the systems for the utilization of agar, alginate, α- and β-glucans, chitin, mannans, pectins, and xylans and discusses the cell biology and genetics of each system as it functions to transfer carbon back to the bacterium.     

Grain number dominates grain weight in temperate cereal yield determination: Evidence based on 30 years of multi-location trials

Multi-location data collected over 30 years in Finland on major cereal crops (spring barley, oat and wheat, and winter wheat and rye) provide an opportunity to characterise variation, interrelation and relative importance of the grain yield determining components, grain number per square meter (GNO) and single grain weight (SGW). In addition to evaluating differences among cereal crops in yield determination, changes among different age groups (AG) were compared. Field experiments were carried out in 1970–2001 at 25 locations in Finland. Grain yield was recorded (at 15% moisture) and SGW (mg) and GNO (number m⁻²) determined. Frequencies of different GNO and SGW combinations were analysed for all crops and component means in different yield groups as well as among four AGs. In most cases GNO dominated SGW, representing the major yield component determining grain yield. GNO was highly responsive to favourable growth conditions. The change in GNO was especially high when recurrent, relatively low yield groups were compared, while at higher yields the role of SGW became increasingly important, but did not exceed that of GNO. The degree of GNO domination varied according to crop. Increased grain yield in spring oat and winter rye was associated with higher numbers of set grain, while spring barley and winter wheat responded to yield favouring conditions also through higher SGW. Despite GNO dominated SGW due to its responsiveness to growing conditions, its role in yield improvement was not obvious when the entries (n ≥ 30) were classified into four AGs. Improvements in grain yield derived from AG were associated with crop-specific GNO and/or SGW changes.     

The Challenge of Ecophysiological Biodiversity for Biotechnological Applications of Marine Microalgae

In this review, we aim to explore the potential of microalgal biodiversity and ecology for biotechnological use. A deeper exploration of the biodiversity richness and ecophysiological properties of microalgae is crucial for enhancing their use for applicative purposes. After describing the actual biotechnological use of microalgae, we consider the multiple faces of taxonomical, morphological, functional and ecophysiological biodiversity of these organisms, and investigate how these properties could better serve the biotechnological field. Lastly, we propose new approaches to enhancing microalgal growth, photosynthesis, and synthesis of valuable products used in biotechnological fields, mainly focusing on culture conditions, especially light manipulations and genetic modifications.