Pre-anthesis high temperature acclimation alleviates the negative effects of post-anthesis heat stress on stem stored carbohydrates remobilization and grain starch accumulation in wheat

The potential role of pre-anthesis high temperature acclimation in alleviating the negative effects of post-anthesis heat stress on stem stored carbohydrate remobilization and grain starch accumulation in wheat was investigated. The treatments included no heat-stress (CC), heat stress at pre-anthesis only (HC), heat at post-anthesis only (CH), and heat stress at both stages (HH). Post-anthesis heat stress decreased grain starch content, reduced the content of fructans and depressed activities of related synthesis enzymes of sucrose:sucrose fructosyltransferase and fructan:fructan fructosyltransferase. Interestingly, HH plants had significantly higher grain yield than the CH plants. In addition, post-anthesis high temperature lowered grain starch content and increased percentages of volume, number and surface area of B-type starch granules in CH and HH than in CC treatment. However, HH plants had much higher starch content, and caused less modified B-type starch granule size indicators than the CH plants. Our results indicated that, compared with the non-acclimated plants, the pre-anthesis high temperature acclimation effectively enhanced carbohydrate remobilization from stems to grains, led to less changed starch content and starch granule size distribution in grains of wheat under post-anthesis heat stress.     

拔节期和花后渍水对小麦产量、干物质及氮素积累和转运的影响

为给长江中下游小麦大面积高产稳产栽培提供理论与实践依据,以扬辐麦4号为材料,研究拔节期和花后连续渍水5d、10d和15d对小麦产量及其构成因素、干物质和氮素积累与转运的影响。结果表明,拔节期和花后渍水处理均显著降低了小麦产量、穗粒数、千粒重,并显著降低了成熟期根和地上部、花后地上部干物质和氮素积累量及根冠比。随渍水时间的延长,渍水对产量及其构成因素、干物质和氮素积累及转运量的影响总体呈增大趋势;籽粒产量、穗粒数、花后地上部干物质与氮素积累量、根冠比在渍水5d和10d间差异不显著,渍水5d和15d间差异显著。拔节期与花后短期渍水处理间产量差异不显著,但花后渍水15d产量显著低于拔节期渍水。花后渍水对千粒重、花后地上部干物质和氮素积累量、花前地上部干物质转运量的影响较大。     

甘蓝型油菜不同磷效率基因型对土壤难溶性磷吸收利用的差异

本文采用根箱试验，初步研究了磷正常和低磷胁迫下甘蓝型油菜磷高效基因型97081和低效基因型97009在植株生长、磷的累积、以及对根际土和非根际土不同形态磷吸收和利用方面的差异。结果表明，磷高效基因型在缺磷胁迫下能够产生较多的生物量；具有较强的吸收和积累磷的能力；土壤中不同形态磷的分级试验表明，低磷胁迫下磷高效基因型97081根际土的速效磷、Al-P和Ca-P浓度均低于磷低效基因型97009，暗示磷高效基因型具有较强的活化吸收土壤中Al-P和Ca-P的能力。     

播后镇压和冬前灌溉对冬小麦干物质转移和氮素利用效率的影响

为明确播后镇压和冬前灌溉对高产冬小麦干物质和氮素转移及氮素利用效率的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828和石麦12为材料,采用裂区田间试验,于开花期和成熟期,测定不同器官的干物质和氮积累量和转移量、籽粒产量、蛋白质产量、氮吸收效率和氮肥生产效率。结果表明,冬灌和镇压处理下,2个品种开花期和成熟期的干物质积累量下降,开花前各营养器官干物质的转移量、转移率及对籽粒的贡献率均降低,但开花后籽粒中的干物质积累量增加。冬灌处理小麦成熟期的总干物质积累量和产量下降。冬灌处理下,石新828开花后籽粒中的氮积累量增加,开花后氮素对籽粒的贡献率提高,但各器官的氮转移量显著降低,籽粒氮积累总量显著减少,氮吸收效率下降;冬灌对石麦12成熟期籽粒氮素积累量影响不显著。与不镇压相比,镇压处理下,2个品种开花期的氮积累总量和不同器官中的氮积累量均降低,而成熟期各器官氮积累量及分配比例的差异均不显著。镇压处理与不镇压处理相比,2个品种开花前营养器官中的氮转移量、转移率和贡献率均降低,但是开花后的氮积累量及其对籽粒氮的贡献率提高,其中,镇压的石麦12开花前氮转移量、贡献率和开花后氮积累量、贡献率与不镇压的差异达显著水平;成熟期籽粒氮素积累量的差异不显著。建议在足墒播种条件下不必进行冬灌,应根据播种前后土壤和水分条件确定是否需要镇压。     

施镁对花后高温胁迫下小麦干物质积累转运和籽粒灌浆的影响

为明确镁对小麦花后高温胁迫的缓解效应,采用人工气候室模拟增温的方法,研究了灌浆期高温胁迫(昼/夜32/22℃)下施镁(0、10和20kg·hm~(-2))对小麦花后干物质积累转运的影响及其与籽粒灌浆的关系。结果表明,灌浆期高温胁迫显著降低了小麦籽粒的灌浆速率、粒重和产量,施用镁肥提高了小麦籽粒灌浆速率和产量。高温胁迫降低了小麦花后干物质积累量、花前干物质转运量、转运率和收获指数,施镁对花后干物质积累和转运量及收获指数有显著正效应。高温胁迫下施镁提高了植株干物质积累量及在籽粒中的分配比例,从而提高了灌浆速率和粒重。孕穗期施镁能有效缓解花后高温胁迫对小麦植株的伤害,有助于籽粒灌浆和产量的形成。     

低磷胁迫下不同基因型玉米内源激素的动态变化

用高效液相色谱法测定在低磷胁迫下不同基因型玉米生育进程中叶片和根系内源激素含量的动态变化。结果表明,不同基因型玉米叶片和根系内源激素含量除ABA含量为磷低效自交系>磷高效自交系>F₁外,ZT、GA₃和IAA含量均为F₁>磷高效自交系>磷低效自交系。低磷胁迫下,除ZT含量较正常供磷水平减少外,GA₃、IAA和ABA含量均较正常供磷水平增加。ZT和ABA的变幅表现为磷低效自交系大于磷高效自交系和F₁,GA₃和IAA的变幅表现为磷高效自交系和F₁大于磷低效自交系。此外,低磷胁迫下磷高效自交系与磷低效自交系间同一内源激素最值出现时期不同。说明低磷胁迫下不同磷利用效率自交系内源激素表现出规律性变化,因此可将内源激素作为鉴定和选育玉米磷高效基因型的参考指标。     

磷水平对不同磷效率水稻生长及磷、锌养分吸收的影响

 选择4个耐低磷水稻基因型508、99011、580、99112和2个磷敏感基因型99056、99012，用土培盆栽进行全生育期试验，研究不同磷水平对它们生长及吸收利用磷和锌的影响。结果表明，不同耐低磷水稻基因型不仅吸收利用磷的能力不同，对锌的吸收利用也存在差异。耐低磷基因型580、99011和508都具有较大的生物量，且受磷水平影响较小；而耐低磷基因型99112和磷敏感基因型99056、99012生物量都较小且受磷水平影响较大。耐低磷基因型580和99011吸收的磷较多；而508的利用效率更占优势。99056吸收的磷较少，尤其在低磷处理时吸收磷的能力较差；99012对磷的利用效率最低。30 mg/kg的磷处理显著提高植株体锌含量。从吸收锌的总量来看，580占绝对优势，其次是99011和508；99012吸收的锌最少，其次是99056。此外，在取样的3个时期，相同磷处理的P/Zn比均以99012最大，99056最小。     

秸秆带状覆盖下冬小麦干物质积累及氮磷钾素的吸收利用

为了解秸秆带状覆盖对冬小麦干物质积累以及氮磷钾素吸收利用的影响,于2014-2015年在甘肃省旱作区设置定位试验,研究秸秆带状覆盖(SM)、全膜覆土穴播(PMF)和露地种植(CK)3种方式下冬小麦干物质、氮磷钾养分的积累及转运与分配的差异。结果表明,与CK相比,SM处理能增加冬小麦成熟期开花后积累的干物质对籽粒的贡献率,但与PMF处理间差异不显著;SM处理会降低开花前营养器官贮藏物向籽粒的转运量、转运效率及其对籽粒的贡献率,但能显著提高小麦开花后籽粒氮和磷的积累量,较CK处理分别增加69.3%和70.3%,其所积累的氮素和磷素对籽粒的贡献率分别达到55.1%和53.0%,并有效减少了开花前茎叶积累的钾素在开花后的流失。说明秸秆带状覆盖有利用促进小麦干物质、氮磷钾养分的积累,进而提高产量。     

小麦穗光合对不同花位籽粒及颖壳的影响

为明确小麦穗光合对产量形成的贡献，充分发挥穗光合在提高产量中的作用，以小麦新品种百农矮抗58为材料，采用铝铂纸包穗的方法，研究了高群体小麦穗部：屯合对籽粒和颖壳的影响。结果表明，穗光合对小麦产量的贡献率为14．43％；穗光合对千粒重的贡献大于对穗粒数的贡献；对不同花位籽粒的贡献存在较大的差异，对第1、2、3花位籽粒千粒重均有贡献，但是影响第4花位籽粒的发育；穗光合也是维持颖壳正常生理代谢所必需的。说明选育深绿穗品种也是提高小麦产量的一个重要途径。     

Effect of Supplied P Levels on Rice Growth and Uptake of P and Zn in Different P-Efficiency Genotypes

A soil pot culture experiment with four supplied P levels （i.e. P30, P50, P100, P200, representing supplemental P 30, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg, respectively） was conducted to investigate uptake and use ability to P and Zn in the rice genotypes with different P-efficiency, of which rice genotypes 508, 99011, 580, 99112 were Iow-P tolerant and 99056, 99012 were Iow-P sensitive. Low-P tolerant rice 580 and 99011 absorbed more P than the others, and rice genotype 580 had stronger uptake ability especially at Iow-P level such as P50 and P30. 508 could absorb considerable P, and had the lowest P percentage of shoot, indicating it had good performance in P-use efficiency. These three rice genotypes had larger biomass and less response to changed P level than rice genotype 99112, 99056 and 99012. Rice genotype 99112 showed Low-P tolerance mainly by sacrificing biomass to maintain high relative grain yield. The least amount of P absorbed by 99056 showed it had the lowest P uptake efficiency, and the highest P percentage in shoot of 99012 meant it had the lowest P use efficiency. So they two showed Iow-P sensitivity. Zn contents in shoot under P200, P100 and P50 were similar, but P30 increased Zn content in shoot significantly. The Zn contents in shoot of 99112, 99056 and 99012 were higher than those of 508, 99011 and 580, especially at tillering stage and booting stage. As for total Zn content in shoot, Low-P tolerant rice genotype 580 had the largest amount and followed by 99011 and 508, Iow-P tolerant rice genotype 99012 had the smallest amount at the three sampling stage and followed by 99056. Furthermore, P/Zn in shoot of 99012 was the highest, and that of 99056 was the smallest at the same P level.     

Late defoliation and wheat yield: Little evidence of post-anthesis source limitation

The effect of source reduction on yield and protein content of bread wheat under well-watered and mild drought stress condition in a semi-arid climate was studied. Field experiments were conducted at the Tehran University research farm during 2003–2004 and 2004–2005 growing seasons. Mild drought stress was imposed when plants were at the second node stage by repeatedly withholding watering and re-irrigating when they showed symptoms of wilting or leaf rolling. Partial defoliations (all leaf lamina other than flag leaves were removed) were imposed at booting and anthesis; complete defoliation was imposed at anthesis (defoliation treatments were applied to all plants of each plot). Drought stress caused a significant increase in the remobilization of pre-anthesis reserves to the grain. Defoliation did not significantly affect remobilization. Grain yield and 1000-grain weight was reduced slightly by drought stress, but in most cases it was not significantly reduced by defoliation. Significant changes were not observed for grain protein content between defoliated and control plots. The results suggested that grain yield of the cultivar used under the condition tested is more controlled by sink than source strength.     

Poor grain filling induced by waterlogging is similar to that in abnormal early ripening in wheat in Western Japan

Abnormal early ripening (AER), a major constraint on wheat production in Western Japan, manifests as sudden leaf senescence shortly after anthesis and results in poor grain filling; this leads to smaller grains and reduced grain yield. It is suggested that overwetting of the soil may be related to AER. We conducted field experiments over 2 seasons (2008-2009 and 2009-2010) in Yamaguchi, Western Japan, with waterlogging treatment using 2 Japanese wheat cultivars, Daichinominori (Western Japanese cultivar) and Haruyutaka (Hokkaido cultivar), which differ in terms of grain growth in the environment of Western Japan. We imposed pre-anthesis waterlogging for 2 weeks in 2008-2009 and post-anthesis waterlogging throughout the grain-filling period in 2009-2010. Pre-anthesis waterlogging had no significant effect on grain yield or grain filling irrespective of cultivar. Post-anthesis waterlogging severely reduced the grain yield by 44% and 36% in Haruyutaka and Daichinominori, respectively. The yield loss was attributable to the smaller grain weight that was a result of slower grain growth rate later in the shortened grain-filling period. Post-anthesis waterlogging induced sudden leaf senescence 1 and 2 weeks after anthesis in Haruyutaka and Daichinominori, respectively, and drastically reduced the photosynthesis and ultimately dry mass accumulation. It also depressed the remobilization of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) from culms to grains leaving more residual WSCs in the culms at harvest (149 and 65 mg g⁻¹ DW in waterlogging and controls, respectively). The results indicate that the reduced grain growth due to waterlogging was attributable to decreased current assimilation and poor remobilization of culm WSCs to grain similar to that in AER plants. These results suggest that injured root function after anthesis might induce early leaf senescence and poor grain filling similar to AER wheat.     

长江中游不同品质类型小麦产量形成及氮素吸收利用对氮肥的响应

为探究长江中游不同品质类型小麦产量形成和氮素吸收利用对氮肥的响应,选用强筋品种郑麦9023、中筋品种鄂麦596和弱筋品种扬麦13为供试材料,设置0、60、180和360 kg·hm^-2共4个施氮水平,分析了不同施氮水平下各小麦品种的产量、干物质积累分配、氮素吸收分配及利用率的差异。结果表明,与不施氮处理相比,施氮处理下郑麦9023、鄂麦596和扬麦13的籽粒产量均显著提高,增幅分别为34.8%～152.0%、30.8%～160.5%和34.6%～137.3%,穗粒数增加是施氮增产的主要原因。增施氮肥显著增加了小麦开花前和成熟期干物质积累量,促进了花前干物质向籽粒的转运。施氮也显著提高了三个品种的籽粒氮素积累量,但显著降低了氮肥偏生产力。品种间比较,鄂麦596的平均产量比郑麦9023和扬麦13分别高14.0%和21.8%,主要得益于其较高的穗粒数、千粒重以及干物质积累量;鄂麦596的花前氮素转运量及转运效率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率均高于其余两个品种,但花后氮素吸收量和氮肥回收率较低。这说明,施氮对不同品质类型小麦产量形成、干物质和氮素积累分配以及氮素利用效率的...     

不同氮利用率粳稻品种的碳氮积累与转运特征及其生理机制

【目的】探明不同氮利用率水稻品种的氮素积累与转运特征及其机制。【方法】2个氮高效品种(武运粳30号和连粳7号)和2个氮低效品种(扬粳4038和宁粳1号)种植于大田,设置2个施氮量：全生育期不施氮(0 N)和全生育期施氮180 kg/hm² (180N),比较分析了不同氮利用率粳稻品种干物质生产、氮素积累与转运差异及其机制。【结果】与氮低效品种相比,氮高效品种具有较高的产量、氮肥利用率、总颖花量和结实率,较高的花前干物质转运量和花后干物质积累量,分蘖至穗分化始期和抽穗至成熟期较高的净同化率和作物生长率,抽穗期较高的糖花比,灌浆期较高的籽粒库活性、籽粒中脱落酸与1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸含量的比值和茎鞘中较高的非结构性碳水化合物的转运和蔗糖合成相关酶活性以及蔗糖转运蛋白基因的表达量,抽穗后较高的氮转运、氮素吸收量,灌浆期较高的比叶氮含量、叶片中细胞分裂素含量、氮代谢酶活性以及氮素转运相关基因的表达量。【结论】氮高效品种穗分化前和抽穗后较高的物质生产效率以及灌浆期较高的碳氮转运与积累是产量和氮肥利用率协同提高的重要机制。     

春季不同时期低温对小麦光合特性和粒重形成的影响

为探讨春季低温导致小麦粒重下降的生理机制,以春性品种扬麦16和半冬性品种徐麦30为材料,分别于倒二叶出生期、孕穗期和开花期对小麦进行人工气候室低温处理,研究不同时期低温对小麦光合生理特性、干物质积累和转运及强、弱势粒粒重形成的影响。结果表明,不同时期低温对叶片SPAD值的影响均表现为低温处理开始至结束后3 d持续下降,结束后6～9 d逐渐回升,两品种在低温处理结束当天和处理后3 d均以孕穗期低温处理下SPAD值降幅最大。不同时期低温处理显著降低叶片净光合速率和气孔导度,并影响花前干物质转运和花后干物质积累。与孕穗期、开花期低温处理相比,倒二叶出生期低温处理显著降低小麦花前干物质转运量,但提高花后干物质积累及其对籽粒产量的贡献率,千粒重降幅最小,扬麦16和徐麦30分别仅为4.49%和4.20%。不同时期低温处理下小麦强势粒粒重的降幅均小于弱势粒,倒二叶出生期低温处理下弱势粒粒重降幅显著低于孕穗期和开花期低温处理。相关性分析表明,低温胁迫下小麦平均千粒重和强势粒粒重相关性不显著(r=0.319,P>0.05),但与弱势粒粒重显著相关(r=0.691,P<0.05)。综上,春季低温胁迫主要通过影响小麦开花前后的光合作用和同化物向籽粒的转运,限制弱势粒的灌浆充实,最终导致粒重下降。     

两种穗型冬小麦品种产量形成特点及超高产关键栽培技术研究

为给小麦大面积高产栽培提供依据，1997～1999年在河南省偃师市高产麦田研究了多穗型和大穗型小麦品种产量形成特点及超高产关键栽培技术。结果表明．多穗型和大穗型冬小麦品种在群体动态变化、小穗和小花发育、籽粒灌浆过程等方面有较大差异。针对多穗型品种在高产奈件下分蘖成稳率高、穗粗重较低的特点，采取在拔节期追氮的措施能有效减少小花、子房退化，达到穗粒数增加、粒重提高的效果；大穗型品种分化小穗、小花数多，穗粒数高，在拔节期以后分蘖发育明显慢于主茎，致使分蘖成穗率低，群体穗数不足，产量低于多穗型品种，适当增加播量可有效增加穗数，提高小麦产量。     

种植方式对关中灌区冬小麦冠层光合及产量性状的影响

为优化配置关中灌区冬小麦种植方式,以小偃22、周麦18和西农805为试验材料,采用二因素随机区组设计,研究宽窄行(B1,30cm+16cm)和等行距(B0,23cm+23cm)种植方式对关中灌区小麦冠层光合及产量性状的影响。结果表明,与B0相比,B1处理对各小麦品种均有增产效果,其中,小偃22和西农805达到显著水平。B1较B0处理,各品种的有效穗数显著提高,小偃22的穗粒数下降不显著,西农805的千粒重显著增加;各品种灌浆期LI显著提高,小偃22和西农805灌浆期的LAI显著提高;小偃22在灌浆前期与灌浆后期的光合指数、周麦18灌浆后期的光合指数显著升高;西农805灌浆前期的光合指数显著降低,而灌浆后期显著升高;小偃22的花前贮藏物质转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率显著提高,西农805花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率和西农805的经济系数显著提高,周麦18受种植方式影响较小。综上所述,B1处理能够进一步发挥小偃22和西农805在冠层光截获、同化物质生产、干物质积累与转运、产量构成要素等方面的品种性状优势,从而实现增产。     

低磷胁迫下玉米自交系配合力分析

缺磷是限制作物生产的重要因素之一。通过遗传改良提高玉米杂交种的磷吸收利用能力,是提高磷肥利用率的一条重要途径。本研究利用磷肥长期定位田,在前期磷高效自交系筛选的基础上,对低磷胁迫下玉米自交系的配合力进行分析,以期为磷高效育种选择亲本提供依据。研究结果表明,鲁原92×7922为高磷高效型杂交组合,减产率达67.2%;Mo17×7922为低磷高效型杂交组合,减产率只有3.5%。耐低磷育种中,高配合力自交系为CA200和Mo17;低配合力自交系为丹黄02、107、原引1号、鲁原92、3189、Oh43和黄C;中配合力自交系为91041-1、CA170、L种和7922。低磷条件下,组合产量与空秆率、成熟期熟相呈负相关,即早熟型且空秆少的玉米品种较为耐低磷胁迫。     

冬小麦主茎及分蘖籽粒产量和品质的差异

为了解小麦主茎及分蘖籽粒产量和品质的差异,以临优2018为材料,对其主茎及分蘖进行连续挂牌标记,并测定其相应产量和品质性状.结果表明,主茎和低位蘖穗粒数、千粒重及产量均高于高位蘖.高位蘖籽粒清蛋白、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量较高,而谷蛋白和总蛋白质含量较低,主茎籽粒谷蛋白和总蛋白质含量介于低位蘖和高位蘖之间;主茎与低位蘖籽粒湿面筋含量、稳定时间、评价值较高.因此,促进主茎与低位蘖的发育、提高其成稳质量有利于小麦高产优质.     

磷、铝胁迫对玉米幼苗生长和养分吸收的影响

选取5个基因型玉米品种,采用营养液培养,研究低磷和铝毒条件下不同基因型玉米苗期生长状况及对磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锌的吸收。结果表明,耐低磷基因型玉米品种适应低磷的能力较强,具有较长的根系和较大的根干重,株高受低磷的影响明显小于敏感基因型玉米品种。低磷胁迫增大了植株的根冠比,改变了植株对营养元素的吸收及其地上部和根系的分配。铝胁迫下,铝敏感基因型玉米品种根伸长受到铝的抑制作用大于耐铝基因型玉米品种,各种营养元素的吸收累积明显受抑制,耐铝基因型玉米品种地上部和根系相对干重下降较少,而敏感基因型玉米品种相对干重显著下降。