一个玉米F2：3群体主要性状的变异及相关分析

用自交系201与698-3杂交,创建了一个玉米F2:3群体,共233个家系.分析了该群体的穗长、秃尖长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、粒深、百粒重、出籽率和单株生产力等9个性状的变异及其相关性.结果表明.这些性状的变异度均很大,在不同家系间存在极显著的差异;除秃尖长外,频率分布均呈正态分布.各性状与单株生产力之间都存在极显著的相关关系,其中行粒数、百粒重、穗行数、粒深和出籽率对单株生产力的贡献最大.利用该群体中的变异性状,结合性状之间的相关性进行选择.可选育出新的高产玉米自交系.     

玉米RILs群体穗粒性状表现及其环境稳定性分析

利用普通玉米自交系丹232与爆裂玉米自交系N04为材料,构建含有258个家系的重组近交系群体。在新乡、温县和郑州不同环境条件下进行田间试验,分析8个穗粒性状的表现及其环境稳定性。联合方差分析表明,各性状家系间和环境与区组互作显著或极显著;地点间穗长、穗粗、穗重、穗粒重和百粒重差异显著或极显著;除穗粗和秃尖长外,其余性状的家系与地点互作达到显著或极显著水平。F₉群体各性状多呈连续正态分布,并表现超双亲分离。穗行数与穗长相关不显著;秃尖长与穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重相关不显著;其他各性状间均呈显著或极显著相关。     

灰色关联度分析在玉米组合鉴定试验中的应用

应用灰色关联度分析方法,对玉米组合鉴定试验中主要参试品种的产量、株高、穗位高、茎粗、穗长、穗粗、轴粗、秃尖长、穗行数、行粒数、千粒重、出籽率和单株粒重等性状相关性进行了分析。结果表明:玉米产量与各性状的关联度由大到小依次为:单株粒重>穗粗>出籽率>轴粗>茎粗>千粒重>穗行数>行粒数>穗长>株高>穗位高>秃尖长。因此,在玉米组合鉴定试验中,要注重选择单株粒重高、穗比较粗、出籽率比较高和茎比较粗的品种,而对于株高、穗位高和秃尖长可适当放宽要求。     

鲁南地区玉米产量与主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

对鲁南地区种植的18个玉米品种的产量与9项主要农艺性状作灰色关联度分析,结果显示:主要农艺性状对玉米产量的关联度大小为:出籽率>百粒重>行粒数>穗行数>穗长>穗粗>穗位>株高>秃尖,其中,对玉米产量影响较大的性状为出籽率(0.9412)、百粒重(0.9309)、行粒数(0.9284)、穗行数(0.9165)、穗长(0.9147)、穗粗(0.9143);其次为穗位(0.9039)、株高(0.9003);秃尖(0.5359)与玉米产量的相关性最小。     

12个玉米自交系主要数量性状配合力分析

按(P₁×P₂)不完全双列杂交设计，分析了12个中晚熟玉米自交系的株高、穗位、穗长、秃尖长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、单穗重、单株产量、出籽粒、百粒重11个性状的一般配合力、特殊配合力和配合力的总效应，通过对配合力的分析筛选出5个优良自交系、10个优良组合，并对11个性状的遗传力进行了估算。表明每穗行数、穗粗的遗传力较高，在选育自交系时可在早代选择，而单株产量、每行粒数和单穗重的遗传力低，宜在高世代进行选择。     

九个玉米自交系主要数量性状配合力及应用潜力分析

按(P₁×P₂)不完全双列杂交设计,用NCⅡ分析方法,对九个玉米自交系百粒重、穗长、穗粗、秃尖、行数、行粒数、小区产量等7个性状做一般配合力、特殊配合力相对效应值分析,并计算出它们的遗传参数和九个自交系不同性状应用潜力顺序。     

玉米果穗主要性状与产量间的相关与通径分析

对玉米果穗主要性状与产量间进行了相关通径分析,结果表明,穗长等8个果穗主要性状与产量的相关系数和通径系数除秃尖外,其余均为正值.其中,穗行数对子粒产量的直接通径系数达到1.300 42,行粒数达到0.903 82.因此,为获得高产玉米品种,应着重注意穗行数和行粒数较多的基因型,同时要协调好穗行数与穗长、粒深、行粒数、百粒重和出籽率以及行粒数与秃尖和穗粗之间的关系。     

爆裂玉米种质资源的果穗性状和膨爆特性多样性及相关性分析

研究分析50份不同爆裂玉米种质材料的果穗性状及其膨爆特性。结果表明,果穗性状中秃尖长的变异系数为68.88%;果穗穗长、行数、行粒数、穗粗、百粒重呈正态分布,果穗秃尖长呈偏态分布。膨爆特性中膨爆倍数的变异系数为32.86%,膨爆倍数呈正态分布,膨爆率呈偏态分布,表明爆裂玉米种质材料间主要性状具有较为丰富的多样性。膨爆特性、果穗性状间的相关性分析表明,膨爆倍数与膨爆率呈显著正相关;膨爆倍数与穗长、穗行数、行粒数、穗粗呈正相关,与秃尖长、百粒重呈负相关;膨爆率与行粒数、穗粗呈显著正相关,与穗长、秃尖长、行数、百粒重呈正相关。     

玉米杂交种穗部产量性状灰色关联度分析

应用灰色关联度分析方法．对玉米杂交种穗部产量性状间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：与玉米杂交种单穗粒重最为相关的性状是穗粒数．与单穗粒重关联度高的还有穗长、行粒数、粒深等,而其他几个穗部性状如轴粗、穗行数、穗粗、百粒重、秃尖、粒厚等与其关联度也较高。玉米杂交种穗部产量性状间具有复杂的相互关系。     

玉米F1、F2代穗粒性状的遗传效应分析和适宜群体筛选

利用2个优良爆裂玉米自交系与6个Reid类群普通玉米自交系杂交组配12个杂交组合,研究穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重、穗重、穗粒重和出籽率8个穗粒性状的F1表现、杂种优势和F2群体表现、分离特征及其与亲本的相关性。结果表明,不同组合F1表现、中亲优势(MH)、超高亲优势(HH)和F2群体的平均值(F2M)、变幅、变异系数、优势衰退(HDR)等均存在不同程度差异,各穗粒性状杂交早代的遗传背景效应突出;F2群体各性状均呈连续正态分布,存在超双亲分离,为多基因控制的复杂数量性状;杂种优势较小的穗行数、出籽率和穗粗可以根据两类亲本或其均值初步预测其组合F1和F2M值的表现,对于杂种优势较大的穗重、穗粒重和百粒重不宜进行预测;除穗行数和出籽率外,其余性状F1表现与F2M、MH和HH以及F2M、MH、HH间多呈显著或极显著正相关,HDR与F1、F2M、MH和HH均呈显著或极显著负相关;R2×N04、R4×N10和R5×N10组合为进一步开展遗传作图和改良爆裂玉米自交系穗粒性状的最佳群体。     

中国节节麦基于ISSR标记的遗传多样性分析

为揭示中国节节麦的遗传多样性并发掘可能具有独特变异的节节麦种质资源,采用ISSR标记对75份中国节节麦的遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明,筛选出的9条ISSR引物共检测得到155个位点,多态性位点(138个)百分率为89.31%。Nei’s多样性指数(He)、Shannon’s信息指数(I)、基因分化系数(Gst)和基因流(Nm)分别为0.273 4、0.415 2、0.138 5和3.11,表明中国节节麦有较高的遗传多样性,群体间有中等程度的遗传分化。基于简单相似系数的UPGMA聚类分析表明,除5份河南和陕西节节麦聚类形成独立的分支Group 2(T078、T102和SC1)和Group 3(SX38和T006)外,绝大多数节节麦均聚类形成较大的分支Group 1,且在Group 1中,除4份节节麦(T002、T023、XJ6和XJ49)外,绝大多数节节麦均依据地理分布分别形成了黄河流域节节麦亚组和新疆节节麦亚组,在遗传距离约0.77处,又可依次分为河南、陕西和新疆节节麦小分支。二维主成分分析、群体的遗传一致度和分子变异分析也表明了类似的结果,同属于黄河流域节节麦亚组的河南、陕西节节麦遗传一致度(S=0.971 8)较高,群体内个体差异是中国节节麦变异的主要原因,但两大亚组和三居群的遗传差异分别占总变异的18.57%和10.38%。可见,不同节节麦的地理分布和生境差异,是导致中国节节麦居群遗传分化的主要原因,而聚类分析中单独形成独立分支Group 2和Group 3的5份黄河流域节节麦,可能是具有独特遗传变异的种质资源。     

低温条件下小麦返白系叶片中H2O2累积的原因初探

为了研究低温处理下小麦叶色阶段性白化品种返白系与对照品种矮变1号叶片的H_2O_2含量是否存在差异,并初步分析导致差异的原因,采用DAB组织染色法检测返白系和矮变1号在4℃低温处理90 d、25℃下恢复培养10 d时叶片H_2O_2含量的动态变化,测定4℃低温处理下返白系和矮变1号中表征光合电子传递效率的荧光参数F_v/F_m和qP,并采用qRT-PCR方法分析返白系和矮变1号中几个光合电子传递体基因及质体H_2O_2清除相关基因的表达模式。结果显示,低温处理下,矮变1号叶片中H_2O_2含量变化不大,返白系叶片中H_2O_2会大量累积;低温处理下,返白系叶片的叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m、qP都明显低于矮变1号。同时,低温下返白系光合电子传递链中部分电子传递体亚基基因petD、petN、ndhB和ndhK,以及质体H_2O_2清除相关基因 APX4和 HO1的表达量低于矮变1号。这些结果表明,低温处理下,相较于矮变1号,返白系叶片中会累积大量的H_2O_2。返白系质体中光合电子传递受阻引起电子泄露,同时质体中清除活性氧的能力下降,可能是导致返白系叶片中积累大量H_2O_2的原因。     

Oosporenbildung vonPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary

Zusammenfassung Durch Kombination verschiedener Pathotypen vonPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, 1985 im Freiland gesammelt, mit ?lteren Isolaten aus der Sammlung des Institutes wurde die M?glichkeit der Oosporenbildung geprüft. Bisher konnte bei zwei Kombinationen Oosporen-bildung beobachter werden. Daraus kann man schliessen, dass nunmehr auch in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland beide Paarungstypen vonP. infestants vorkommen.

     

Multivariate global sensitivity analysis for dynamic crop models

Dynamic crop models are frequently used in ecology, agronomy and environmental sciences for simulating crop and environmental variables at a discrete time step. They often include a large number of parameters whose values are uncertain, and it is often impossible to estimate all these parameters accurately. A common practice consists in selecting a subset of parameters by global sensitivity analysis, estimating the selected parameters from data, and setting the others to some nominal values. For a discrete-time model, global sensitivity analyses can be applied sequentially at each simulation date. In the case of dynamic crop models, simulations are usually computed at a daily time step and the sequential implementation of global sensitivity analysis at each simulation date can result in several hundreds of sensitivity indices, with one index per parameter per simulation date. It is not easy to identify the most important parameters based on such a large number of values. In this paper, an alternative method called multivariate global sensitivity analysis was investigated. More precisely, the purposes of this paper are (i) to compare the sensitivity indices and associated parameter rankings computed by the sequential and the multivariate global sensitivity analyses, (ii) to assess the value of multivariate sensitivity analysis for selecting the model parameters to estimate from data. Sequential and multivariate sensitivity analyses were compared by using two dynamic models: a model simulating wheat biomass named WWDM and a model simulating N₂O gaseous emission in crop fields named CERES-EGC. N₂O measurements collected in several experimental plots were used to evaluate how parameter selection based on multivariate sensitivity analysis can improve the CERES-EGC predictions.The results showed that sequential and multivariate sensitivity analyses provide modellers with different types of information for models which exhibit a high variability of sensitivity index values over time. Conversely, when the parameter influence is quite constant over time, the two methods give more similar results. The results also showed that the estimation of the parameters with the highest sensitivity indices led to a strong reduction of the prediction errors of the model CERES-EGC.     

重铬酸钾对黑麦的细胞遗传毒性及硅的缓解作用

为了解K2Cr2O7的细胞遗传毒性及硅对铬毒害的缓解作用,采用常规染色体压片技术,观察不同浓度的K2Cr2O7(20、40、60、80、100、120mg.L-1)对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响以及硅对铬胁迫缓解效应。结果表明,细胞有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率均随K2Cr2O7浓度的升高呈先升后降趋势,在K2Cr2O7浓度为40.0mg.L-1时均达到最大值。与蒸馏水对照相比,6个不同浓度K2Cr2O7胁迫处理的微核率和染色体畸变率均有显著升高。对40mg.L-1 K2Cr2O7胁迫的黑麦根尖分别进行60、120和180mg.L-1的Na2SiO3处理,细胞有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率均显著降低,且随硅浓度的增加呈下降趋势。说明K2Cr2O7对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂在低浓度时促进,高浓度时抑制,高低浓度处理均对染色体具有明显的致畸效应。外源硅可有效缓解K2Cr2O7对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的不利影响。     

渭北旱塬农户冬小麦养分资源投入调查与分析

为了解目前我国化肥用量的现状和农民养分资源投入中存在的问题,在渭北旱塬冬小麦种植区域选取3个区/县进行了冬小麦养分资源投入的调查分析.结果表明,2009年小麦产量适中的农户占10.0％,偏低的农户占7.5％,很低的农户占79.2％,偏高的农户占3.3％,很高的农户占0.0％.冬小麦纯N平均用量为191.5 kg·hm-2,P2O5平均用量为121.2 kg·hm-2,K2O平均用量为74.4 kg·hm-.氮肥投入量适中的农户占30.0％,偏低的占5.0％,很低的占4.2％,偏高的占22.5％,很高的占38.3％.磷肥投入量适中的农户占14.2％,偏低的占41.7％,很低的占15.0％,偏高的占15.8％,很高的占13.3％.钾肥投入量适中的农户占2.5％,偏低的占2.5％,很低的占78.3％,偏高的占5.0％,很高的占11.7％.养分资源投入以无机为主,有机为辅;投入形式以基施为主.     

Production of activated carbon from organic by-products from the alcoholic beverage industry: Surface area and hardness optimization by using the response surface methodology

The ability of activated carbon to remove pollutants from water in packed column systems is dependent on granular material with mechanical strength sufficient to avoid attrition caused by stream flow. Therefore, an appropriate balance between surface area and hardness is essential when using activated carbon in real systems. The purpose of this research is to determine the optimal production conditions that generate activated carbon with adequate physical properties to be used in packed systems from agave bagasse, a waste product from the mezcal industries in Mexico. Activated carbons were produced by chemical activation (ZnCl₂ or H₃PO₄). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effect of the activation temperature (250-550 °C), activation time (0-50 min), and the concentration of activating agent (0.2-1.4; g activating agent/g bagasse) on both surface area and hardness. The production conditions that generated optimal characteristics in the activated carbon were 392 °C, 1.02 g activating agent/g bagasse and 23.8 min for H₃PO₄ activated samples and 456 °C, 1.08 g activating agent/g bagasse and 23.8 min for ZnCl₂ activated samples. The surface area and hardness of the activated carbon produced from bagasse under these conditions were similar to activated commercial carbons (surface area > 800 m²/g and hardness > 85%).     

Simultaneous determination of vitamin B1 and B2 in complex cereal foods,by reverse phase isocratic HPLC-UV

The evaluation of nutritional or functional components in grain products is an important feature for the industry, especially when recent regulations require a correct nutrition labelling, valid during all the shelf life of the product. For that reason, industry usually makes many efforts to develop simple and reliable analytical methods that can be easily applied in any quality control laboratories for routine analysis. Spectrofluorimetric analysis of thiamine and riboflavin are sensitive, but need specific equipment. A few HPLC-UV methods have been described but they are less sensitive, and present difficulties due to interfering compounds, particularly in complex food matrixes, as grains and derivatives.     

Inheritance of C3―C4 Intermediate Photosynthesis in Reciprocal Hybrids Between Moricandia Arvensis (C3―C4) and Brassica Oleracea (C3) That Differ in Their Genome Constitution

Abstract

To Elucidate The Genetic Mechanisms Underlying C₃―C₄ intermediate Photosynthesis, We investigated The Structural and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Leaves of Reciprocal Hybrids Between The C₃―C₄ intermediate Species Moricandia Arvensis (L.) Dc. (Mama) and The C₃ Species Brassica Oleracea L. (Cabbage; Cc), Which Differ in Genome Constitution. Moricandia Arvensis Bundle Sheath (Bs) Cells included Many Centripetally Located Chloroplasts and Mitochondria, Whereas Those of Cabbage Had Few Organelles. Hybrid Leaves Were Structurally intermediate Between Those of The Parents and Showed Stronger intermediate C₃―C₄ Features As The Proportion of The Ma Genome increased. The P-Protein of Glycine Decarboxylase (Gdc) Was Confined Mainly To Bs Mitochondria in M. Arvensis, But Accumulated More in The Mesophyll (M) of Cabbage. in The Hybrids, The Accumulation of Gdc in Bs Cells increased With An increasing Ma:C Ratio. Hybrids Exhibited Gradients in Structural and Biochemical Features, Even in Reciprocal Crosses. The Co₂ Compensation Point of Reciprocal Hybrids With High Ma:C Ratios Was Lower Than That of Cabbage But Higher Than That of M. Arvensis. Thus, The Structural and Biochemical Features in Hybrid Leaves Reduced Photorespiration. Moricandia Arvensis Had A Higher Photosynthetic Rate Than Cabbage, But The Photosynthetic Rates of Hybrids Were intermediate Between Those of The Parents Or Comparable To That of M. Arvensis. Our Results Demonstrate That The C₃―C₄ intermediate Characteristics Are inherited Based On The Ratio of The Parent Genomes, and That There Is No Evidence of Cytoplasmic inheritance in These Characteristics.